Encephalitis

I-encephalitis (en-sef-uh-LIE-tis) iwukuvuvukala kwengqondo. Ingabangelwa ukutheleleka okubangelwa yi-viral noma ibhaktheriya, noma yiiseli ze-immune ezihlasela ingqondo ngephutha. Ama-virus angabangela i-encephalitis angadluliselwa yizilwanyana ezincinyane ezinjengezimpukane nezincu.

Uma ukuvuvukala kubangelwa ukutheleleka ebuchosheni, kubizwa ngokuthi yi-encephalitis ethelelekayo. Futhi uma kubangelwa yisistimu ye-immune ehlasela ingqondo, kubizwa ngokuthi yi-encephalitis ye-autoimmune. Ngezinye izikhathi ayikho into ezaziwayo ebangela.

I-encephalitis ngezinye izikhathi ingabangela ukufa. Ukuthola ukuxilongwa nokuphathwa ngokushesha kubalulekile ngoba kunzima ukubikezela ukuthi i-encephalitis ingathinta kanjani umuntu ngamunye.

I-encephalitis ingabangela izimpawu eziningi ezahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukudideka, ukushintsha komuntu siqu, ukuhlushwa yizigwegwe noma ukungakwazi ukuhamba kahle. I-encephalitis ingabangela futhi ukushintsha kokubona noma ukuzwa.

Abantu abaningi abane-encephalitis ebangelwa ukutheleleka baba nezimpawu ezifana ne-influenza, ezifana nalezi:

• Ukuphefumula kwekhanda.
• Ukuqabuka.
• Ubuhlungu emachaleni noma ezinhlangothini.
• Ukukhathala noma ubuthakathaka.

Ngokuvamile, lezi zilandelelwa yizimpawu ezingathi sína ngesikhathi esingamahora kuya ezinsukwini, ezifana nalezi:

• Intamo eqinile.
• Ukudideka, ukukhathazeka noma ukubona izinto ezingapheki.
• Ukuhlushwa yizigwegwe.
• Ukungabi nakho komuzwa noma ukungakwazi ukuhambisa izindawo ezithile zobuso noma komzimba.
• Ukunyakaza okungajwayelekile.
• Ubuthakathaka bemisipha.
• Ukungakwazi ukukhuluma noma ukuzwa kahle.
• Ukushona kwengqondo, okuhlanganisa nokoma.

Ezinganeni ezincane nasezinganeni, izimpawu zingase zihlanganise:

• Ukukhula kwamaqhubu olukhuni lwengane.
• Ukuphefumula kwesisu nokugabha.
• Ukuqina okuthinta wonke umzimba.
• Ukudla okubi noma ukungavuki ukudla.
• Ukucasuka.

Esinye sezibonakaliso ezinkulu ze-encephalitis ezinganeni ukukhula kwamaqhubu olukhuni, okuthiwa futhi yi-fontanel, yengqondo yengane. Eboniswe lapha yi-anterior fontanel. Ezinye i-fontanels zitholakala eceleni nasemuva kwekhanda lengane.

Ku-encephalitis ye-autoimmune, izimpawu zingase zithuthuke kancane kancane ezinyangeni ezimbalwa. Izimpawu ezifana ne-influenza azivamile kodwa ngezinye izikhathi zingase zenzeke amasonto ngaphambi kokuba kuqale izimpawu ezingathi sína. Izimpawu zihlukile kubo bonke, kodwa kuvamile ukuba abantu babe nokuhlanganiswa kwezimpawu, okuhlanganisa:

• Ukushintsha komuntu siqu.
• Ukukhohlwa.
• Ukungakwazi ukuqonda ukuthi yini eqinisile nokuthi yini engeyiyo, okuthiwa yi-psychosis.
• Ukubona noma ukuzwa izinto ezingapheki, okuthiwa yi-hallucinations.
• Ukuhlushwa yizigwegwe.
• Ukushintsha kokubona.
• Izinkinga zokulala.
• Ubuthakathaka bemisipha.
• Ukungabi nakho komuzwa.
• Ukungakwazi ukuhamba kahle.
• Ukunyakaza okungajwayelekile.
• Izimpawu zesibofu namanxeba.

Thola ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha ngokushesha uma ubona noma yiziphi izimpawu ezingathi sína ezihambisana ne-encephalitis. Ubuhlungu bokhanda obukhulu, umkhuhlane, kanye noshintsho lokuqaphela kudinga ukunakekelwa okusheshayo. Izingane ezincane nabantwana abancane abananoma yiziphi izimpawu ze-encephalitis nabo badinga ukunakekelwa okusheshayo.

