Glaucoma

I- glaucoma yisimo sehluleko amehlo esilimaza i-optic nerve. Lolu limaza lingabangela ukulahleka kobona noma ubuthakathaka. I-optic nerve ithumela ulwazi lokubona kusuka emehlweni akho uya ebuchosheni futhi kubalulekile ukubona kahle. Ukulimala kwe-optic nerve kuvame ukuxhumene noxinzelelo oluphezulu emehlweni. Kodwa i-glaucoma ingenzeka ngisho noxinzelelo olujwayelekile lwamehlo. I-glaucoma ingenzeka kunoma iyiphi iminyaka kodwa ivame kakhulu kubantu abadala. Ingenye yezizathu ezihamba phambili zokufiphaza kubantu abadala kuno-60. Izinhlobo eziningi ze-glaucoma azinawo amanqaku oxwayiso. Umthelela uyancipha kancane kangangokuba ungase ungaphawuli ushintsho ekuboneni kwaze kwaba yilapho isimo sesisezinyathelweni zalo zokugcina. Kubalulekile ukuba ube nokuhlolwa kwamehlo okujwayelekile okubandakanya ukulinganisa uxinzelelo lwamehlo akho. Uma i-glaucoma itholakala ngokushesha, ukulahleka kobona kungaphansi noma kuvimbelwe. Uma une-glaucoma, uzodinga ukwelashwa noma ukulandelela impilo yakho yonke.

Izimpawu ze-glaucoma ziyahluka kuye ngohlobo nangesigaba sesimo. Azikho izimpawu ezigabeni zokuqala. Kancane kancane, amabala ompukane obumnyama ekuqaleni kwamehlo akho. Ukubona eceleni kubizwa nangokuthi ukubona okuzungezile. Ezigabeni kamuva, kunzima ukubona izinto ekuqaleni kwamehlo akho. Ihlungu elikhulu lekhanda. Ubuhlungu obukhulu bulwele. Ukuhlanza noma ukugabha. Ukubona okungacaci. Ama-halos noma ama-rings anemibala ezungezile izibani. Amehlo abomvu. Azikho izimpawu ezigabeni zokuqala. Kancane kancane, ukubona okungacaci. Ezigabeni kamuva, ukulahleka kokubona eceleni. Iso elibuthakathaka noma elithambile (abantwana). Ukukhanya amehlo (abantwana). Izinyembezi ngaphandle kokukhala (abantwana). Ukubona okungacaci. Ukubona okuqonde ngokungafanele okuya kubi. Ihlungu lekhanda. Ama-halos ezungezile izibani. Ukubona okungacaci ngesikhathi sokuzivocavoca. Ukulahleka kancane kokubona eceleni. Uma unezimpawu ezivela ngokuzumayo, ungase ube ne-glaucoma evaliwe yekona ebukhali. Izimpawu zihlanganisa ihlungu elikhulu lekhanda nobuhlungu obukhulu bulwele. Udinga ukwelashwa ngokushesha okukhulu. Yiya endlini yokwelapha ephuthumayo noma shayela udokotela wamehlo, obizwa ngokuthi yi-ophthalmologist, ngokushesha.

Uma unezimpawu eziqala ngokuzumayo, ungase ube ne-glaucoma evaliwe yikona elibukhali. Izimpawu zihlanganisa ukukhathazeka kabi kwekhanda nobuhlungu obukhulu buliso. Udinga ukwelashwa ngokushesha okukhulu. Hamba endlini yokwelapha ephuthumayo noma shayela udokotela wamehlo, obizwa ngokuthi yi-ophthalmologist, ngokushesha.

