I-Diphtheria

I-Diphtheria (dif-THEER-e-uh) luyifo elikhulu lokubulala amagciwane eliqhelekile ukuhlasela i- mucous membranes yempumulo nomlomo. I-Diphtheria ayivamile e-United States nakwamanye amazwe asebenza kahle ngenxa yokugwetshwa okubanzi kwalesi sifo. Kodwa-ke, amazwe amaningi anempilo enqanyuliwe noma izinketho zokugwetshwa asaqhubeka ehlangabezana nezinga eliphezulu le-diphtheria.

I-Diphtheria ingaphathwa ngemithi. Kepha ezimeni eziphambili, i-diphtheria ingalimaza inhliziyo, isibindi kanye nesistimu yezinzwa. Ngisho nokwelashwa, i-diphtheria ingabulala, ikakhulu kubantwana.

Izimpawu nezimpawu ze-diphtheria ngokuvamile ziqala ezinsukwini ezingu-2 kuya kwezingu-5 ngemuva kokuba umuntu ebulewe. Izimpawu nezimpawu zingafaka:

• Imembraneyi ebukhulu, emhlophe obumnyama ehlanganisa umlomo namathoni
• Ubuhlungu bomlomo nokuqina kwezwi
• Ama-glands avuvukile (ama-lymph nodes amakhulu) entanyeni
• Ukuphefumula okunzima noma ukuphefumula okusheshayo
• Ukukhipha okukhulu ekhaleni
• Ukuqina komzimba nokuthandaza
• Ukukhathala

Kubantu abathile, ukutheleleka ngama-bacteria abangela i-diphtheria kubangela ukugula okuncane nje kuphela - noma azikho izimpawu nezimpawu ezibonakalayo neze. Abantu abathelelekile abangazi ngokugula kwabo baziwa njengabathwali be-diphtheria. Babizwa ngokuthi ngabathwali ngoba bangasakaza ukutheleleka ngaphandle kokugula bona ngokwabo.

Shaya udokotela wakho womndeni ngokushesha uma wena noma ingane yakho iye yaba nokuthintana nomuntu onenxeba. Uma ungaqiniseki ukuthi ingane yakho iye yabhalwa yini i-diphtheria, bhala isikhathi sokuhlangana. Qiniseka ukuthi ukugwetshwa kwakho kusemnandi.

I-diphtheria ibangelwa yibhaktheriya i-Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Ngokuvamile, le bhaktheriya izala eduze noma phezu komphetho womlomo noma kwesikhumba. I-C. diphtheriae yasakazeka nge:

• Amaconsi emoyeni. Uma umuntu onayo leyo nto ekhwehlela noma ethi tshwa, kukhishwa amaconsi anebhaktheriya, abantu abaseduze bangaphefumula i-C. diphtheriae. I-diphtheria yasakazeka kalula ngale ndlela, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziqongelelene abantu abaningi.
• Izinto zomuntu siqu noma zasekhaya ezingcolile. Abantu ngezinye izikhathi bathola i-diphtheria uma bephatha izinto zomuntu onayo leyo nto, njengetisiyu ezisetshenzisiwe noma izitawula zezandla, ezingaba ne-bhaktheriya.

Ukubamba isifo esibuhlungu esingcolile nakho kungadlulisela ibhaktheriya ebangela i-diphtheria.

Abantu abane-bhaktheriya ye-diphtheria abangaphathwe bangathelela abantu abangakaqoki i-diphtheria — ngisho noma bengabonisi zimpawu zayo.

Abantu abasezingozini eziphezulu zokubamba isifo se-diphtheria bafaka phakathi:

• Abantwana nabantu abadala abangenayo imithi yokugcoba ebuyekeziwe
• Abantu abahlala ezindaweni ezikhukhumele noma ezingcolile
• Noma ubani ohamba waya endaweni lapho ukutheleleka kwe-diphtheria kuvamile khona

Isifo se-diphtheria asinandaba e-United States naseYurophu entshonalanga, lapho abantwana beye bagcobwa kuleli gciwane amashumi eminyaka. Noma kunjalo, isifo se-diphtheria sisajwayelekile emazweni asathuthuka lapho amazinga okugcoba aphansi khona.

Kwezinye izindawo lapho ukugcoba kwe-diphtheria kuyisiko, leli gciwane liyingozi ikakhulu kubantu abangagcobwanga noma abangagcobwanga ngokwanele abahamba emazweni angaphandle noma abaxhumana nabantu abavela emazweni asathuthuka.

