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Isifo Sikashukela Sohlobo 2 Kubantwana

Uhlolojikelele

I-2 diabetes kubantwana yisifo esingamahlalakhona esithinta indlela umzimba womntwana wakho oqapha ushukela (iglucose) ngayo njengamandla. Ngaphandle kokwelashwa, lesi sifo sibangela ukuba ushukela ukhule egazini, okungabangela imiphumela emibi yesikhathi eside.I-2 diabetes ivame kakhulu kubantu abadala. Eqinisweni, kwakubizwa ngokuthi i-diabetes evela kubantu abadala. Kodwa inani elikhulayo lezingane ezinono liholele ezimweni eziningi ze-type 2 diabetes kubantu abasebancane.Kukhona okuningi ongakwenza ukusiza ukulawula noma ukuvimbela i-type 2 diabetes kumntwana wakho. Khuthaza umntwana wakho ukuba adle ukudla okunempilo, athole umsebenzi womzimba omningi futhi alondoloze isisindo esinempilo. Uma ukudla okunempilo nokuzivocavoca kungelona ikhono lokulawula i-type 2 diabetes, imithi yomlomo noma ukwelashwa kwe-insulin kungadingeka.

Izimpawu

I-Diabetes mellitus uhlobo 2 kubantwana ingase ithuthukiswe kancane kangangokuba ayikho izimpawu ezibonakalayo. Ngezinye izikhathi, leli gciwane liqaphelwa ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa okuvamile. Abanye abantwana bangase babe nalezi zimpawu njengomphumela weshukela eliningi egazini labo: Ukomelela okukhulu komile Ukuphuma kwesisu njalo Ukulangazelela okukhulu Ukukhathala Ukubona okungacaci Izindawo ezimnyama zesikhumba, ngokuvamile ezingqongeni noma ezingalweni nasemadolweni Ukulahlekelwa isisindo okungahloseki, nakuba lokhu kungavamile kubantwana abane-type 2 diabetes kunabantwana abane-type 1 diabetes Ukutheleleka okuvamile Bheka umhlinzeki wezempilo yengane yakho uma ubona noma yiziphi izimpawu ze-type 2 diabetes. Uma ingaqaphelwa, leli gciwane lingabangela umonakalo omkhulu. Ukuhlolwa kwe-diabetes kunconywa kubantwana abaqalile ukuqala noma abaneminyaka eyi-10 ubudala, abanesisindo esiningi noma abakhulu, futhi abanokungenani omunye umthombo we-type 2 diabetes.

Isikhathi sokubona udokotela

Bona udokotela wezingane zakho uma ubona noma yiziphi izimpawu zomdlavuza weswekile uhlobo 2. Uma ungalapha, leli gciwane lingalimaza kakhulu.

Ukuhlolwa komdlavuza weswekile kunconywa kubantwana abaye baqala ukuvuthwa noma abaneminyaka eyi-10 ubudala, abanesisindo esingaphezulu noma abanamandla, futhi abanokungenani olunye ubungozi bomdlavuza weswekile uhlobo 2.

Izimbangela

Imbangela eqondile yesifo sikashukela sohlobo lwesibili ayaziwa. Kodwa-ke, umlando womndeni nezinto eziyifa kubonakala sengathi zidlalela indima ebalulekile. Okucacile ukuthi abantwana abanesifo sikashukela sohlobo lwesibili abakwazi ukuqapha ushukela (iglucose) kahle.

Iningi lushukela emzimbeni luvela ekudleni. Uma ukudla kuqediwe, ushukela ungena egazini. I-insulin ivumela ushukela ukuba ungene kumaseli - futhi wehlisa inani lushukela egazini.

I-insulin ikhiqizwa yigxathu elikhona ngemuva kwesisu elibizwa ngepankriyasi. Ipankriyasi ithumela i-insulin egazini uma ukudla kudliwe. Uma amazinga ashukela egazini eqala ukwehla, ipankriyasi iyancipha ukukhishwa kwe-insulin egazini.