Kubantu abangaba yingxenye, imbangela eqondile ye-encephalitis ayaziwa.

Kulabo lapho imbangela itholakala khona, kukhona izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko ze-encephalitis:

• I-encephalitis yokutheleleka. Le simo sivame ukwenzeka lapho i-virus iyingxenye yengqondo. Ukutheleleka kungathinta indawo eyodwa noma kuhlukaniswe kabanzi. Ama-virus yizimbangela ezivame kakhulu ze-encephalitis yokutheleleka, kufaka phakathi amanye angadluliselwa yizinyosi noma ama-ticks. Ngokungavamile kakhulu, i-encephalitis ingabangelwa yibhaktheriya, i-fungus noma izinambuzane.
• I-encephalitis ye-autoimmune. Le simo senzeka lapho amaseli akho siqu okhuselwayo ehlasela ingqondo noma enza ama-antibodies aqondiswe kumaprotheni namasiginali ebuchosheni. Isizathu esiqondile sokuthi lokhu kwenzeke asiqondakali ngokuphelele. Ngezinye izikhathi i-encephalitis ye-autoimmune ingathintwa yizigciwane ezinobungozi noma ezingabi yingozi, ezibizwa ngokuthi yi-paraneoplastic syndromes yesistimu yezinzwa. Ezinye izinhlobo ze-encephalitis ye-autoimmune njenge-acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) zingathintwa ukutheleleka emzimbeni. Lokhu kuwaziwa njenge-encephalitis ye-autoimmune ngemuva kokutheleleka. Ezimweni eziningi, akukho lutho olutholakala oluqalisa impendulo yokhuselwayo.

Uma i-mosquito iluma inyoni etheleleke, i-virus ingena egazini le-mosquito futhi ekugcineni iye ezindlebeni zayo. Uma i-mosquito etheleleke iluma isilwane noma umuntu, owaziwa njengommeleli, i-virus idluliselwa egazini lommeleli, lapho ingabangela khona ukugula okukhulu.

Ama-virus angabangela i-encephalitis afaka phakathi:

• I-herpes simplex virus (HSV). Bobabili i-HSV uhlobo 1 ne-HSV uhlobo 2 bangabangela i-encephalitis. I-HSV uhlobo 1 ibangela ama-cold sores nama-fever blisters eduze komlomo, kanti i-HSV uhlobo 2 ibangela i-genital herpes. I-encephalitis ebangelwa yi-HSV uhlobo 1 ayivamile kodwa ingabangela ukonakala okukhulu kwengqondo noma ukufa.
• Amanye ama-herpes viruses. La afaka i-Epstein-Barr virus, evame ukubangela i-infectious mononucleosis, ne-varicella-zoster virus, evame ukubangela i-chickenpox ne-shingles.
• Ama-Enteroviruses. La ma-virus afaka i-poliovirus ne-coxsackievirus, evame ukubangela ukugula okunezimpawu ezifana ne-flu, ukuvuvukala kwamehlo nobuhlungu besisu.
• Ama-viruses athwalwa yizinyosi. La ma-virus angabangela ukutheleleka okunjengokuthi i-West Nile, i-La Crosse, i-St. Louis, i-western equine ne-eastern equine encephalitis. Izimpawu zokutheleleka zingase zivele ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kuya emavikini ambalwa ngemuva kokubekwa endaweni ye-virus ethwalwa yizinyosi.
• Ama-viruses athwalwa ama-ticks. I-Powassan virus ithwalwa ama-ticks futhi ibangela i-encephalitis e-Midwestern United States. Izimpawu zivame ukuvela ngemuva kweviki elilodwa ngemuva kokuluma yi-tick etheleleke.
• I-Rabies virus. Ukutheleleka yi-rabies virus, evame ukudluliselwa ngokuluma isilwane esithweleke, kubangela ukuqhubeka okusheshayo kwe-encephalitis uma izimpawu ziqala. I-Rabies iyimbangela engavamile ye-encephalitis e-United States.

