Umenembo Yilokuthini? Izimpawu, Izimbangela, & Ukwelashwa

Umenembo uhlobo lolwempilo lwesikhumba oluvela lapho ama-melanocytes, amakhemikhali akhiqiza i-pigment esikhumbeni sakho, ekhula ngokungajwayelekile futhi eba yomdlavuza. Nakuba kungavamile kunamanye ama-skin cancers, umenembo ubucayi kakhulu ngoba ungasakazeka kwenye ingxenye yomzimba wakho uma ungabanjwa ngokushesha.

Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi uma umenembo utholakala ezingxenyeni zakhe zokuqala, uyaphatheka kalula ngezilinganiso ezinhle zokuphila. Ukuqonda ukuthi yini okufanele uyibheke nokuthatha izinyathelo zokuvikela kungenza umehluko omkhulu ekuvikeleni impilo yakho.

Umenembo Yilokuthini?

Umenembo uqala kuma-melanocytes, okuyizingqimba ezikhethekile ezenza i-melanin, i-pigment enikeza isikhumba sakho umbala. Lezi zingqimba zingatholakala kulo lonke isikhumba sakho, kodwa umenembo uvame ukuvela ezindaweni eziye zavulelwa ilanga.

Ngokungafani namanye ama-skin cancers athanda ukuhlala endaweni eyodwa, umenembo unakho ukusakazeka nge-lymph system yakho kanye ne-bloodstream kwenye imizimba. Lokhu kwenza ukutholakala kwangaphambi kwesikhathi nokuphathwa kubalulekile ngenxa yemiphumela emihle kakhulu.

Umenembo ungathuthukiswa kusuka ku-mole ekhona noma ubonakale njengendawo entsha esikhumbeni sakho. Ungaveleka kuphi na emzimbeni wakho, kufaka phakathi izindawo ezingatholi ukukhanya kwelanga okuningi njengezinyawo zakho, izandla zakho, noma ngaphansi kwamakhokhonathi akho.

Ziyini izimpawu zomenembo?

Into ebaluleke kakhulu okumele uyibheke yilutho oluguqukayo esikhumbeni sakho, ikakhulukazi kuma-moles akhona noma ezindaweni ezintsha ezivela. Umuthi wakho uhlale uthumela imiyalezo, futhi ukunaka lezi zinguquko kungasiza ekutholeni umenembo ngokushesha lapho uyaphatheka kalula.

Umthetho we-ABCDE uyindlela ewusizo yokukhumbula ukuthi yiziphi izinguquko okufanele uzibheke:

• Ukungahambani: Ingxenye eyodwa yemolekhuli ayifanani nenye ingxenye
• Umngcele ongaqondakali: Izinhlangothi azilingani, zinezigxobo, noma azicacile kahle
• Ukwahluka kombala: Umbala awulingani futhi ungafaka izithunzi zobhrown, emnyama, obomvu, omhlophe, noma oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
• Ububanzi: Ibala likhulu kune-6 millimeters (cishe ubukhulu be-eraser yepensile)
• Ukuthuthuka: Imole iyasheshisa ngobukhulu, ukuma, umbala, noma ukuzwa

Ngaphezu kwezimpawu ze-ABCDE, ungase uqaphele ezinye izimpawu ezifanele ukunakekelwa. Imole eba nomkhuhlane, ebuhlungu, noma ebuhlungu ingakhathaza. Ngezinye izikhathi i-melanomas igazi, iphuma, noma ithuthukise ubuso obukhulu.

Kwezinye izikhathi ezingavamile, i-melanoma ingathuthuka ezindaweni ongaze uzihlole. Ngaphansi kwamakhokhonkhwane akho noma ama-toenails, ingase ibonakale njengomugqa omnyama. Ezandleni zakho noma ezinyaweni zakho, ingase ibukeke njengendawo emnyama engapheli.

Abanye abantu bahlangabezana nalokho okuthiwa yi-amelanotic melanoma, engabi nambala omnyama ojwayelekile. Lezi zilonda zingase zibonakale ziphinki, ezibomvu, noma ezimhlophe, okwenza kube nzima ukuzibona njenge-melanomas ezingaba khona.

Imiphi imikhakha ye-melanoma?

Kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-melanoma, ngayinye ineempawu ezahlukile. Ukuqonda le mihlukana kungakusiza ukwazi ukuthi yini okufanele uyilindele nokuthi udokotela wakho angase abe uhlola.

I-superficial spreading melanoma uhlobo oluvamile kunazo zonke, olumelela cishe i-70% yawo wonke ama-melanomas. Ngokuvamile iqala njengendawo ebanzi noma ephakeme kancane engcolile ekhula kancane ngaphandle komzimba ngaphambi kokuthi ihlale jikelele.

I-Nodular melanoma ibonakala njengobhobho oluphakeme noma i-nodule futhi ithambekele ekukhuleni ngokushesha kunamanye ama-types. Ngokuvamile ibukeka njengokukhula okuqinile, okunjengendlu, okungaba mnyama, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, noma oluhlaza okubomvu.

I-Lentigo maligna melanoma ivame ukukhula kubantu abadala abakhulu ezikhineni ezilimelelwe yilanga, ikakhulukazi ebusweni, entanyeni, noma ezingalweni. Ngokuvamile iqala njengendawo enkulu, ephuziwe, ebomvu eya ikhula kancane ezinyangeni noma eminyakeni eminingi.

I-Acral lentiginous melanoma ayivamile kodwa kubalulekile ukuyibona ngoba ithonya izindawo ezingenasola elikhulu lelanga. Leli hlobo libonakala ezandleni, ezinyaweni, noma ngaphansi kwezinzipho futhi libona kakhulu kubantu abanezinwele ezimnyama.

Kukhona nezinye izinhlobo ezingavamile njenge-amelanotic melanoma, engalona umbala futhi ibonakala iphinki noma ebomvu, ne-desmoplastic melanoma, engabonakala njengesibefu futhi ivame ukubonakala ezindaweni ezilimelelwe yilanga zabantu abadala.

Yini ebangela i-melanoma?

I-Melanoma ikhula lapho ukulimala kwe-DNA kwenzeka kuma-melanocytes, kubangela ukukhula nokwahlukaniswa okungenakulawuleka. Nakuba isithintelo esiqondile singacaci, abacwaningi baye baqaphela izinto eziningi ezihlanganyela kuleli limale le-DNA.

Ukusabalala kwe-ultraviolet radiation elangeni yimbangela ephambili ye-melanoma. Womabili ama-UVA nama-UVB rays angalimaza i-DNA ezintweni zakho zesikhumba, futhi lo muntu angaqongeleka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukusabela okukhulu, okungaphazanyiswa yilanga okubangela ukushisa kwelanga kubonakala kukubi kakhulu.

Imithombo ye-UV yemvelo efana nama-tanning beds iyakwandisa kakhulu ingozi yakho yokuthuthukisa i-melanoma. Ukusabalala okugxile kwe-UV radiation kulawa madivayisi kungalimaza uhlobo olufanayo lwe-DNA njengokukhanya kwelanga kwemvelo, kodwa ngokuvamile ngamandla amakhulu.

Ukwakheka kwakho kwe-genetic futhi kudlala indima. Abanye abantu bafa baze bafumane ukuguqulwa kwe-gene okubenza babe sengozini enkulu yokuthuthukisa i-melanoma lapho bevezwe ku-UV radiation. Ukuba nezinwele eziningi, ikakhulukazi izinto ezingavamile noma i-dysplastic moles, kungakwandisa ingozi yakho.

Isikhumba esimhlophe esishisa kalula yingxenye enye yezingozi ngoba sine-melanin encane yokukhuselwa. Noma kunjalo, abantu abanezinwele ezimnyama bangathuthukisa i-melanoma, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezifana nezinye, izinyawo, nezinzipho lapho ukukhanya kwelanga kungeyona into ephambili.

Umlando wokugula ngomdlavuza wesikhumba, kuhlanganise bobabili umdlavuza wesikhumba we-melanoma kanye nowe-non-melanoma, uyakwandisa ingozi yakho yokuthuthukisa imidlavuza eminingi yesikhumba. Isistimu yomzimba ebuthakathaka, kungaba yizimo zezokwelapha noma imithi, ingakwenza ube sengozini kakhulu.

Nini kufanele ubone udokotela ngezinkinga ze-melanoma?