Uma ngaqondwa, isifo sofuba singabangela:

• Izinkinga zokuphefumula. Iintsholongwane ezibangela isifo sofuba zingakhiqiza i-toxin. Le toxin yonakalisa izicubu endaweni eseduze yokuqubuka - ngokuvamile, impumulo nomlomo. Kuleyo ndawo, ukutheleleka kukhiqiza imembraneyi ebukhali, emhlophe, eyenziwe ngezicubu efileyo, iintsholongwane nezinye izinto. Le membraneyi ingavinjelwa ukuphefumula.
• Ukonakala kwenhliziyo. I-toxin yesifo sofuba ingasakazeka egazini futhi yonakalise ezinye izicubu emzimbeni. Ngokwesibonelo, ingalimaza i-muscle yenhliziyo, ibangele izinkinga ezinjengokuvuvukala kwe-muscle yenhliziyo (myocarditis). Ukonakala kwenhliziyo okuvela ku-myocarditis kungaba kancane noma kubi kakhulu. Okubi kakhulu, i-myocarditis ingabangela ukwehluleka kwenhliziyo nokufa okungazelelwe.
• Ukonakala kwama-nerve. I-toxin ingabangela nokonakala kwama-nerve. Izinjongo ezivamile yizicubu zama-nerve eya emlonyeni, lapho ukusebenza okubi kwama-nerve kungabangela khona ubunzima ekugeleni. Ama-nerve aya ezandleni nasezinzwaneni nawo angavuvukala, abangele ubuthakathaka bemisipha.

Uma i-toxin yesifo sofuba yonakalisa ama-nerve asisiza ukulawula imisipha esetshenziswa ekuphefumuleni, le miphunga ingase ibe buthakathaka. Ngaleso sikhathi, ungadinga usizo lwezinto zokuphefumula.

Ngokwelashwa, abantu abaningi abanesifo sofuba baphila kulezi zinkinga, kodwa ukuphulukana kuvame ukuba kancane. Isifo sofuba sibulala cishe amaphesenti angu-5 kuya kwangu-10. Amanani okufa aphezulu kubantwana abaneminyaka engaphansi kwengu-5 noma kwabantu abadala abaneminyaka engaphezulu kwengu-40.

Ngaphambi kokuba kube khona ama-antibiotics, isifo sofuba (diphtheria) sasivame kubantwana abancane. Namuhla, lesi sifo asiphilisekile nje kuphela kodwa futhi singavinjelwa nge-vaccine. I-vaccine ye-diphtheria ivame ukuxutshwa ne-vaccines ze-tetanus ne-whooping cough (pertussis). I-vaccine engu-3-in-1 iyaziwa ngokuthi yi-diphtheria, tetanus ne-pertussis vaccine. I-version yakamuva yale vaccine iyaziwa ngokuthi yi-DTaP vaccine kubantwana ne-Tdap vaccine kubasakhula nabantu abadala. I-diphtheria, tetanus ne-pertussis vaccine ingenye ye-childhood vaccinations abayikhuthazayo odokotela e-United States phakathi nobukhulu. Ukugonywa kuqukethe uchungechunge lwezithombe ezi-5, ngokuvamile zinikezwa engalweni noma emilenzeni, zinikezwa kubantwana kule minyaka: * Izinyanga ezi-2 * Izinyanga ezi-4 * Izinyanga ezi-6 * Izinyanga eziyi-15 kuya kweziyi-18 * Iminyaka eyi-4 kuya kweyi-6 I-vaccine ye-diphtheria isebenza kahle ekunqobeni i-diphtheria. Kodwa kungenzeka kube khona ezinye izingozi ezihambisana nayo. Abanye abantwana bangase babe nokuvuvukala okuncane, ukukhathazeka, ukulala noma ubuhlungu lapho kuqunywe khona ngemuva kokuthola i-diphtheria, tetanus ne-pertussis (DTaP) shot. Buza udokotela wakho ukuthi yini ongayenza ngengane yakho ukuze unciphise noma unciphise le miphumela. Izinkinga zimbalwa kakhulu. Kwezinye izikhathi, i-DTaP vaccine ibangela izinkinga ezinkulu kodwa eziphatheka kalula kwingane, njengokuvuvukala (izimpukane noma isikhumba sivela ngemizuzu embalwa ngemuva kokuthola i-injection). Abanye abantwana - njengalabo abane-epilepsy noma enye isimo sesistimu yezinzwa - bangase bangakwazi ukuthola i-DTaP vaccine.