Uma ingane yakho inesifo sikashukela sohlobo lwesibili, le nqubo ayisebenzi kahle. Ngenxa yalokho, esikhundleni sokugcwala amaseli, ushukela uyakha egazini lengane yakho. Lokhu kungenzeka ngoba:

  • Ipankriyasi ingase ingakhi i-insulin eyanele
  • Amaseli aba nokuphikisana ne-insulin futhi angavumeli ushukela omningi ukuba ungene
Izici eziyingozi

Abaphandi abanawo ukuqonda ngokugcwele ukuthi kungani amanye abantwana bathuthukisa isifo sikashukela sohlobo 2 kanti abanye abawuthuthukisi, ngisho noma benamakhono afanayo. Kodwa-ke, kucace kakhulu ukuthi izinto ezithile zikhuphula ingozi, okuhlanganisa:

  • Ubunzima. Ukuba sisindayo iyona ingozi enkulu yesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2 kubantwana. Ukuba nezinsimbi eziningi ezinhlanzi kubantwana — ikakhulu phakathi kwemisipha nakwesikhumba esizungezile isisu — kwenza amangqamuzana omzimba wabo abe nokumelana ne-insulin.
  • Ukungahambi. Ukuba abantwana abasebenzi, ingozi yabo yesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2 iyanda.
  • Ukudla. Ukudla inyama ebomvu nenyama ehlanganisiwe nokuphakelwa izithelo ezithambile ezithambile kuhambisana nengozi enkulu yesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2.
  • Umlando womndeni. Ingozi yabantwana yesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2 iyanda uma benomzali noma umfowabo onalesifo.
  • Uhlanga noma ubuzwe. Nakuba kungacaci ukuthi kungani, abantu abathile — kuhlanganise nabantu abamnyama, abaseSpain, abantu baseMelika base-India nabantu baseMelika base-Asia — banamathuba amaningi okuthuthukisa isifo sikashukela sohlobo 2.
  • Ubudala nobulili. Abantwana abaningi bathuthukisa isifo sikashukela sohlobo 2 ebuntwaneni babo, kodwa kungenzeka noma yikuphi isikhathi. Amantombazane asebasha anethuba elikhulu lokuthuthukisa isifo sikashukela sohlobo 2 kunabafana abasebasha.
  • Isifo sikashukela sikazinzwa sokukhulelwa. Abantwana abazalwa ngabesifazane ababe nesifo sikashukela sokukhulelwa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa banengozi enkulu yokuthuthukisa isifo sikashukela sohlobo 2.
  • Ubunzima obuphansi bokuzalwa noma ukuzalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Ukuba nobunzima obuphansi bokuzalwa kuhambisana nengozi enkulu yokuthuthukisa isifo sikashukela sohlobo 2. Izingane ezazalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi — ngaphambi kwamasonto angu-39 kuya kwangu-42 okukhulelwe — zinengozi enkulu yesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2.

Isifo sikashukela sohlobo 2 kubantwana sivame ukuhambisana ne-metabolic syndrome ne-polycystic ovarian syndrome.

Uma izimo ezithile zenzeka ngokukhulu, zihambisana nokumelana ne-insulin futhi zingakhuphula ingozi yesifo sikashukela — nesifo senhliziyo nokushaya kwengqondo. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezimo ezilandelayo kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-metabolic syndrome:

  • Amazinga aphansi e-high-density lipoproteins (HDL), i-cholesterol "enhle"
  • Ama-triglycerides aphezulu
  • Amazinga aphezulu kashukela egazini
  • Usayizi omkhulu wesisu

I-Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) ithonya amantombazane amancane ngemva kokuthomba. I-PCOS ibangelwa ukungalingani kwamahomoni, okuholela ezimpawu ezinjengokwanda kobunzima, izikhathi ezingavamile zenyanga, kanye nezinwele eziningi ebusweni nasezimweni. Abantu abane-PCOS bavame ukuba nezingqinamba nge-metabolism engabangela ukumelana ne-insulin nesisifo sikashukela sohlobo 2.

Izingqinamba

I-2 diabetes ingathinta cishe yonke ingxenye yomzimba womntwana wakho, kuhlanganise nemithambo yegazi, izicubu, amehlo kanye namakilogrethi. Izinkinga zesikhathi eside ze-type 2 diabetes zikhula kancane kancane eminyakeni eminingi. Ekugcineni, izinkinga ze-diabetes zingaba nzima noma zibe yingozi eyingozi.

