Neuromyelitis Optica

Neuromyelitis optica, wanda kuma aka sani da NMO, cuta ce ta tsarin juyayi na tsakiya wacce ke haifar da kumburi a jijiyoyin ido da kashin baya.

NMO kuma ana kiranta da neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) da kuma cutar Devic. Yakan faru ne lokacin da tsarin garkuwar jiki ya mayar da martani ga kwayoyin halittar jiki. Wannan yakan faru ne a kashin baya da kuma jijiyoyin gani da ke haɗa retina na ido da kwakwalwa. Amma wasu lokutan yana faruwa a kwakwalwa.

Matsalar na iya bayyana bayan kamuwa da cuta, ko kuma ana iya danganta shi da wata matsala ta rashin garkuwar jiki. Antibody masu canji suna haɗa kansu da sunadarai a cikin tsarin juyayi na tsakiya kuma suna haifar da lalacewa.

Sau da yawa ana kuskuren ganin neuromyelitis optica a matsayin ciwon silsilar yawa, wanda kuma aka sani da MS, ko kuma ana ganin shi azaman nau'in MS. Amma NMO wata cuta ce daban.

Neuromyelitis optica na iya haifar da makanta, rauni a kafafu ko hannaye, da kuma tashin hankali mai zafi. Hakanan na iya haifar da asarar ji, amai da hiccups, da kuma matsalolin fitsari ko hanji.

Alamomi na iya inganta sannan su sake muni, wanda aka sani da sake dawowa. Maganin hana sake dawowa yana da mahimmanci don taimakawa wajen hana nakasa. NMO na iya haifar da asarar gani na dindindin da kuma matsala wajen tafiya.

Alamun neuromyelitis optica suna da alaƙa da kumburi wanda ke faruwa a jijiyoyin ido da kashin baya.

Canjin gani da NMO ke haifarwa ana kiransa optic neuritis. Wadannan na iya haɗawa da:

• Ganin da ya ɓace ko rashin gani a ido ɗaya ko duka biyu.
• Rashin iya ganin launi.
• Ciwon ido.

Alamomi masu alaƙa da kashin baya ana kiransu transverse myelitis. Wadannan na iya haɗawa da:

• Tsanani, rauni ko tsuma a ƙafafu kuma a wasu lokuta a hannaye.
• Rashin ji a hannaye ko ƙafafu.
• Rashin iya fitar da fitsari ko matsala wajen sarrafa aikin hanji ko fitsari.
• Ji kamar zafin wuta ko ciwo mai kaifi a wuya, baya ko ciki.

Sauran alamomin NMO na iya haɗawa da:

• Hiccups.
• Tsuma da amai.

Yara na iya samun rudani, fitsari ko kuma koma. Duk da haka, waɗannan alamomi a cikin yara sun fi yawa a cikin yanayin da ke da alaƙa da ake kira myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD).

Alamomi na iya inganta sannan su sake muni. Lokacin da suka sake muni, ana kiransa sake dawowa. Sake dawowa na iya faruwa bayan makonni, watanni ko shekaru. A hankali, sake dawowa na iya haifar da makanta ko rashin ji, wanda aka sani da nakasa.

Masana ba su san ainihin abin da ke haifar da neuromyelitis optica ba. A cikin mutanen da ke da wannan cuta, tsarin garkuwar jiki yana kai hari ga lafiyayyun tsokoki a cikin tsarin juyayi na tsakiya. Tsarin juyayi na tsakiya ya haɗa da kashin baya, kwakwalwa da jijiyoyin gani waɗanda ke haɗa retina na ido da kwakwalwa. Harin ya faru ne saboda canjin antibodies sun haɗu da sunadarai a cikin tsarin juyayi na tsakiya kuma sun haifar da lalacewa.

Wannan aikin tsarin garkuwar jiki yana haifar da kumburi, wanda aka sani da kumburi, kuma yana haifar da lalacewar ƙwayoyin jijiya.

'Neuromyelitis optica na cuta. Wasu abubuwa da zasu iya kara hadarin kamuwa da NMO sun hada da:\n\n- Jinsin da aka haifa da shi. Mata na fama da NMO fiye da maza.\n- Shekaru. Sau da yawa, NMO yana shafar manya. Matsakaicin shekarun da aka gano shi shine 40. Duk da haka, yara da manya ma zasu iya kamuwa da neuromyelitis optica.\n- Kabila ko kabila. Mutane daga kabilar Hispanic, Asiya, ko Afirka ko Afirka ta Caribbean suna fama da NMO a yawan gaske fiye da fararen fata.\n\nWasu bincike sun nuna cewa rashin bitamin D a jiki, shan taba da kamuwa da cututtuka kadan a farkon rayuwa suma zasu iya kara hadarin kamuwa da neuromyelitis optica.'

Binciken cutar neuromyelitis optica na ƙunshi gwajin lafiya da kuma wasu gwaje-gwaje. ɓangare na tsarin bincike shine cire wasu yanayin tsarin jijiyoyin jiki waɗanda ke da alamun da suka yi kama. Masu aikin kiwon lafiya kuma suna neman alamun cututtuka da sakamakon gwaje-gwaje masu alaƙa da NMO. An gabatar da ka'idojin gano cutar neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) a shekarar 2015 ta Kwamitin Duniya na Gano NMO.