I- glaucoma ivela lapho i-optic nerve ilimele khona. Njengoba le nerve ilokhu ilimamele kancane kancane, ama-blind spots aqala ukubonakala embonweni wakho. Ngezizathu abagqirha beziso abangazi kahle ngazo, le nerve damage ivame ukuxhumene nokuphakama kokucindezela emehlweni. Ukuphakama kokucindezela kwamehlo kwenzeka ngenxa yokwakheka kwelitshe eligeleza ngaphakathi kwamehlo. Leli litshe, elibizwa ngokuthi yi-aqueous humor, liqhele ukugeleza ngendwangu etholakala ekhoneni lapho i-iris ne-cornea dihlangana khona. Le ndwangu ibizwa ngokuthi yi-trabecular meshwork. I-cornea ibalulekile embonweni ngoba ivumela ukukhanya ukungena emehlweni. Uma iso lenza ulwetshe oluningi kakhulu noma uhlelo lokukhipha lungasebenzi kahle, ukucindezela kwamehlo kungase kuphakame. Lona uhlobo oluvamile lwe-glaucoma. Ikona yokukhipha eyenziwe yi-iris ne-cornea ihlala ivulekile. Kodwa ezinye izingxenye zohlelo lokukhipha azikhiphi kahle. Lokhu kungase kube yimbangela yokwanda kancane kancane kokucindezela kwamehlo. Lolu hlobo lwe-glaucoma lwenzeka lapho i-iris iqhuma khona. I-iris eqhumile ivala ingxenye noma yonke ikona yokukhipha. Ngenxa yalokho, ulwetshe alunakugeleza emehlweni futhi ukucindezela kuphakama. I-Angle-closure glaucoma ingase ibe khona ngokuzumayo noma kancane kancane. Akekho owazi isizathu esiqinisekile sokuthi kungani i-optic nerve ilimele uma ukucindezela kwamehlo kuphilile. I-optic nerve ingase ibe nobuhlungu noma ibe nokugeleza kwegazi okuncane. Lokhu kugeleza kwegazi okulinganiselwe kungase kubangelwe ukwakheka kwezinto ezincelisayo e-arteries noma ezinye izimo ezilimaza ukugeleza kwegazi. Ukwakheka kwezinto ezincelisayo e-arteries kwaziwa nangokuthi yi-atherosclerosis. Ingane ingazalwa ine-glaucoma noma iyithole eminyakeni embalwa yokuqala yokuphila. Ukuphahlazeka kokukhipha, ukulimala noma isimo sezempilo esingaphansi kungase kube yimbangela yokulimala kwe-optic nerve. Ku-pigmentary glaucoma, ama-pigment granules amancane ahlukana ne-iris futhi avikele noma enciphise ukukhipha kolwetshe emehlweni. Imisebenzi efana noku-jogging ngezinye izikhathi ihlanganisa ama-pigment granules. Lokho kuholela ekwakhekeni kwama-pigment granules endwangu etholakala ekhoneni lapho i-iris ne-cornea dihlangana khona. Ukwakheka kwama-granule kubangela ukwanda kokucindezela. I-Glaucoma ithambekele ekubalekeni emindenini. Kwabanye abantu, ososayensi baye baqaphela ama-genes axhunyaniswe nokuphakama kokucindezela kwamehlo nokulimala kwe-optic nerve.

I- glaucoma ingalima ukulimala kobukhazikhazi ngaphambi kokuba uqaphele noma yiziphi izimpawu. Ngakho-ke qaphela lezi zinto ezingozi: Ukucindezeleka okuphezulu kwamehlo, okwaziwa nangokuthi ukucindezeleka kwamehlo. Ubudala obungaphezu kweminyaka engama-55. Ubuzwe obuMnyama, i-Asia noma i-Hispanic. Umlando womndeni we-glaucoma. Izimo ezithile zezokwelapha, ezifana nesifo sikashukela, isifo sokuhlunguluka kwekhanda, ukucindezeleka kwegazi eliphakeme kanye nesifo se-sickle cell anemia. Ama-corneas ahlanzekile ebukhoneni. Ukubona okuqonde noma okude kakhulu. Ukulimala kwamehlo noma izinhlobo ezithile zokuhlinzwa kwamehlo. Ukuthatha imithi ye-corticosteroid, ikakhulukazi amaconsi amehlo, isikhathi eside. Abanye abantu banezingosi zokukhipha eziyincane, okubenza babe sengozini enkulu ye-angle-closure glaucoma.

