Yego. Abanyamerika bagera kuri 2.21% (hafi ya 1 kuri 45) babazwe ko barwaye autisme, kandi benshi ntibaramenywa. Autisme ku bantu bakuru yemejwe binyuze mu ntambwe eshanu: guhuza ibimenyetso nibuzima bwawe bwose, kwifashisha igikoresho cyemejwe nka AQ-10, gushaka umuganga wize autisme ku bantu bakuru, kwandika ubuzima bwawe bwo mu buto, hanyuma ugakurikiza ibisubizo.

Bishobora kuvugwa mu magambo make: Ibintu by'ingenzi tugomba kwibuka

  • Aba 1 kuri 45 b'abantu bakuru b'abanyamerika (2.21%) barwaye autisme, nk'uko ibigereranyo by'ishami rya CDC bibigaragaza.
  • Bivugwa ko bibiri bya gatatu by'abantu bakuru bahuye n'uburwayi bushya bwa mbere, bafashwe n'ikindi kimenyetso cy'ubuzima bwo mu mutwe mbere, mu gihe cy'imyaka 11.
  • Amanota 6 cyangwa hejuru kuri AQ-10 ni byo byemeza ko ukeneye igenzura rya burundu.
  • Kugira ngo ugire diagnozi, ukeneye psychologue cyangwa psychiatre wize ku bantu bakuru, ndetse n'umuntu ushobora kuvuga ku buzima bwawe bwo mu buto.
  • Kwiheza cyangwa impagarara byo hamwe n'uburwayi bwo mu mutwe, aho gutegereza ibisubizo, ni ikibazo gikomeye.

Autisme ku bantu bakuru irarengagizwa, ntabwo ivaho, kandi ibigaragaza bibihamya

Autisme ku bantu bakuru isanzwe kandi kenshi irarengagizwa. CDC ivuga ko 2.21% by'abantu bakuru b'abanyamerika, ni ukuvuga abantu miliyoni 5.4 mu mwaka wa 2017, barwaye autisme, aho 3.62% ari abagabo na 0.86% ari abagore. Benshi ntibigeze bagenzurwa bakiri abana, kandi nta murongo wo kugenzura ufata abantu bakuru barwaye autisme bafite diagnozi, bityo ibi bikaba ari ibigereranyo aho kuba imibare nyayo.

Kugerayo mu bukyure utaramenywa ni byo bisanzwe, ntabwo ari ikimenyetso cyo kwirengagiza autisme. Mu bantu bakuru 161 bahuye n'uburwayi bwa mbere bwa autisme, ubushakashatsi bwakorewe mu European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience bwagaragaje ko 66.5% bari baramaze guhabwa nibura diagnozi imwe y'uburwayi bwo mu mutwe: ubumuga bwo mu bwenge, indwara yo mu mutwe cyangwa isimburana ry'imico, kwiheza, impagarara, cyangwa ADHD. Impuzandengo hagati y'igenzura rya mbere ry'ubuzima bwo mu mutwe n'uburwayi bwa autisme bwaje bwari imyaka 11.

Imyaka 11 ntabwo ari ikosa ry'inyandiko. Ni imiterere.

CDC ivuga ibintu mu buryo bugaragara: abaganga ntibashobora kwemeza amakuru y'iterambere ry'ubuzima bwo mu buto ku muntu mukuru, kandi urutonde rurerane rw'ibindi bipimo by'ubuzima bwo mu mutwe ruhisha autisme iri hasi. Kongeraho gukinga kwa autisme ku bantu bakuru, bivuga imyaka myinshi yo kwirinda kureba mu maso, kwigana amagambo, no kwihanganira imyitwarire yo kwishimishiriza, bityo guhusha kwa mbere kwa muganga bikaba byarateganijwe.

Intambwe ya 1: Menera ibimenyetso bya autisme ku bantu bakuru mubuzima bwawe bwose, ntabwo muri kwezi kwa nyuma

Ibibazo bya autisme ku bantu bakuru bigabanyijemo ibice bitatu, kandi ibice bifite agaciro kanini kuruta ibintu byose bibirimo.