Noma yini ongathuthukisa i-encephalitis. Izici ezingase zikhulise ingozi zihlanganisa: Iminyaka. Amanye ama-encephalitis athile avame kakhulu noma abunzima kakhulu ezikhathini ezithile zokukhula. Ngokuvamile, izingane ezincane nabantu abadala bakhulu kakhulu engozini yeningi le-encephalitis ye-viral. Ngokufanayo, ezinye izinhlobo ze-encephalitis ye-autoimmune zivame kakhulu kubantwana nasebasha, kanti ezinye zivame kakhulu kubantu abadala.Isimo somzimba esibuthakathaka. Abantu abanayo i-HIV / AIDS, abasebenzisa imithi ecindezela ukhwezi noma abanezinye izimo ezibangela ukuba buthakathaka ukhwezi bakhulu engozini ye-encephalitis.Izindawo zezwe. Ama-virus adluliselwa ngama-mosquito noma ama-tick avame kakhulu ezindaweni ezithile zezwe.Isikhathi sonyaka. Izifo ezidluliselwa ngama-mosquito nama-tick zivame kakhulu ehlobo ezindaweni eziningi zase-United States.Isifo se-autoimmune. Abantu abasenesimo se-autoimmune bangase babe nomuzwa wokuthuthukisa i-encephalitis ye-autoimmune.Ukubhema. Ukubhema kukhuphula amathuba okukhula umdlavuza we-lung, okuphinde kukhulise ingozi yokuthuthukisa i-paraneoplastic syndromes okuhlanganisa i-encephalitis.

Izinkinga zika-encephalitis ziyahlukahlukana, kuye ngezinto ezinjengokuthi:

• Ubudala bakho.
• Imbangela yokutheleleka kwakho.
• Ukubaluleka kokugula kwakho okuqalayo.
• Isikhathi kusukela ekuqaleni kokugula kuye ekwelapheni.

Abantu abanesifo esilula ngokulinganayo ngokuvamile bayaphola phakathi kwamasonto ambalwa ngaphandle kwezinkinga zesikhathi eside.

Ukuvuvukala kungalimaza ubuchopho, mhlawumbe kubangele ukulahlekelwa komqondo noma ukufa.

Ezinye izinkinga zingase ziqhubeke izinyanga noma zibe ziphakade. Izinkinga zingase zihluke kakhulu futhi zingafaka:

• Ukukhathala okungapheli.
• Ubuthakathaka noma ukungabi nesisusa samathambo.
• Ukushintsha komuntu siqu.
• Izinkinga zememori.
• Ukushintsha kokuzwa noma ukubona.
• Ukukhuluphala ekukhulumeni.

Indlela engcono kakhulu yokuvimbela i-encephalitis yebhayiyisasebhu ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuvikela ukuvezwa kumabhayiyisi angabangela leyo gciwane. Zama ukwenza okulandelayo:

• Sebenzisa ukuhlanzeka okuhle. Geza izandla kaningi futhi ngokuphelele ngensipho namanzi, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokusebenzisa indawo yokuphumula nangaphambi nangemva kokudla.
• Ungabelani ngezitsha. Ungabelani ngezitsha zokudla neziphuzo.
• Fundisa abantwana bakho imikhuba emihle. Qiniseka ukuthi basebenzisa ukuhlanzeka okuhle futhi bagweme ukuhlanganyela izitsha ekhaya nasikoleni.
• Thola izigaxa. Gcina izigaxa zakho nezezingane zakho zivuselelwe. Ngaphambi kokuhamba, xoxa nodokotela wakho mayelana nezigaxa ezinconyiwe eziya ezindaweni ezahlukene. Ukuze unciphise ukuvezwa kwakho ezinambuzane nasezinye izinambuzane:
• Gqoka ukuze uzivikele. Gqoka ihembe elide nebhulukwe elide ngaphandle. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu uma ungaphandle phakathi kokushona kwelanga nokuphuma kwelanga lapho izinambuzane zisebenza kakhulu. Kubalulekile futhi uma usesigodini esinezitshalo ezide nezitshalo lapho izinambuzane zivame kakhulu.
• Sebenzisa i-repellent yezinambuzane. Amakhemikhali afana ne-DEET angasetshenziswa kokubili ebusweni nasezingutsheni. Ukuze usebenzise i-repellent ebusweni bakho, iphuzule ezandleni zakho bese uyisula ebusweni bakho. Uma usebenzisa kokubili i-sunscreen ne-repellent, sebenzisa i-sunscreen kuqala.
• Sebenzisa i-insecticide. I-Environmental Protection Agency iphakamisa ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo equkethe i-permethrin, ephakamisa futhi ebulela izinambuzane nezinye izinambuzane. Le mikhiqizo ingaphululwa ezingutsheni, ematendeni nakwezinye izinto zangaphandle. I-Permethrin akufanele isebenziswe ebusweni.
• Gwema izinambuzane. Gwema izindawo lapho izinambuzane zivame kakhulu. Uma kungenzeka, ungenzi imisebenzi yangaphandle kusukela ekuhlweleni kuze kube sekukhanyeni lapho izinambuzane zisebenza kakhulu. Lungisa amafasitela nama-screen aphukile.
• Susa imithombo yamanzi ngaphandle kwekhaya lakho. Susa amanzi amile egcekeni lakho, lapho izinambuzane zingafaka khona amaqanda. Izindawo ezivamile zihlanganisa izitsha zezimbali noma ezinye izitsha zokulima, amapulangwe, amathayi amadala, nama-gutters ahlanganisiwe.
• Bheka izibonakaliso zangaphandle zesifo se-viral. Uma ubona izinyoni noma izilwane ezigula noma eziyafa, bika okuqaphileyo kwakho e-health department yakho. I-repellents yezinambuzane ayinconywa ukusetshenziswa kubantwana abaneminyaka engaphansi kwezinyanga ezimbili. Esikhundleni salokho, vala i-infant carrier noma i-stroller nge-mosquito netting. Kubantwana abadala nabantwana, i-repellents ene-10% kuya ku-30% ye-DEET kubhekwa njengokuphephile. Imikhiqizo equkethe kokubili i-DEET ne-sunscreen ayinconywa kubantwana. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukusebenzisa kabusha ukuvikelwa kwe-sunscreen kungaveza ingane e-DEET eningi kakhulu. Amanothi okusebenzisa i-repellent yezinambuzane ngabantwana ahlanganisa:
• Ngalokhu siza abantwana ngokusebenzisa i-repellent yezinambuzane.
• Phuza ezingutsheni nasekweni elivulekile.
• Sebenzisa i-repellent uma ungaphandle ukuze unciphise ingozi yokuphefumula i-repellent.
• Phuza i-repellent ezandleni zakho bese uyisebenzisa ebusweni bengane yakho. Qaphela eduze kwamehlo nezinzwa.
• Ungasebenzisi i-repellent ezandleni zezingane ezincane ezingafaka izandla zazo emlonyeni.
• Geza isikhumba esiphathwe ngensipho namanzi uma ungena ngaphakathi.

Ukuthola i-encephalitis, ilungu leqembu lakho lokunakekelwa kwezempilo lizokwenza uvivinyo lomzimba futhi lithathe umlando wakho wezokwelapha.

Uchwepheshe wakho wezokunakekelwa kwezempilo angase aphakamise lokhu okulandelayo:

• Izithombe zobuchopho. Izithombe ze-MRI noma i-CT zingaveza noma iyiphi intubuko yobuchopho noma enye isimo elingase libe yimbangela yezimpawu zakho, njengoba kunjalo nge-tumor.
• Ukuthunga kwesundu, okwaziwa ngokuthi ukugaya i-lumbar. Inele efake esizindeni sakho esisezantsi isusa inani elincane le-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), i-fluid evikela ubuchopho kanye ne-spinal column. Ukushintsha kuleli-fluid kungabonisa ukutheleleka nokuvuvukala ebuchophweni. Ngezinye izikhathi amasampula e-CSF angahlolwa ukuze kutholakale imbangela. Lokhu kungafaka ukuhlolwa kokutheleleka noma ukuba khona kwama-antibodies ahlotshaniswa ne-encephalitis ye-autoimmune.
• Ezinye izivivinyo zelebhu. Amasampula egazi, umchamo noma ukukhishwa emuva komlomo angahlolwa ama-viruses noma amanye ama-agents okutheleleka.
• Electroencephalogram (EEG). Ama-electrodes axhunyiwe esikhumbeni sakho aqhuba umsebenzi wogesi wobuchopho. Izindlela ezithile zingabonisa i-encephalitis.
• Izithombe zomzimba. Ngezinye izikhathi, i-encephalitis ye-autoimmune ingase iqalwe yi-immune response ku-tumor emzimbeni. I-tumor ingase ibe ingenampilo noma ine-cancer. Uchwepheshe wakho wezokunakekelwa kwezempilo angase a-ode izifundo zezithombe, njenge-ultrasound, i-MRI, i-CT noma i-PET-CT scans. Lezi scans zingase zibheke isifuba sakho, indawo yesisu noma i-pelvis ukuze zibuke lezi tumors. Uma kutholakala i-mass, ingxenye encane yayo ingase isuswe ukuze ifundwe elebhu. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi yi-biopsy.
• I-biopsy yobuchopho. Ngokuvamile, isampula encane yethishu yobuchopho ingase isuswe ukuze ihlolwe. I-biopsy yobuchopho ivame ukwenziwa kuphela uma izimpawu ziya ziba zimbi futhi ukwelashwa akunamphumela.