Lezi zinyathelo zingasiza ekutholeni nasekuphatheni i-glaucoma emazingeni ayo okuqala. Lokho kungasiza ekunqobeni ukulahlekelwa ukubona noma ukuthambisa intuthuko yalo.

• Hlola amehlo njalo. Ukuhlola amehlo njalo kungasiza ekutholeni i-glaucoma emazingeni ayo okuqala, ngaphambi kokuba kube khona ukonakala okukhulu. Njengomthetho jikelele, i-American Academy of Ophthalmology iphakamisa ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwamehlo njalo eminyakeni emi-5 kuya kwemi-10 uma uneminyaka engaphansi kwengu-40; njalo eminyakeni emi-2 kuya kwemi-4 uma uneminyaka engu-40 kuya kwengu-54; njalo unyaka nomunye kuya kweminyaka emi-3 uma uneminyaka engu-55 kuya kwengu-64; futhi njalo unyaka nomunye kuya kweminyaka emi-2 uma uneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-65. Uma usesingozini ye-glaucoma, uzodinga ukuhlolwa njalo. Cela ochwepheshe bezempilo ukuba bakunikeze isimiso sokuhlola esifanele.
• Yazi umlando wezempilo yamehlo womndeni wakho. I-Glaucoma ivame ukudluliselwa emindenini. Uma usesingozini enkulu, ungadinga ukuhlolwa njalo.
• Gqoka ukuvikelwa kwamehlo. Ukulimala okukhulu kwamehlo kungabangela i-glaucoma. Gqoka ukuvikelwa kwamehlo uma usebenzisa amathuluzi amandla noma udlala imidlalo. Hlola amehlo njalo. Ukuhlola amehlo njalo kungasiza ekutholeni i-glaucoma emazingeni ayo okuqala, ngaphambi kokuba kube khona ukonakala okukhulu. Njengomthetho jikelele, i-American Academy of Ophthalmology iphakamisa ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwamehlo njalo eminyakeni emi-5 kuya kwemi-10 uma uneminyaka engaphansi kwengu-40; njalo eminyakeni emi-2 kuya kwemi-4 uma uneminyaka engu-40 kuya kwengu-54; njalo unyaka nomunye kuya kweminyaka emi-3 uma uneminyaka engu-55 kuya kwengu-64; futhi njalo unyaka nomunye kuya kweminyaka emi-2 uma uneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-65. Uma usesingozini ye-glaucoma, uzodinga ukuhlolwa njalo. Cela ochwepheshe bezempilo ukuba bakunikeze isimiso sokuhlola esifanele. Kulokhu okukhulu kokuphila kwakhe, uBilly Dowell Jr. uhlale ephila nesifo esinzima sokuqina komzimba esisongela hhayi nje iphupho lakhe lokudlala igalofu yobungcweti, kodwa nokuphila kwakhe. Ukugula kwakhe kubangele ukuvuvukala okuhlungu kwamajozi e-pelvic, kwabangela ukuqhekeka kwesisu, futhi kwaholela e-glaucoma. Kuye kwaqhubeka, kungapheli, futhi kubi kakhulu. "Ngiye ngadlula ezintweni ezinzima kakhulu," kusho uBilly, ohlala eJacksonville, eFlorida, owathuthela khona ngoMeyi…

Uchwepheshe wokunakekelwa kwamehlo uzohlola umlando wakho wezokwelapha futhi enze ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwamehlo. Kungenzeka kwenziwe amavivinyo amaningana, okuhlanganisa:

• Ukuhlolwa kokulimaza komthambo wamehlo ngokuhlolwa kwamehlo okuqandisiwe namavivinyo ezithombe.
• Ukubheka izindawo zokulahleka kobono, okuyaziwa nangokuthi ukuhlolwa kwesigaba sokubona.
• Ukulinganisa ubukhulu be-cornea ngokuhlolwa okuthiwa yi-pachymetry.
• Ukubheka ingxenye yokopha, okuyaziwa nangokuthi i-gonioscopy.