Ubhubhane

I-pheyili yisifo esinzima esibangelwa yi-germ ebizwa ngokuthi yiYersinia pestis. Ama-germ ahlala ikakhulukazi ezinweni ezincane nezinamanga zawo. Indlela evamile yokuthi abantu bathole i-pheyili ukulunywa yi-flea.

I-pheyili yisifo esingavamile. Lesi sifo kwenzeka ikakhulukazi emazweni ambalwa kuphela emhlabeni jikelele. E-United States, i-pheyili ithinta abantu abambalwa minyaka yonke ezindaweni zasemakhaya noma zasemaphandleni ezifundazweni zaseNtshonalanga.

I-pheyili ngokuvamile ingaphathwa ngama-antibiotic. Uma ingaphathwa, lesi sifo sivame ukubulala.

I-pheyili ithathelwa ingqondo njengesihlangu esingasetshenziswa. Uhulumeni wase-U.S. unamapulani nokwelashwa okufakwe khona uma lesi sifo sisetshenziswa njengesikhali.

Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zesifo sephethini. Izimpawu zihlukahluka ngenhlobo ngayinye. Iphethini ye-bubonic ibangela ukukhula kwamagciwane. La ma-lymph nodes amancane, afana ne-bean, ayingxenye yesistimu yokulwa nezifo yomzimba. I-lymph node ekhulile ibizwa ngokuthi yi-bubo. Igama elithi "bubonic" lichaza lesi sici sesifo. Uma umuntu enephethini ye-bubonic, ama-bubo avele ezinhlungwini, e-groin noma entanyeni. Ama-Bubo abuthakathaka noma abuhlungu. Ubukhulu bawo buhluka kusukela kuzingqimba ezingaphansi kwesigamu se-intshi (1 sentimitha) kuya ku-intshi ezi-4 (10 sentimitha). Ezinye izimpawu zephethini ye-bubonic zingafaka: Ukushisa okuphezulu ngokuzumayo nokuthandaza.Ukuphefumula.Ukuqeda amandla.Ukungahlali kahle ngokujwayelekile.Ubuthakathaka.Ubuhlungu bemisipha.Ngokungavamile, izilonda zesikhumba.Iphethini ye-septicemic yenzeka lapho amabhaktheriya e-plague azala egazini. Ama-Bubo angase angabi khona. Izimpawu zokuqala ziyajwayelekile futhi zihlanganisa: Ukushisa okuphezulu ngokuzumayo nokuthandaza.Ubuthakathaka obukhulu.Ubuhlungu besisu, isifo sohudo nokugabha.Izimpawu ezingathi sína zingase zithuthukiswe ngesifo esithuthukile nokuhluleka komzimba.Lezi zihlanganisa: Ukopha emlonyeni, ekhaleni noma esibindini, noma ngaphansi kwesikhumba.Izimpawu zokushokeka, njengokubamba, isihlungu nokucindezela kwegazi eliphansi.Ukumnyama nokufa kwezicubu, okuthiwa yi-gangrene, ngokuvamile ezandleni, ezinyaweni, ezindlebeni nasekhala.Iphethini ye-pneumonic ithonya amaphaphu. Lesi sifo singaqala emaphaphwini, noma singasakazeka kusuka kuma-lymph nodes ashayeke emaphaphwini. Izimpawu zingase ziqale ngaphakathi kwamahora ambalwa ngemuva kokubekwa engcupheni futhi zibe zimbi ngokushesha. Izimpawu zingafaka: Ukushisa okuphezulu ngokuzumayo nokuthandaza.Ukuhlanza, nge-mucus egazi.Ukuphefumula okunzima noma okungajwayelekile.Ubuhlungu esifubeni.Isisu esiphazamisekile nokugabha.Ukuphefumula.Ubuthakathaka. Uma ukwelashwa kungaqalwa ngosuku lokuqala, lesi sifo siqhubeka ngokushesha ukuya ekuhlulekeni kwamaphaphu, ukushokeka nokufa. Thola ukunakekelwa ngokushesha uma une-fever ephezulu ngokuzumayo. Thola ukunakekelwa okuphaphandabayo uma une-fever ephezulu ngokuzumayo noma ezinye izimpawu futhi uhlala endaweni ebe nezimangalo zephethini. E-United States entshonalanga, izimo eziningi zibe e-Arizona, eCalifornia, eColorado naseNew Mexico. Izimo zenzeke e-Afrika, e-Asia naseLatin America. Amazwe anecala eliqhutshwayo lihlanganisa i-Madagascar, i-Democratic Republic of Congo ne-Peru.