Odokote bangase bacabange nge-diphtheria engwaneni egula enenhlungu yomhlathi enemembraneyi emhlophe emhlophe ehlanganisa amathoni kanye nomhlathi. Ukukhula kwe-C. diphtheriae ekulinyweni kwelabhorethri yokuqokelela okuvela emembraneni yomhlathi kuqinisekisa ukuxilongwa. Odokote bangabuye bathathe isampula yethishu evela ebuhlungwini obuthintekile futhi bayihlole elabhorethri ukuhlola uhlobo lwe-diphtheria oluthinta isikhumba (i-diphtheria yesikhumba).

Uma udokotela ecubungula i-diphtheria, ukwelashwa kuqala ngokushesha, ngisho nangaphambi kokuthi imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwezibhaktheriya itholakale.

I-diphtheria yisifo esinzima. Odokotela bayilwelapha ngokushesha nangokukhulu. Odokotela kuqala baqinisekisa ukuthi indlela yomoya ayivalekile noma incike. Ezimweni ezithile, kungase kudingeke ukuthi bafake ipayipi lokuphefumula ehlombe ukuze bagcine indlela yomoya ivulekile kwaze kwaba yilapho indlela yomoya ingasakhubekile. Izindlela zokwelapha zihlanganisa:

I-antitoxin. Uma udokotela engathí i-diphtheria, uzocela imithi ephikisana ne-diphtheria toxin emzimbeni. Lolu lwemi lvela e-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ibizwa ngokuthi yi-antitoxin, leli thuluzi liyachotshelwa esinweni noma ehlombe.

Ngaphambi kokunika i-antitoxin, odokotela bangenza izivivinyo ze-allergy zesikhumba. Lezi zenziwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umuntu olapheke akana-allergy ku-antitoxin. Uma umuntu enale allergy, udokotela cishe uzokhuthaza ukuthi angayitholi i-antitoxin.

Abantwana nabantu abadala abane-diphtheria bavame ukuba esibhedlela ukuze baphathwe. Bangase bahlukaniswe kwelinye iyunithi lokhathalelo olukhulu ngoba i-diphtheria ingasakazeka kalula kunoma ubani ongaqhambiwe kuleli gciwane.

Uma ukhombiswe umuntu olapheke nge-diphtheria, bheka udokotela ukuze uhlolwe futhi uthole ukwelashwa okungenzeka. Udokotela wakho angakunika iresiphi yama-antibiotics ukusiza ukuvimbela ukuthi uthuthukise lesi sifo. Ungase futhi udinga umthamo we-booster we-diphtheria vaccine.

Abantu abatholakala ukuthi bayizithwali ze-diphtheria baphathwa ngama-antibiotics ukuhlanza izinhlelo zabo ngama-bacteria futhi.

• Ama-antibiotics. Ama-antibiotics, afana ne-penicillin noma i-erythromycin, asisiza ukubulala ama-bacteria emzimbeni, kuhlanzeke ukutheleleka. Ama-antibiotics anciphise isikhathi umuntu one-diphtheria esakazeka.
• I-antitoxin. Uma udokotela engathí i-diphtheria, uzocela imithi ephikisana ne-diphtheria toxin emzimbeni. Lolu lwemi lvela e-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ibizwa ngokuthi yi-antitoxin, leli thuluzi liyachotshelwa esinweni noma ehlombe.

Ngaphambi kokunika i-antitoxin, odokotela bangenza izivivinyo ze-allergy zesikhumba. Lezi zenziwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umuntu olapheke akana-allergy ku-antitoxin. Uma umuntu enale allergy, udokotela cishe uzokhuthaza ukuthi angayitholi i-antitoxin.

Ukubuyiselwa ephusheni kudinga ukuphumula okuningi embhedeni. Ukuqeda noma yiluphi umzamo womzimba kubaluleke kakhulu uma inhliziyo yakho ithonyeke. Kungadingeka uthole ukudla kwakho ngezinongo nama-soft foods okwesikhashana ngenxa yobuhlungu nobunzima bokuginya.

Ukuhlukaniswa ngokuqinile ngenkathi une-contagious kusiza ukuvimbela ukusabalala kokutheleleka. Ukugeza izandla ngokucophelela yibo bonke abantu ekhaya lakho kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukusabalala kokutheleleka.

Uma usulimele ephusheni, uzodinga ikhosi ephelele yokugoma i-diphtheria ukuvimbela ukubuyela. Ngokungafani nezinye izifo, ukuba ne-diphtheria akuqinisekisi ukukhululeka okuphila konke. Ungathola i-diphtheria ngaphezulu kwesikhathi esisodwa uma ungagomeli ngokuphelele.