Kufanele ubheke udokotela uma ubona noma yiziphi izindawo ezintsha esikhumbeni sakho noma ukushintsha kwemibala ekhona. Ukutholakala kwangaphambi kwesikhathi yindlela yakho engcono kakhulu yokulwa ne-melanoma, futhi abahlinzeki bezempilo bayeqeqeshwe ukuthola izici ezinkulu ezingase zingabonakali kuwe.

Ungalindi uma ubona noma yiziphi izimpawu ze-ABCDE zesixwayiso emibalabala noma esikhumbeni. Ngisho noma ungaqiniseki ukuthi kukhona okuthile okukhathazayo, kuhlale kungcono ukukuhlola ochwepheshe abangakuhlola kahle.

Hlela i-aphoyintimenti uma unebala elibukeka lihlukile kweminye imibala yakho, ngezinye izikhathi kubizwa ngokuthi uphawu "lwe-ugly duckling". Ibala elivela njengelingavamile uma liqhathaniswa neminye imibala yakho lidinga ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha.

Funani ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha ngokushesha uma unebala eliphuza igazi, elithamba ngokuqhubekayo, noma libe buhlungu uma lithintwa. Lezi zimpawu zingabonisa ukushintsha okudinga ukulinganiswa ochwepheshe.

Uma unezingozi ezifana nomlando womndeni we-melanoma, imibala eminingi, noma umdlavuza wesikhumba wangaphambili, cabanga ngokuhlola okujwayelekile kwesikhumba nodokotela wezifo zesikhumba ngisho noma awukaqapheli ukushintsha okuthile. Bangakha isisekelo futhi balandelele isikhumba sakho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ngezinxushunxushu eziphuthumayo njengokushintsha okusheshayo kwesikhumba noma okuphazamisa kakhulu igazi, ungangabazi ukufuna ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha ngokushesha. Ukuthula kwakho kwengqondo nokuphulukisa kwakho kubaluleke kakhulu kunokuvakashela.

Iyini imikhakha yezingozi ze-melanoma?

Ukuqonda imikhakha yezingozi zakho kungakusiza ukuthi uthathe izinyathelo ezifanele zokuvimbela futhi uhlale ulungile ngokushintsha kwesikhumba. Eminye imikhakha yezingozi ongayilawula, kuyilapho abanye bengingxenye yezimpawu zakho zemvelo noma umlando womndeni.

Nawa ngezimbangela eziyinhloko zengozi ezikhuphula amathuba akho okukhula kwe-melanoma:

• Ukukhanya kwesikhumba, izinwele ezilula, kanye namehlo alula: I-melanin encane isho ukuvikelwa okuncane kwemvelo ekuhlatshweni kwe-UV
• Umlando wokushiswa yilanga: Ikakhulukazi ukushiswa okukhulu noma lokho okwenzeke ngesikhathi sobuntwana
• Ukuvezwa okukhulu elangeni: Kokubili ukuvezwa okuqhubekayo kanye nokuvezwa okukhulu, okungaphazanyiswa
• Ukusetshenziswa kwemibhede yokubhentsha: Noma yikuphi ukusetshenziswa kwe-UV radiation yokwenziwa kukhuphula ingozi
• Ama-moles amaningi: Ukuba nama-moles angaphezu kwama-50 noma ukuba nama-moles angavamile
• Umlando womndeni: Ukuba nezihlobo ezina-melanoma noma ezinye izifo zekhala
• Umlando siqu: I-melanoma yangaphambili noma ezinye izifo zekhala
• Ubudala: Ingozi ikhuphuka ngokwanda kobudala, nakuba i-melanoma ingase ibonakale kunoma yiliphi isikhathi
• Isimo sezimbongolo ebuthakathaka: Ezivela emithi, ezimweni zezokwelapha, noma ekuthuthukisweni kwamalungu

Abanye abantu banezimo zezofu ezingezona ezivamile ezikhuphula kakhulu ingozi yabo ye-melanoma. Lokhu kuhlanganisa i-xeroderma pigmentosum, okwenza ukuba isikhumba sibe nomuzwa omkhulu ekuhlatshweni kwe-UV, kanye ne-familial atypical multiple mole melanoma syndrome.