Yiba nokunakekelwa okusheshayo uma une-fever ephakeme ngokuzumayo.

Thola ukunakekelwa okuphaphandayo uma une-fever ephakeme ngokuzumayo noma ezinye izimpawu futhi uhlala endaweni ebikezelwe amacala e-plague. E-United States entshonalanga, amacala amaningi abe e-Arizona, eCalifornia, eColorado naseNew Mexico.

Amacala abeqale e-Afrika, e-Asia naseLatin America. Amazwe anecala elivame kakhulu afaka i-Madagascar, i-Democratic Republic of Congo nePeru.

Ubhubhane lubangelwa yibhaktheriya ebizwa ngokuthi yiYersinia pestis. Ibhaktheriya ihamba phakathi kwabantu bezilwane ezincane kanye nezinambuzane zazo.

E-United States entshonalanga, lezi zilwane zihlanganisa:

• Izinkawu, izimouse kanye ne-voles.
• Izimpungushe.
• Ukhonkwane.
• Izinja ze-prairie.
• Izimpungushe zomhlaba kanye ne-chipmunks.

Ezinye izilwane zingathola ubhubhane ngokudla izilwane ezincane ezinawo umkhuhlane noma ukuqoqa izinambuzane zazo. Lokhu kungafaka:

• Izikati zasekhaya nezinja.
• I-Coyotes.
• Izikati zasendle.

Abantu banamathuba amaningi okuthola ubhubhane ngokulunywa yisinambuzane. Izinambuzane zinezindlela zokuvela ezilwaneni zasendle ezincane noma ezilwaneni zasekhaya.

Abantu bangathola ubhubhane ngokuxhumana ngqo neziqeshana zesilwane esigula. Ngokwesibonelo, umzingeli angathola isifo ngenkathi ehlanza noma ephakamisa isilwane esinawo umkhuhlane.

Ubhubhane lwe-Pneumonic lungadluliselwa ezilwaneni kubantu, noma kubantu kubantu. Amaconsi amancane emoyeni angathwala ibhaktheriya lapho umuntu noma isilwane ekhwehlela noma ekhwehlela. Abantu bangathola ukutheleleka lapho bephefumula amaconsi noma bechukumisa ukhulu olukhwehlelwe.

Ingozi yokuthola isifo seplague incintisha kakhulu. Emhlabeni wonke, abantu abambalwa kuphela abayithola le plague unyaka ngamunye. E-United States, abantu abayisikhombisa ngokulinganayo bayithola le plague unyaka ngamunye.

Isifo seplague sibikiwe cishe kuzo zonke izingxenye zomhlaba. Izindawo ezivame kakhulu yi-Madagascar, iDemocratic Republic of Congo nePeru. E-Madagascar, kuvame ukuba nokuqhuma kwesifo seplague unyaka ngamunye.

Isifo seplague sibikiwe e-United States entshonalanga, ikakhulukazi e-Arizona, eCalifornia, eColorado naseNew Mexico.

Lesi sifo ngokuyinhloko sihlala kubantu bezilwane ezincane nezinambuzane zazo ezindaweni zasemakhaya nasezindaweni zasemaphandleni. Siye sabonakala nakwizindawo zasemadolobheni ezinabantu abaningi, ukungcola okubi noma inani elikhulu lezinkawu.

Abantu baphazanyiswa yingozi yokuthola isifo seplague uma besebenza ngaphandle ezindaweni lapho izilwane eziphatha isifo seplague zivame khona. Abantu abasebenza ezikhungweni zezilwane kulezi zindawo nabo baphazanyiswa yingozi yokuxhumana nezilwane zasekhaya ezinjengekati nezinja ezinesifo.

Ukukama, ukuzingela noma ukuhamba ezindaweni lapho izilwane eziphatha isifo seplague zihlala khona kungandisa ingozi yokukhonjwa yisinambuzane esinokulimala.

Uhulumeni wase-U.S. ubheka isifo seplague njengengalo yobudlova ezingasetshenziswa. Kukhona ubufakazi bokuthi lusetshenziswe noma lwathuthukiswa njengengalo esikhathini esidlule. Uhulumeni wase-U.S. unezinkombandlela zokwelapha nokuvimbela isifo seplague esisetshenziswa njengengalo.

Izinkinga ze-plague zingafaka:

• Gangrene. Izingxande zegazi zingakha emathinini egazi amancane ezandleni, ezinyaweni, ekhaleni nasezindlebeni. Lokhu kungabangela ukufa kwezicubu. Isikhuthulu esifile kufanele sisuswe.
• I-Meningitis. Ngokungavamile, i-plague ingabangela ukukhula nokulimazeka kwezicubu ezivikela ubuchopho nomgogodla. Lesi simo sibizwa nge-meningitis.
• I-Pharyngeal plague. Ngokungavamile, isifo singaba khona ezicubwini ngemuva komlomo nomphi, okuthiwa yi-pharynx. Lokhu kubizwa nge-pharyngeal plague.