  • Imibanire: ikibazo cyo gusobanura ibintu bihishe n'amategeko atavugwa, kuvugana na bake bashimishije kuruta kuba bananiza, incuti nke zamazwe n'imyaka zitarimo undi uzi kuzitaho.
  • Itumanaho: gufata amabwiriza n'imvugo nk'uko zavugiye, gutanga ubutumwa abandi bakwita utagira ibyiyumvo, ugoramye, cyangwa wigana, no kureba mu maso bifata ingufu zo kwiyumvamo.
  • Imyitwarire n'ibyo wumva: imihango bigoye cyane kwirinda, kwiyumvisha cyane kubikora, no kugongana kw'amatara, urusaku, imyenda, cyangwa imbaga.

Icyemezo kimwe gitandukanya autisme n'ibindi bibazo. DSM-5 isaba ko imico igaragara kuva mu iterambere rya mbere, niyo itajya yandikwa kugeza nyuma y'imyaka myinshi. Niba ikibazo cyawe cyo mu mibanire, kwumva ibintu byinshi, n'ibyo ukeneye kubaho bifitanye isano n'umuhango byaje nyuma y'imyaka 38 kubera akazi gakomeye cyangwa gutakaza, ibyo bigaragaza kwirundimana, kwiheza, cyangwa impagarara.

Ku isura, ibi bimenyetso bisa n'isoni, kwikunda, ibiteganyo byinshi, cyangwa kunanirwa gukomeza. Ni byo byatumye bidagenzurwa imyaka 30.

Intambwe ya 2: Koresha ikizamini cya autisme ku bantu bakuru, hanyuma ukoreshe amanota afite uburenganzira bwo kohereza igenzura rya burundu

Ikizamini cya autisme ku bantu bakuru ni igikoresho cyo kumenya mbere, ntabwo ari icyemezo, kandi ikibazo gikoreshwa na bagenzi bawe ntibigishobora gusubiza ni ikihe kimenyetso gikwiye kugukurikira kugirango uhitemo kuzamuka kw'igenzura. Tangira na AQ-10: ibintu icumi, iminota mike, kandi amanota 6 cyangwa hejuru ni yo ihagarara kugirango uhitemo kohereza igenzura rya burundu, ukurikije Allison n'abakoloni (2012) na NICE adult autism pathway.

Niba ushaka kumenya byinshi, RAADS-R irafite ibintu 80, kandi amanota 65 cyangwa hejuru bigaragaza ibimenyetso bya autisme bifite akamaro (Ritvo n'abakoloni, 2011). CAT-Q ni igikoresho cyiza cyo kwishimishiriza: kumenya ingano y'ibyo wihanganira, bifite agaciro niba imyitwarire yawe mu gihe cy'isaha imwe idasa n'ikindi.

Dore ibyo imbuga zikora ibizamini zidakubwira: AQ yemejwe cyane ku bagabo, bityo ishobora kwirengagiza abantu bihangana, kandi amanota 4 cyangwa 5 hamwe n'amateka y'ubuzima ntibihagarika ikibazo. Amanota y'igenzura ntabwo ari diagnozi. Ni inyandiko utanga ku wagenzura.

Intambwe ya 3: Diagnozi ya autisme ku muntu mukuru ikeneye umuhanga uzobereye mu kugenzura abantu bakuru

Diagnozi ya autisme ku muntu mukuru ikorwa n'umuganga w'inararibonye mu buvuzi bw'ubwonko cyangwa psychologue wize cyane mu kugenzura abantu bakuru barwaye autisme, akoresha cyane ikizamini cya ADOS (ADOS-2) kandi, iyo umuntu utanga amakuru abaho, ikizamini cy'iterambere cya ADI-R. Cleveland Clinic ivuga ko igenzura rigenzura ibintu bitatu: ibimenyetso byawe ubu, amakuru y'iterambere ry'ubuzima bwawe bwo mu buto, n'ibindi bibazo byabayeho hamwe na byo.