Ukwelapha i-encephalitis emaphakathi kuvame ukuba yi: Ukulala embhedeni. Amanzi amaningi. Imithi yokulwa nokuvuvukala — njenge-acetaminophen (Tylenol, nabanye), i-ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, nabanye) ne-naproxen sodium (Aleve) — ukuqeda izikhathi zokukhathazeka nokuvuvukala. Imithi yokulwa ne-viral I-encephalitis ebangelwa yi-viral ethile idinga ukwelashwa ngemithi yokulwa ne-viral. Imithi yokulwa ne-viral evame ukusetshenziswa ekwelapheni i-encephalitis ihlanganisa: I-Acyclovir (Zovirax, Sitavig). I-Ganciclovir. I-Foscarnet (Foscavir). Ezinye izifo ze-viral, njengezifo ze-viral ezithwalwa yizinambuzane, aziphenduli kule miyekezo. Kodwa ngoba i-viral ethile ingase ingabonakali ngokushesha noma neze, ungase welashwe nge-acyclovir. I-Acyclovir ingasebenza ngokumelene ne-HSV, engabangela ubunzima obukhulu uma ingelashwa ngokushesha. Imithi yokulwa ne-viral ivame ukukhuthazwa kahle. Ngokungavamile, imiphumela emibi ingafaka ukulimala kwesibindi. I-encephalitis ye-autoimmune Uma ukuhlolwa kubonisa imbangela ye-autoimmune ye-encephalitis, khona-ke imithi ehlose uhlelo lwakho lokuphepha, eyaziwa ngokuthi imithi ye-immunomodulatory, noma ezinye izindlela zokwelapha zingase ziqalwe. Lezi zingafaka: I-corticosteroids ye-intravenous noma emlonyeni. I-immunoglobulin ye-intravenous. Ukushintshwa kwe-plasma. Abanye abantu abane-encephalitis ye-autoimmune badinga ukwelashwa isikhathi eside ngemithi yokucindezela i-immune. Lezi zingafaka i-azathioprine (Imuran, Azasan), i-mycophenolate mofetil (CellCept), i-rituximab (Rituxan) noma i-tocilizumab (Actemra). I-encephalitis ye-autoimmune ebangelwa yi-tumors ingase idinge ukwelashwa kwalezo tumors. Lokhu kungafaka ukuhlinzwa, ukukhanya, i-chemotherapy noma ukuxuba kokwelashwa. Ukukhathalela okusekela Abantu abangena esibhedlela nge-encephalitis enzima bangase badinge: Usizo lokuthanda, kanye nokulandelela ngokucophelela ukuthanda nokusebenza kwenhliziyo. Amanzi e-intravenous ukuqinisekisa ukuthambisa okuhle namanqanaba e-minerals ebalulekile. Imithi yokulwa nokuvuvukala, njenge-corticosteroids, ukunciphisa ukuvuvukala noxinzelelo ngaphakathi kwesikhumba. Imithi yokulwa ne-seizures ukuyeka noma ukuvimbela i-seizures. Ukwelashwa okulandelayo Uma uhlangabezana nezinhlungu ze-encephalitis, ungase udinge ukwelashwa okwengeziwe, njenge: Ukulungiswa kwengqondo ukuthuthukisa ukuqonda nokukhumbula. Ukwelashwa komzimba ukuthuthukisa amandla, ukuqina, ibhalansi, ukuxhumanisa kwemisipha nokuhamba. Ukwelashwa komsebenzi ukuthuthukisa amakhono ansuku zonke nokusebenzisa imikhiqizo ehambisanayo esiza nemisebenzi yansuku zonke. Ukwelashwa kokukhuluma ukufunda kabusha ukulawula kwemisipha nokuhlanganisa ukuveza inkulumo. Ukwelashwa kwengqondo ukufunda amasu okumelana nezimo nezakhono ezintsha zokuziphatha ukuthuthukisa izimo zengqondo noma ukubhekana nezinguquko zobuntu. Ulwazi Olwengeziwe Ukukhathalela i-encephalitis eMayo Clinic Ukwelashwa kwengqondo Cela i-aphoyintimenti