Ubungozi lokufa kubantu abanezinye izinhlobo ze-plague e-United States bucishe bube yi-11%.

Abantu abaningi abane-bubonic plague baphila uma bekhona ukuxilongwa nokwelashwa okusheshayo. Ukufa kungenzeka kakhulu nge-septicemic plague ngoba kunzima ukuyixilonga futhi ibi kakhulu ngokushesha. Ukwelashwa kungase kulibale ngaphandle kokuhlose.

I-Pneumonic plague inamandla futhi iba sibi ngokushesha. Ubungozi lokufa bukhulu uma ukwelashwa kungaqali phakathi namahora angu-24 ngemuva kokuba izimpawu ziqale.

Awekho umuthi wokugomela, kodwa ososayensi basebenza ukuthuthukisa owodwa. Ama-antibayothi angasiza ukuvimbela ukutheleleka uma kungenzeka ukuthi ukhombiswe isifo seplague. Abantu abanesifo seplague se-pneumonic bahlukaniswe ngesikhathi sokwelashwa ukuvimbela ukusabalala kwesifo. Abasebenzi bezempilo kumele bagqoke ama-mask okuvikela, ama-gown, iziqhwaga kanye nezikhombiso lapho belapha umuntu onesifo seplague se-pneumonic. Uma uhlala noma uchitha isikhathi ngaphandle lapho isifo seplague sikhiqiza khona:

• Yenza ikhaya lakho lingangeni izilwane ezincane. Susa izindawo zokwakha izilwane ezincane, njengemithi, amatshe, izingodo zomlilo nezinto ezingasetshenziswanga. Ungashiyi ukudla kwezilwane ezifuywayo ezindaweni lapho izilwane ezincane zingafinyelela khona kalula. Uma uqaphela izilwane ezincane ezihlala ekhaya lakho, thatha izinyathelo zokuzisusa.
• Vikela izilwane zakho ezifuywayo. Sebenzisa imithi yokulawula amaflea ezilwaneni zakho ezifuywayo. Xoxa nodokotela wakho wezilwane ngezinketho ezinhle kakhulu. Uma isilwane sakho sifile, thola ukwelashwa ngokushesha. Ungavumeli izilwane ezifuywayo zilale nawe uma zinge ngaphandle ezindaweni lapho isifo seplague sikhiqiza khona.
• Ukuvikelwa ezilwaneni. Uma uphatha izilwane ezifile, gqoka iziqhwaga ukuvimbela ukuxhumana phakathi kwesikhumba sakho nesilwane. Shaya ucingo e-health department yakini uma unokukhathazeka ngokususa isilwane esifile.
• Sebenzisa i-insect repellent esikhumbeni nasezingutsheni. Uma ungaphandle, sebenzisa i-insect repellent ebhalisiwe ne-U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Lokhu kuhlanganisa imikhiqizo ehlanganisa i-DEET, i-picaridin, i-IR3535, i-oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE), i-para-menthane-3,8-diol noma i-2-undecanone. Ungasebenzisi isikhubekiso ngqo ebusweni bakho. Ungasebenzisi imikhiqizo ene-OLE noma i-PMD kubantwana abaneminyaka engaphansi kwengu-3. Ungasebenzisi i-insect repellent kumntwana oneminyaka engaphansi kwezinyanga ezingu-2.

Umhlinzeki wezinsizakalo zempilo cishe uzokwenza ukuxilongwa okungenzeka kwegciwane le-plague ngokusekelwe ku:

• Izimpawu.
• Ukukhombisa okungenzeka sesifo ngesikhathi senkonzo yangaphandle yakamuva noma uhambo.
• Ukuthintana nesilwane esifile noma esigula.
• Ukukhonjwa kokuluma kwe-flea noma ukukhombisa okwaziwayo kwizilwane ezincane.

Ukuphathwa cishe kuzoqala ngenkathi umhlinzeki wakho elinda imiphumela yezivivinyo eziningi zokwelapha ukuze aqonde ibhaktheriya ye-Yersinia pestis. Izibonelo zezivivinyo zingase zivela ku:

• Umphunga ovela kububos.
• Igazi.
• Umphunga ovela emaphashini.
• Umphunga oqaphe kakhulu ubuchopho kanye nomgogodla.