Masaniyar kiwon lafiya tana bibiyar tarihin lafiyar ku da alamun cututtuka sannan kuma tana yin gwajin lafiya. Sauran gwaje-gwajen sun haɗa da:

• Gwajin jijiyoyin jiki. Likitan kwakwalwa yana bincika motsin jiki, ƙarfin tsoka, haɗin kai, ji, tunani, gani da magana. Likitan ido kuma zai iya shiga cikin gwajin.
• MRI. Wannan gwajin hoton yana amfani da filin ƙarfi da raƙuman rediyo don ƙirƙirar kyakkyawan ra'ayi na kwakwalwa, jijiyoyin gani da kashin baya. Sakamakon na iya nuna raunuka ko wuraren da suka lalace a cikin kwakwalwa, jijiyoyin gani ko kashin baya.
• Gwajin jini. Masanin kiwon lafiya na iya gwada jini don sinadarin garkuwar jiki wanda ke haɗawa da sunadarai kuma yana haifar da NMO. Ana kiran sinadarin garkuwar jiki aquaporin-4-immunoglobulin G, wanda kuma aka sani da AQP4-IgG. Gwada wannan sinadarin garkuwar jiki na iya taimakawa masu aikin kiwon lafiya su bambanta tsakanin NMO da MS kuma su yi gaggawar gano NMO.

Sauran alamomin kamar sinadarin garkuwar jiki na glial fibrillary acidic protein, wanda kuma aka sani da GFAP, da kuma sinadarin garkuwar jiki na neurofilament light chain suna taimakawa wajen gano sake dawowa. Gwajin sinadarin garkuwar jiki na myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein immunoglobulin G, wanda kuma aka sani da gwajin sinadarin garkuwar jiki na MOG-IgG, kuma ana iya amfani da shi don neman wata cuta mai kumburi da ke kwaikwayon NMO.

• Tsayawa a ƙashin baya, wanda kuma aka sani da allurar ƙashin baya. A lokacin wannan gwajin, masanin kiwon lafiya yana saka allura a cikin ƙashin baya don cire ƙaramin ruwan ƙashin baya. Wannan gwajin yana ƙayyade matakan ƙwayoyin garkuwar jiki, sunadarai da sinadarai a cikin ruwa. Wannan gwajin na iya bambanta NMO da MS.

Ruwan ƙashin baya na iya nuna matsanancin ƙwayoyin jinin farin jini a lokacin cutar NMO. Wannan ya fi girma fiye da matakin da aka saba gani a cikin MS, kodayake wannan alama ba koyaushe take faruwa ba.

• Gwajin amsawa ga motsin rai. Don sanin yadda kwakwalwa ke amsawa ga motsin rai kamar sauti, gani ko taɓawa, za ku iya yin gwajin da ake kira gwajin evoked potentials ko gwajin evoked response.

Wayoyi da ake kira electrodes ana ɗaure su a kan fatar kai kuma, a wasu lokuta, kunnen kunne, wuya, hannaye, kafafu da baya. Kayan aiki da aka ɗaura da electrodes suna rikodin amsawar kwakwalwa ga motsin rai. Wadannan gwaje-gwajen suna taimakawa wajen gano raunuka ko wuraren da suka lalace a cikin jijiyoyi, kashin baya, jijiyar gani, kwakwalwa ko brainstem.

• Optical coherence tomography. Wannan gwajin yana kallon Layer na fiber na jijiyar gani da kauri. Marasa lafiya masu kumburi na jijiyoyin gani daga NMO suna da asarar gani mai yawa da kuma raguwar jijiyar gani fiye da mutanen da ke da MS.

Gwajin jini. Masanin kiwon lafiya na iya gwada jini don sinadarin garkuwar jiki wanda ke haɗawa da sunadarai kuma yana haifar da NMO. Ana kiran sinadarin garkuwar jiki aquaporin-4-immunoglobulin G, wanda kuma aka sani da AQP4-IgG. Gwada wannan sinadarin garkuwar jiki na iya taimakawa masu aikin kiwon lafiya su bambanta tsakanin NMO da MS kuma su yi gaggawar gano NMO.

Sauran alamomin kamar sinadarin garkuwar jiki na glial fibrillary acidic protein, wanda kuma aka sani da GFAP, da kuma sinadarin garkuwar jiki na neurofilament light chain suna taimakawa wajen gano sake dawowa. Gwajin sinadarin garkuwar jiki na myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein immunoglobulin G, wanda kuma aka sani da gwajin sinadarin garkuwar jiki na MOG-IgG, kuma ana iya amfani da shi don neman wata cuta mai kumburi da ke kwaikwayon NMO.

Tsayawa a ƙashin baya, wanda kuma aka sani da allurar ƙashin baya. A lokacin wannan gwajin, masanin kiwon lafiya yana saka allura a cikin ƙashin baya don cire ƙaramin ruwan ƙashin baya. Wannan gwajin yana ƙayyade matakan ƙwayoyin garkuwar jiki, sunadarai da sinadarai a cikin ruwa. Wannan gwajin na iya bambanta NMO da MS.

Ruwan ƙashin baya na iya nuna matsanancin ƙwayoyin jinin farin jini a lokacin cutar NMO. Wannan ya fi girma fiye da matakin da aka saba gani a cikin MS, kodayake wannan alama ba koyaushe take faruwa ba.

Gwajin amsawa ga motsin rai. Don sanin yadda kwakwalwa ke amsawa ga motsin rai kamar sauti, gani ko taɓawa, za ku iya yin gwajin da ake kira gwajin evoked potentials ko gwajin evoked response.

Wayoyi da ake kira electrodes ana ɗaure su a kan fatar kai kuma, a wasu lokuta, kunnen kunne, wuya, hannaye, kafafu da baya. Kayan aiki da aka ɗaura da electrodes suna rikodin amsawar kwakwalwa ga motsin rai. Wadannan gwaje-gwajen suna taimakawa wajen gano raunuka ko wuraren da suka lalace a cikin jijiyoyi, kashin baya, jijiyar gani, kwakwalwa ko brainstem.