Gushaka uwo muganga ni ikibazo gikomeye. Inzira enye zirakwiye kugeragezwa icyarimwe:

  • Ikigo cy'ubuvuzi cya kaminuza cy'autisme, cyo gitanga igenzura rikomeye kandi gikunze gutegereza igihe kirekire.
  • Urutonde rw'imiryango y'autisme mu ntara cyangwa abashinzwe iterambere ry'ubumuga, rutanga abagenzura bashobora kuba batazwi na muganga wawe wa mbere.
  • Umuganga w'autisme ugenza abantu bakuru kuri telefone, akenshi ni inzira yihuse kandi iboneye kubantu bafite ibibazo bisanzwe.
  • Umuganga w'autisme wigisha abana kandi wigisha abantu bakuru, nk'icyizere gisigaye iyo nta kindi kiboneka.

Imirongo y'ibitaro bikunze gutangazwa ko itegereje hagati y'amezi 6 kugeza 12, ni cyo gituma tubona ko ari byiza guhamagara abakoresha telefone n'ibigo bya kaminuza icyarimwe aho gutegereza mu murongo umwe.

Intambwe ya 4: Fungura ufite ibimenyetso by'ubuzima bwawe bwo mu buto, ntabwo gusa ibimenyetso byawe

CDC ivuga ko amakuru y'iterambere adashobora kwemezwa ari igitutu gikomeye ku diagnozi y'umuntu mukuru, bityo uyifate nk'akazi ko kwitegura. Shyira umuntu utanga amakuru ku gihe cy'icyumweru: umubyeyi, mushiki/mugarugero mukuru, cyangwa umufasha wo mu gihe kirekire ushobora kugufasha kuvuga ibyo wari umeze hagati y'imyaka 4 na 10. Bahe ibwiriza hakiri kare, kuko umugenzura ashobora kubashaka kuvugana na bo.

Iyo nta muntu ubaho, inyandiko zihagarariye amakuru:

  • Ibitabo by'ishuri n'ibitekerezo by'abarimu banditse.
  • Inyandiko za IEP, 504, cyangwa iby'uburezi bw'abafite ubumuga bya kera.
  • Video y'urugo irimo wowe nk'umwana muto.
  • Ibisubizo bya mbere by'akazi byagaragaje ibibazo by'imibereho cyangwa itumanaho.

Zana ibindi bintu bibiri. Urutonde rwanditse rw'ikindi kimenyetso cyose cy'ubuzima bwo mu mutwe, imiti, n'ubuvuzi bwakoreshejwe n'amatariki, kuko ayo mateka ari yo abaganga ba mbere bashoboraga kureba aho kwitegereza autisme. N'inyandiko y'ibyumweru bibiri y'ibibazo by'imibanire, ibyo wumva, n'iby'imihango bifitanye ibyerekana, ntabwo ari incamake: "navuye mu iduka nyuma y'iminota ine kubera urumuri" ni byiza kuruta "ntekereza ku rumuri." Urubuga rwo kugufasha k'ubuzima nk'August AI rushobora kugufasha kugumya iyo nyandiko neza mu byumweru bibiri mbere y'umuhango kandi ugakora ibibazo bisanzwe uko bigenda. Ni igikoresho cy'inyongeramusyo kuri igenzura, ntabwo ari igice cyaryo.

Mugihe utegereje, ikibazo cy'ubundi burwayi cyo ni gikomeye kurushaho

Kutegereza ibyumweru byinshi kugirango ubashe kumenya diagnozi birihanganirwa. Indwara yo mu mutwe ihurirana n'autisme kenshi ntabwo yihanganirwa. Mu mibare yakoreshejwe mu bushakashatsi bwasohotse muri Lancet Regional Health, Americas, indwara zo mu bwoko bw'amarira cyangwa impagarara zahise zimenyeshwa 53.3% by'abagabo barwaye autisme na 70.6% by'abagore barwaye autisme bafite imyaka 18-45, ugereranyije na 19.6% na 35.9% by'abatararwaye (ingano yakoreweho ugereranyo ni 2.27). Kwiyicisha byagaragaye kuri 0.46% by'abagabo barwaye autisme na 0.85% by'abagore barwaye autisme, ugereranyije na 0.14% na 0.22% by'abatararwaye, ingano yakoreweho ugereranyo ni 4.54.