Ukuphila emazingeni aphezulu noma ezindaweni ezishisayo kungase futhi kukhuphule ukuvezwa kwakho ekuhlatshweni kwe-UV. Ngisho nezici ezifana nokuthi une-freckles noma ungakwazi ukubhentsha zingabonisa ukuthi unethuba elikhulu lokulimala kwe-UV.

Ziyini izinhlungu ezingase zenzeke ngenxa ye-melanoma?

Uma itholakala ngokushesha, i-melanoma iyakwazi ukwelashwa kakhulu ngemiphumela emihle. Noma kunjalo, ukuqonda izinhlungu ezingase zenzeke kusiza ukuqonda ukuthi kungani ukutholakala ngokushesha nokuphathwa okuhle kubaluleke kangaka empilweni yakho yesikhathi eside.

Inhlungu ebuhlungu kunazo zonke iyenzeka lapho i-melanoma isakazeka ngaphandle kwendawo yokuqala. Le nqubo, ebizwa ngokuthi i-metastasis, ingase iyenzeke ngesistimu yakho ye-lymphatic noma nge-bloodstream, ivumela amaseli e-cancer ukuba afinyelele ezinye izitho.

Izindawo ezivamile lapho i-melanoma ingasakazeka khona zihlanganisa:

• Ama-lymph nodes: Ngokuvamile yindawo yokuqala lapho i-melanoma isakazeka khona, ngokuvamile kuya ema-nodes aseduze komdlavuza wokuqala
• Amaphaphu: Angabangela ubunzima bokuqeda umoya, ukukhokha okuqhubekayo, noma ubuhlungu esifubeni
• Isibindi: Kungabangela ubuhlungu esiswini, isicanucanu, noma ukushintsha emisebenzini yesibindi
• Ubuchopho: Kungabangela izikhathi zokuzwa ubuhlungu ekhanda, ukuhluleka komzimba, noma izimpawu zezinzwa
• Amathambo: Kungabangela ubuhlungu, ukuphuka kwamathambo, noma ezinye izinkinga ezihlobene namathambo
• Ezinye izindawo zesikhumba: Amabala amasha e-melanoma angabonakala kude nendawo yokuqala

Ukuhlupheka okuhlobene nokwelashwa kungase futhi kwenzeke, nakuba kuyahluka kuye ngokwelashwa okuthile okukutholayo. Ukuhlinzwa kungase kushiye amabala noma, ezimweni eziningi, kudinge ukufakwa kwesikhumba noma izinqubo zokwakha kabusha.

Ithonya lokuzwela akufanele lihlale lingabonakali. Ukuxilongwa kwe-melanoma kungabangela ukukhathazeka, ukucindezeleka, noma ukwesaba ngekusasa. Abantu abaningi bathola ukuthi amaqembu wokusekela noma ukwelulekwa kuwusizo ekuphatheni lezizizwe.

Ezimweni ezingavamile, abantu bathuthukisa i-melanomas eminingi eyi-primary, okusho ukuthi i-melanomas entsha, ezingahlobene zivele ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kungakho ukulandelela okuqhubekayo nokuvikela isikhumba kuhlala kubalulekile ngisho nalapho ukwelashwa kuphumelele.

Kungenzeka kanjani ukuvimbela i-melanoma?

I-melanomas eminingi ingavikeleka ngokwenza imikhuba ehlakaniphile yokuzivimbela elangeni nokulandelela isikhumba njalo. Okubalulekile ukukuvimbela ekukhanyeni kwe-UV ngenkathi uqaphela izinguquko zesikhumba sakho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ukuvikelwa elangeni kuyisisekelo sokuvimbela i-melanoma. Sebenzisa i-sunscreen ebanzi-spectrum ene-SPF okungenani engu-30 nsuku zonke, hhayi kuphela ngesikhathi sokuya ogwini. Uyifake ngokukhulu futhi uyifake kabusha njalo ngemizuzu emibili noma ngemuva kokubhukuda noma ukubila.

Funani isithunzi phakathi namahora aphezulu e-UV, ngokuvamile phakathi kwama-10 ekuseni nama-4 ntambama. Uma ungaphandle, gqoka izingubo ezivikela kuhlanganise neziqalo ezinobanzi, ihembe elide, nezikhali ezivala imisebe ye-UV.