Izinkinga ze-type 2 diabetes zihambisana nokuphakama kweswekile yegazi futhi zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuphakama kwe-kolesterol
  • Isifo senhliziyo nezimbobo zegazi
  • Isifo sobuchopho
  • Ukonakala kwezinzwa
  • Isifo sezinso
  • Isifo samehlo, kuhlanganise nobuthakathaka

Ukugcina amazinga eswekile yegazi yomntwana wakho eduze kwesilinganiso esijwayelekile isikhathi esiningi kunganciphisa kakhulu ingozi yalezi zinkinga. Ungasiza umntwana wakho ukuvimbela izinkinga ze-diabetes ngok:

  • Ukusebenzisana nomntwana wakho ukuze ugcine ukulawulwa okuhle kweswekile yegazi ngangokunokwenzeka
  • Ukufundisa umntwana wakho ukubaluleka kokudla okunempilo nokuhlanganyela emisebenzini yomzimba njalo
  • Ukubhalisa ukuvakasha okujwayelekile neqembu lokwelapha i-diabetes lomntwana wakho
Ukuvimbela

Ukukhetha impilo enhle kungasiza ekunqobeni i-type 2 diabetes kubantwana. Khuthaza umntanakho ukuba:

  • Adle ukudla okunempilo. Nikeza umntanakho ukudla okunemafutha ambalwa ne-calories. Gxila ezithelo, imifino, nasezinhlamvu ezigcwele. Zama ukwahlukahluka ukuvimbela ukudinwa.
  • Thola umsebenzi womzimba omningi. Khuthaza umntanakho ukuba abe namandla. Bhalisela umntanakho iqembu lezemidlalo noma iifundo zokudansa. Kungcono nakakhulu, yenza kube yinto yomndeni. Izindlela zokuphila ezingasiza ekunqobeni i-type 2 diabetes kubantwana zingenza okufanayo kubantu abadala.
Ukuxilongwa

Uma kukhona ukungabaza ngesifo sikashukela, umhlinzeki wezempilo yengane yakho cishe uzoncoma ukuhlolwa kokusondeza. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zokuhlolwa kwegazi zokuxilonga isifo sikashukela sohlobo 2 kubantwana.

  • Ukuhlolwa kweswekile legazi okungahleliwe. Isibonelo segazi sithathwa ngesikhathi esingahleliwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ingane yakho idlile nini. Izinga leswekile legazi elingahleliwe lama-200 milligrams ngedeciliter (mg/dL), noma ama-11.1 millimoles ngelitha (mmol/L), noma ngaphezulu kuphakamisa isifo sikashukela.
  • Ukuhlolwa kweswekile legazi lokudla okulula. Isibonelo segazi sithathwa ngemva kokuba ingane yakho ingadlanga lutho noma iphuze amanzi kuphela okungenani amahora ayisishiyagalombili noma ebusuku (ukudla okulula). Izinga leswekile legazi lokudla okulula lama-126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) noma ngaphezulu kuphakamisa isifo sikashukela.
  • Ukuhlolwa kwe-Glycated hemoglobin (A1C). Lolu hlolo lubonisa amazinga eswekile legazi eliphakathi nendawo yengane yakho ezinyangeni ezintathu ezedlule. Izinga le-A1C lama-6.5% noma ngaphezulu libonisa isifo sikashukela.
  • Ukuhlolwa kokubekezelela kweswekile yomlomo. Ingane yakho kuzodingeka idle okulula ebusuku bese iphuza isiphuzo esinomhluzi ehhovisi lomhlinzeki wezempilo noma endaweni yokuhlola elabhoratri. Amazinga eswekile legazi ahlalwa njalo emahoreni amabili alandelayo. Izinga leswekile legazi lama-200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) noma ngaphezulu ngokuvamile kusho ukuthi ingane yakho inesifo sikashukela.