Hamagara 911 cyangwa jya ku cyumba cy'ubutabazi ubu niba:

  • Ufite ibitekerezo byo kwiyahura, gahunda, cyangwa kwagerageje ubwayo. Hamagara cyangwa wohereze ubutumwa bwa SMS kuri 988 (Lifeline yo kwiyahura n'ibibazo).
  • Ibyo wiyikoreye bikomeje kuba cyangwa byiyongera.
  • Ufite ibitekerezo by'ibinyoma, cyangwa waba utazi ibyo ukora.
  • Kwiheza byakomeye, kubura ibyiringiro cyangwa kutabasha kwiyicungira ubuzima.

Gukoresha gahunda mu cyumweru gitaha niba:

  • Kwiheza cyangwa impagarara ni nshya cyangwa byara byariyongereye.
  • Insjya yahagaritse.
  • Ntabwo wabishoboye gukora cyangwa gukora imirimo isanzwe.
  • Inzoga cyangwa ibikoresho byo kwishimisha byariyongereye.

Kuri icyo cyiciro cyo hagati, kwihutisha igihe cy'ibitaro kuri 39 by'amadolari byakwagurira umuganga wemewe mu gihugu mu minsi aho kumara amezi. Umuganga ni we uzagena niba ubuvuzi cyangwa imiti bifite akamaro. Ba umwere ibyo bidashobora: ntashobora kumenya autisme, kandi ntabwo ari igisubizo cya 988 cyangwa icyumba cy'ubutabazi.

Vugana n'umuganga mbere yo gutangira niba:

  • Uramaze gufata imiti y'ubuzima bwo mu mutwe.
  • Diagnozi ya kera irimo isubirwamo. Ntuzahagarike cyangwa uhindure ikintu na gato.

Kuki iki cyiciro gikomeye: gutuza hamwe ibyavuye mu bipimo 20 byafashe abantu 301.841 mu eClinicalMedicine byagaragaje ko kwiheza kwiyongereye byikubye incuro ebyiri ibyago byo kwiyahura (gutanga ibyo gutanga 2.29, 95% CI 1.39 kugeza 3.77), kandi ikindi kibazo icyo ari cyo cyose cy'ubuzima bwo mu mutwe cyakubye inshuro 3.55 ibyago byo kwikomeretsa. Ibihurizo ni ibyo birimo ubuvuzi, kandi biravura ubu.

Intambwe ya 5: Diagnozi irishyura gusa niba ugikoresheje icyumweru kimwe

Tangira n'ibisubizo. Bisabe mu nyandiko uhereye ku itegeko ry'Abanyamerika bafite ubumuga, ufite raporo y'umugenzura, kandi wihitemo uko ugishyira ahagaragara: HR gusa, umuyobozi wawe kandi, cyangwa nta wundi uzobereye gusaba. Icya kabiri, koresha isubirwamo rya diagnozi n'imiti yawe ya mbere hamwe n'umuganga ugukurikirana, kuko bibiri bya gatatu by'abantu bakuru bashya bagombaga kwandikwa mu buryo butandukanye bwo kwandika mbere kandi bimwe muri ibyo bikoresho byari byerekeje ku rwego rwa nyuma. Kandi, shaka ubuvuzi bwihariye bw'autisme kubantu bafite impagarara cyangwa kwiheza, akenshi bwashyizwe mu bwoko bwa CBT, kandi uhamagara isosiyete ya leta ishinzwe akazi kugirango ikore ubufasha mu kurangiza akazi. Icya kane, shaka itsinda ry'abakuru benshi mu kwifashisha ibikoresho bibyihariye, bigafasha ibibazo by'indangamuntu raporo y'ubuganga itavuga.

Nta buvuzi bwa autisme ubwayo. Ubufasha bukorwa ku bibazo bihurira hamwe n'ibidukikije, ari byo byemewe. Kumenya ibijyanye n'ibidukikije bikugoye, urubuga rwo kugufasha k'ubuzima nka August AI rushobora kugufasha gukurikirana urusaku rw'ibyo wumva n'imikore ya mbere yo kwirundimana mu mezi, nk'inyandiko ushobora gutanga ku muganga wawe aho gutanga ibitekerezo.

Bimwe mu bibazo bikunze kwibazwa

Nshuro ngapi igenzura rya autisme ku bantu bakuru rihenze, kandi ubwishingizi burabikora?