Gwema ngokuphelele imibhede yokubasa. Akukho ukukhanya okwenziwe yi-UV okuthathwa njengokuphephile, futhi ingozi yomdlavuza wesikhumba iyanda kakhulu ngokusebenzisa imibhede yokubasa, ikakhulukazi uma iqalwa usemncane.

Hlola isikhumba sakho njalo ngenyanga. Jwayelana neminye imibala nemibala ukuze ubone izinguquko. Sebenzisa isibuko noma cela umlingani ukuba akusize uhlole izindawo ongaziboni kalula.

Cabanga ngokuhlonzwa kwesikhumba ngochwepheshe, ikakhulu uma unezingozi ezinjengokukhanya kwesikhumba, amabala amaningi, noma umlando womndeni womdlavuza wesikhumba. I-dermatologist yakho ingakuncoma isimiso esifanele sokuhlola ngokususelwa engozini yakho.

Vikela isikhumba sezingane ngokucophelela njengoba ukukhanya kwelanga kwasebuntwaneni nokushisa kuyandisa kakhulu ingozi yomdlavuza wesikhumba kamuva. Isikhumba sezingane sinobunzima kakhulu, futhi imikhuba emihle yokuphepha kwelanga esekelwe ekuqaleni ingaphila impilo yonke.

Utholakala kanjani umdlavuza wesikhumba?

Ukuxilongwa komdlavuza wesikhumba ngokuvamile kuqala ngokuhlolwa kwesikhumba sakho ngumhlinzeki wezempilo. Bazobheka indawo ekhathazayo futhi bahlole yonke indawo yesikhumba sakho ukuze bahlole ezinye izindawo ezimangalisayo.

Uma indawo ibukeka iyimangalisayo, udokotela wakho cishe uzokwenza i-biopsy. Lokhu kuhilela ukususa yonke noma ingxenye yethishu emangalisayo ukuze ihlolwe ngaphansi komkhiqizo ngochwepheshe obizwa ngokuthi yi-pathologist.

Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-biopsies kuye ngosayizi nendawo yendawo. I-biopsy yokusika isusa yonke indawo enesikhumba esincane esiqondile. I-biopsy yepunch isebenzisa ithuluzi eliyindilinga ukususa isampula encane, ejulile yethishu.

I-pathologist uhlola isibonelo sethishu ukuze abone ukuthi izicubu zekansa zikhona yini, futhi uma zikhona, uhlobo luni lwe-melanoma olukhona. Bapima nokujula kokukhula kwe-melanoma, okuthiwa yi-Breslow depth futhi kusiza ekuqondeni isigaba.

Uma kuqinisekiswa i-melanoma, kungase kudingeke ukuhlolwa okuengeziwe ukuze kubonwe ukuthi kuye kwesabala yini. Lokhu kungafaka izivivinyo ze-imaging ezifana ne-CT scans, i-MRI, noma i-PET scans, kuye ngezici ze-melanoma yakho ethile.

Udokotela wakho angase futhi ahlole ama-lymph nodes aseduze, ngokuzizwa ngawo ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa noma ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi yi-sentinel lymph node biopsy. Lokhu kusiza ekuqondeni ukuthi ikansa liqalile yini ukusabalala ngaphandle kwendawo yokuqala.

Ezinye izindlela ezithuthukile ezifana ne-dermoscopy zivumela odokotela ukuthi bahlole izilonda zesikhumba ngokukhulu nokukhanya okukhethekile. Noma kunjalo, i-biopsy ihlala iyindlela kuphela eqinisekile yokuxilonga i-melanoma.

Iyini impilo ye-melanoma?

Ukuphathwa kwe-melanoma kuncike ezintweni eziningi ezifaka isigaba, indawo, nokuhle kwezempilo yakho jikelele. Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi kunezindlela eziningi zokwelapha ezisebenza kahle, futhi imiphumela imvamisa iyahle uma i-melanoma ibambekele kusenesikhathi.

Ukuhlinzwa yilona kuphela ukwelapha okusetshenziswayo ekuwelapheni ama-melanomas amaningi. Ngoba ama-melanomas esigaba sokuqala, i-wide local excision isusa i-tumor kanye ne-margin yethishu enempilo elizungezile. Lokhu kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi zonke izicubu zekansa zisusiwe.