Umhlinzeki wakho wezempilo angase ancome ukuhlolwa okuengeziwe ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwesifo sikashukela sohlobo 1 nesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2, ngoba amasu okwelapha aluhlobo ngalunye ahlukile.

Ukwelashwa

Managing Type 2 Diabetes in Children: A Comprehensive Guide

Type 2 diabetes in children requires ongoing management throughout their lives. This involves several key strategies:

  • Healthy Lifestyle: A crucial aspect of managing diabetes is maintaining a healthy diet and regular physical activity. These aren't restrictive "diets," but rather balanced and nutritious eating habits. A child with type 2 diabetes should eat plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, and healthy fats like olive oil. Foods high in fiber and low in fat and calories are recommended. Portion control is important, and encouraging your child to eat at the table instead of in front of the TV can help with mindful eating. Substituting some carbohydrate-rich foods with fruits or vegetables, and choosing water over sugary drinks, are also helpful steps. Your child's doctor may recommend a dietitian to create a personalized meal plan that considers their preferences and needs.

  • Regular Physical Activity: Just like everyone else, children with type 2 diabetes need regular exercise. Physical activity helps control weight, use glucose for energy, and improve the body's use of insulin, which helps lower blood sugar. Aim for at least 60 minutes of daily activity, which can be broken into smaller sessions throughout the day. Exercise together as a family to make it fun and enjoyable.

  • Medications: Three medications are approved by the FDA for treating type 2 diabetes in children:

    • Metformin: This pill helps the liver release less sugar into the bloodstream and improves the body's use of insulin.
    • Liraglutide: This injected medication helps the pancreas release more insulin after meals. Possible side effects include digestive issues like nausea or diarrhea.
    • Insulin: If blood sugar levels are very high, insulin may be necessary. Insulin helps move sugar into cells for energy, reducing blood sugar. Often, a long-acting insulin is taken once a day, supplemented with a short-acting insulin before meals. Insulin can sometimes be reduced or eliminated over time with lifestyle changes and other medications.

  • Blood Sugar Monitoring: Regular blood sugar checks are essential. The frequency of testing will depend on the child's treatment plan, potentially including multiple times a day, especially if they are taking insulin. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) might be an option in some cases. This allows you to closely track blood sugar levels and make necessary adjustments to the treatment plan.

  • Weight Management: If a child is significantly overweight (BMI 35 or higher), weight-loss surgery may be an option to help manage diabetes.

  • Regular Doctor Visits: Regular checkups are crucial for monitoring the child's progress. These appointments will involve reviewing blood sugar levels, eating habits, activity levels, weight, and medication use. The doctor will also monitor growth, cholesterol, kidney and liver function, eyes (annually), feet, and potential risks like polycystic ovary syndrome and sleep apnea. Annual flu shots, and potentially pneumonia and COVID-19 vaccines, are also often recommended.

  • Managing Blood Sugar Fluctuations: Children with type 2 diabetes might experience high or low blood sugar (hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia). Understanding the causes and symptoms of both is essential for prompt intervention.

    • Hypoglycemia (Low Blood Sugar): Symptoms include paleness, shakiness, hunger, sweating, mood changes, difficulty concentrating, dizziness, loss of coordination, slurred speech, and loss of consciousness or seizures. Give a fast-acting carbohydrate (15-20 grams, like fruit juice, glucose tablets, or candy) and re-test blood sugar in 15 minutes as needed until it's within the target range. Avoid foods with high fat content, as they slow down sugar absorption.

    • Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar): Symptoms include frequent urination, increased thirst, blurred vision, fatigue, and nausea. Check blood sugar and adjust meal plan or medication as needed. Contact the doctor if blood sugar is consistently high.

    • Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS): These are serious complications that require immediate medical attention. DKA is more common in type 1 diabetes, while HHS is often linked to severe illness or infections. DKA symptoms include thirst, increased urination, dry skin, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and a fruity breath odor. HHS symptoms include minimal or no ketones in the urine, increased urination and thirst, dry mouth, warm skin, confusion, seizures, and coma. If you suspect either of these, check for ketones and seek immediate medical care.

Proper management of type 2 diabetes requires consistent effort, communication with healthcare professionals, and a comprehensive understanding of the condition.

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