Akenshi ntibirakunda. Igiciro cy'igenzura rya autisme ku bantu bakuru gikunze kuvugwa ku madolari 2,000 kugeza 6,000 kubikorwa bya burundu byihariye, kandi bamwe bashinzwe ubwishingizi bakwishyura igice cy'ingenzura ry'ubuvuzi. Baza ibibazo bibiri mbere yo kohereza: niba ikigo kibazamo ubwishingizi nubwo ari cyo, kandi iki gihembo cy'inyandiko y'ingenzi yo kwa muganga wawe wa mbere cyahindura iki?

Bite niba ababyeyi banjye bapfuye cyangwa twarivanze, nshobora gutara diagnozi ntibayivugaho?

Yego. Abagenzura bakora badafite umuntu utanga amakuru buri gihe. Inyandiko z'ishuri ni zimwe mu zihagije, cyane cyane inyandiko z'abarimu banditse, kandi abayobozi bashobora kuzibika imyaka myinshi. Inyandiko za mbere z'ubuvuzi, amakete y'ubwana, ibitekerezo by'abavandimwe cyangwa abakurambere, hamwe n'inyandiko yawe yuzuye ibyerekeye imyaka 4 kugeza 10 byose bifite agaciro. Ivuge mugihe wakoze igenzura ko umubyeyi ataboneka, kugirango umuganga yitegure.

Diagnozi ya autisme ku muntu mukuru ibaho mu nyandiko zanjye z'ubuvuzi kandi ikagira ingaruka ku kazi, ubwishingizi, cyangwa uruhushya rwo kugenzura?

Rimwe na rimwe. Niba ukoresha ubwishingizi, diagnozi ibaho mu nyandiko z'ibisaba byawe; kwishyura wenyine bibika hanze. Uburenganzira bw'akazi bw'itegeko rya ADA bubaho umaze gusobanura, kandi gusobanura ni uburenganzira bwawe. Ibisabwa byo kugenzura byibanda ku bibazo bifata imigambi n'ikizere, bityo diagnozi yonyine ntabwo ihagarika, nubwo bifite agaciro kumenya amategeko mu bifasi by'ingenzi.

Birakwiye gutera diagnozi ku myaka 50 cyangwa kuruta niba narabibonye kugeza ubu?

Yego, kubera impamvu zihamye kuruta izidasanzwe. Diagnozi itanga uruhushya rwo kugera ku gukoresha imirimo, serivisi z'akazi, n'ubuvuzi bwiza bw'impagarara cyangwa kwiheza byagiye bivugwa ko ari ikindi kintu. Autisme ku bantu bakuru kenshi igenzurwa ku myaka 60 na 70. Ntabwo bizahindura imico yawe, kandi kwisobanukirwa ntibisaba uruhushya rwemewe.

Nshobora gutara diagnozi ya autisme niba naramaze guhabwa diagnozi ya ADHD, bipolar, cyangwa borderline personality disorder?

Yego. DSM-5 yemera byumvikana cyane ko autisme na ADHD bihurira, ibyigisho bya mbere bitari bibyemera, kandi impinduka ebyiri zihurira cyane. Diagnozi isanzwe ntiyandikwa na diagnozi ya autisme; irasubirwamo. Rimwe na rimwe bombi barahagarara kandi bombi bakavurwa. Rimwe na rimwe imico nk'izifitanye isano n'indwara y'imico irimo ikomeye bivuga ko isobanura gukinga kwa autisme.

Incamake y'ukuri: autisme ku bantu bakuru igenzurwa kera kuko ibimenyetso byo mu buto bigoye kubona kandi diagnozi za mbere zo mu mutwe zagaragaye ko zihagije. Koresha AQ-10, ugaragaze 6 cyangwa hejuru, hamagara abakoresha telefone n'ibigo bya kaminuza icyarimwe, fungura ufite umuntu utanga amakuru n'inyandiko, kandi uvure kwiheza cyangwa impagarara mugihe utegereje.

Inyandiko y'Umuvugizi: Inyandiko iyi ni iy'amakuru gusa kandi ntisobanura ubuvuzi. Koresha umuganga ufite uburenganzira bwo kwigisha kugirango ubashe kugenzura no kuvura. Niba ufite ikibazo gikomeye cy'ubuzima, hamagara 911 cyangwa jya ku cyumba cy'ubutabazi bukwegereye.