Ubukhulu be-margin kuncike ebukhulu be-melanoma. Ama-melanomas amancane adinga ama-margins amancane, kuyilapho amaningi adinga ama-margins amakhulu ukuze kunciphisa ingozi yokushiya izicubu zekansa.

Ngama-melanomas angase aye asabalale kuma-lymph nodes aseduze, udokotela wakho angase akukhuthaze i-sentinel lymph node biopsy. Le nqubo ibonisa futhi isuse ama-lymph nodes okuqala asusa indawo lapho i-melanoma yayikhona.

Ama-melanomas athuthukile angadinga ukwelashwa okwengeziwe ngaphezu kokuthunga. I-Immunotherapy iyasiza isimiso sakho sokuvikela umzimba sibone futhi silwe namasosha omdlavuza. Lezi zidakamizwa ziye zahlukanisa kakhulu imiphumela kubantu abane-melanoma ethuthukile.

Ukwelashwa okuqondiswe kubhekene nezidakamizwa ezihlasela ukuguqulwa okuthile kwe-genetic okutholakala kweminye imiklamo ye-melanoma. Uma i-melanoma yakho inezinguquko ezithile njenge-BRAF noma i-MEK, lezi zidakamizwa eziqondiswe zingasebenza kakhulu.

Ukwelashwa ngomgogodla kungase kunconywe ezimweni ezithile, njengangemva kokuthunga ukuze kunciphise ingozi yokubuyela noma ukwelapha i-melanoma esakazeke kwamanye amazwekazi.

Izivivinyo zezokwelapha zinikeza ukufinyelela ekwelapheni okusha okungakabi khona kabanzi. Udokotela wakho we-oncologist angakusiza unqume ukuthi ukuhlanganyela ekuvivinyweni kungaba yilutho oluhle isimo sakho esithile.

Indlela yokuphatha i-melanoma ekhaya ngesikhathi sokwelashwa?

Nakuba ukwelashwa kwezokwelapha kubalulekile, kunezinto eziningi ongenza ekhaya ukuze usekele impilo yakho nokuphulukisa kwakho ngesikhathi sokwelashwa kwe-melanoma. Ukuthatha indima ephambili ekunakekelweni kwakho kungakusiza uzizwe ulawula futhi kwenze kube lula ukuthola imiphumela emihle.

Ngemva kokuthunga, landela imiyalo yodokotela wakho yokunakekela isifo ngokucophelela. Gcina indawo yokuhlinzwa ihlanzekile futhi yomile, shintsha izembatho njengoba kuqondiswe, futhi uqaphele izimpawu zokutheleleka njengokukhanya okukhulu, ubushushu, noma ukopha.

Vivikele isikhumba sakho ngokucophelela kunanini ngaphambili. Sebenzisa i-sunscreen nsuku zonke, gqoka izingubo ezivikela, futhi gwema amahora okushisa kwelanga. Isikumba sakho singaba nobuhlungu ngesikhathi sokwelashwa, okwenza ukuvikelwa kwelanga kubaluleke nakakhulu.

Gcina indlela yokuphila enempilo ukuze usekele isimiso sakho sokuvikela umzimba. Dla ukudla okulinganiselayo okugcwele izithelo nemifino, hlala uthambile, futhi uthole ukulala okwanele. Lezi zinto eziyisisekelo zisiza umzimba wakho ukuthi uphulukise futhi ubhekane nokwelashwa.

Hlala usebenza ngokomzimba ngokulingana namandla akho. Ukuzivocavoca okulula njengokuhamba kungasiza ekunciphiseni ukukhathala, ukuthuthukisa isimo sengqondo, nokugcina amandla phakathi nokwelashwa. Qaphela njalo iqembu lakho lokunakekelwa kwezempilo mayelana namanqanaba emisebenzi efanele.

Qapha isikhumba sakho njalo ubhale noma yiziphi izindawo ezintsha noma ezihlala zishintsha eqenjini lakho lokunakekelwa kwezempilo ngokushesha. Gcina idayari yesikhumba noma uthathe izithombe ukuze uqaphele izinguquko ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Phatha imiphumela emibi ngokukhululekile. Uma uthola ukwelashwa kwe-immunotherapy noma ezinye izindlela zokwelapha ezithinta umzimba wonke, sebenzisana neqembu lakho lokunakekelwa kwezempilo ukuze uqaphele imiphumela emibi efana nokukhathala, ukusabela kwesikhumba, noma izinkinga zokugaya ukudla.

Cabanga ukujoyina amaqembu wokusekela noma ukuxhumana nabanye abantu abaphila be-melanoma. Ukwabelana ngamava nezindlela zokubhekana nezinkinga kungakunika ukwesekwa ngokomzwelo nezeluleko ezisebenzayo ohambweni lwakho.

Kufanele ulungiselele kanjani ukubona udokotela wakho?

Ukulungiselela i-aphoyintimenti yakho kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uthola okuningi ngesikhathi sakho nomhlinzeki wakho wezempilo. Ukuba uhleli futhi unolwazi kuvumela ukuba kube khona ukuxoxisana okusebenzayo mayelana nezinkathazo zakho nezinketho zokwelashwa.

Bhala phansi yonke imibuzo yakho ngaphambi kwe-aphoyintimenti. Faka izinkathazo mayelana nezimpawu, izinketho zokwelapha, imiphumela emibi, nokuthi yini okulindelekile. Ungakhathazeki ngokuba nemibuzo eminingi kakhulu - iqembu lakho lokunakekelwa kwezempilo lifuna ukubhekana nezinkathazo zakho.

Letha uhlu oluphelele lwemithi yakho, kufaka phakathi imithi yokwelapha, imithi yokuthengwa ngaphandle kwesikripthi, kanye nezinye izinto ezengeziwe. Phawula futhi noma yiziphi izifo zokuzalwa noma imiphumela emibi obuye waba nayo emithini esikhathini esidlule.

Butha umlando wakho wezokwelapha, kufaka phakathi umdlavuza wesikhumba wangaphambili, i-biopsies, noma ukwelashwa. Uma unezincwadi zezokwelapha ezivela kwabanye abahlinzeki, letha amakhophi noma uhlalele ukuthi zithunyelwe kudokotela wakho wamanje.

Bhala noma yiziphi izinguquko zesikhumba ozibonile. Thatha izithombe zezindawo ezikhathazayo uma kungenzeka, futhi phawula ukuthi uqale nini ukubona izinguquko nokuthi ziye zathuthuka kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Cabanga ukuthi ulethe umngane noma ilungu lomndeni omethembayo ekuhlengeni. Bangakunika ukwesekwa ngokomzwelo, bakusize ukukhumbula ulwazi oluxoxwe, futhi bakusize ekuphenduleni imibuzo ongazihlanganisi.

Lungiselela ukuxoxa ngomlando womndeni wakho womdlavuza, ikakhulukazi umdlavuza wesikhumba. Ulwazi mayelana nezihlobo eziye zaba nomdlavuza we-melanoma noma ezinye izinhlobo zomdlavuza lungaba ubalulekile ekunakekelweni kwakho.

Cabanga ngezinjongo zakho nezifiso zakho zokwelashwa. Cabanga ngezinto ezinjengendlela yakho yokuphila, isimo somsebenzi, kanye nezimiso zakho zomuntu siqu ezingase zithinte izinqumo zokwelashwa.

Iyini into ebalulekile mayelana ne-melanoma?

Into ebaluleke kakhulu okufanele uyikhumbule mayelana ne-melanoma ukuthi ukutholakala kwasekuqaleni kusindisa impilo. Uma itholakala ezigabeni zayo zokuqala, i-melanoma inezilinganiso ezinhle zokwelashwa, ngokuvamile efinyelela ku-99% ngokwelashwa okufanele.

Ukuvimbela ngokuvikela ilanga nokulandelela njalo isikhumba kukunika amathuluzi amandla okuthoba ingozi yakho nokuthola noma yiziphi izinkinga ngokushesha. Imikhuba elula njengokusebenzisa i-sunscreen nsuku zonke, ukugwema imibhede yokubhaka, nokukuhlola isikhumba sakho inyanga zonke kungenza umehluko omkhulu.

Uma uthola i-melanoma, khumbula ukuthi ukwelashwa kuye kwaqhubeka kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva. Ngisho ne-melanoma ephambili eyayiyoba nemiphumela embi eminyakeni eyishumi edlule manje inezinketho zokwelashwa eziphumelelayo ezinganika ukulawula okuhle kwesikhathi eside.

Themba izinzwa zakho mayelana nezinguquko zesikhumba. Uma kukhona okuhlukile noma okukukhathazayo, ungangabazi ukuthi uyihlengwe yisikhungo sezokunakekelwa kwezempilo. Uyazi umzimba wakho ngaphezu kwanoma ubani, futhi ukuqaphela kwakho kubalulekile.

Hlala uxhumene neqembu lakho lokunakekelwa kwezempilo bese ulandela izincomo zabo zokulandelela okuqhubekayo. Ukulandelela i-melanoma kuvame ukuphila konke, kodwa lokhu kunakekelwa okuqhubekayo kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi noma yiziphi izinguquko ezintsha zitholakala ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka.

Imibuzo evamile ebuzwa mayelana ne-melanoma

Ingabe i-melanoma ingabonakala ezindaweni ezingatholi ukukhanya kwelanga?

Yebo, i-melanoma ingakhula kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yomzimba wakho, kufaka phakathi izindawo ezingavamile ukubona ukukhanya kwelanga. I-acral lentiginous melanoma ivela ezandleni, ezinyaweni, nangaphansi kwamakhokhonkwane. Ama-mucosal melanomas angaba khona emlonyeni, ekhaleni, noma ezindaweni zesondo. Nakuba lezi zinhlobo zingavamile, kubalulekile ukuzazi ngoba zingase zingahlobene nokukhanya kwelanga futhi kungaba nzima ukuthola kusenesikhathi.

Ingabe i-melanoma ihlala imnyama noma mnyama ngombala?

Cha, i-melanoma ayihlali ibonakala imnyama. Ama-amelanotic melanomas awanawo umbala futhi angabonakala pinki, ebomvu, noma ngombala wenyama. La ma-melanomas angenamibala angaba nzima kakhulu ukuwaqaphela ngoba awabonakali njengezifo ezimnyama ezivamile abantu abazilindele. Noma iyiphi indawo entsha, eshintshayo, noma ebukeka ingavamile kufanele ihlolwe ngudokotela kungakhathaliseki umbala wayo.

I-melanoma isakazeka ngokushesha kangakanani?

Isilinganiso sokukhula kwe-melanoma sihluka kakhulu kuye ngohlobo nezici zomuntu. Amanye ama-melanomas akhula kancane ezinyangeni noma eminyakeni, kanti amanye angashintsha ngokushesha phakathi kwamasonto. Ama-nodular melanomas avame ukukhula ngokushesha kunezinye izinhlobo ezisasazwayo. Lokhu kuhlukahlukana yikho okwenza noma iyiphi indawo yesikhumba eshintshayo kufanele ihlolwe ngokushesha kunokulinda ukubona ukuthi ithuthuka kanjani.

Ingabe abantwana bangathuthukisa i-melanoma?

Nakuba i-melanoma ingavamile kubantwana, ingaba khona, ikakhulukazi kubasakhulayo. I-melanoma yobutwana ivame ukubonakala ngokuhlukile kunaleyo yabantu abadala futhi ingase ingalandeli imithetho evamile ye-ABCDE. Kubantwana, ama-melanomas avame ukuba pinki noma ebomvu kunokuba nsundu noma mnyama. Noma iyiphi i-mole entsha noma eshintshayo kumntwana kufanele ihlolwe yisipesheli sezokunakekelwa kwezempilo, ikakhulukazi uma kukhona umlando womndeni we-melanoma.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-melanoma nezinye izifo zekhanda?

I-Melanoma ivela kuma-melanocytes (amaseli okukhiqiza umbala) futhi inenkambo enkulu yokusabalala ezingxenyeni zomzimba uma iqhathaniswa namanye ama-cancer esikhumba. I-Basal cell ne-squamous cell carcinomas, omunye uhlobo olukhulu lwe-cancer yesikhumba, ngokuvamile zihlala endaweni ethile futhi azivame ukusabalala. Nakuba zonke i-cancer yesikhumba zidinga ukwelashwa, i-melanoma ithathelwa ingqondo njengoba ingathi sína ngenxa yokuthi ingasabalala, okwenza ukutholakala kwangaphambi kwesikhathi nokwelashwa kube yinto ebaluleke kakhulu.