What is Salivary Gland Cancer? Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment

Salivary gland cancer is a rare type of cancer that develops in the glands that produce saliva in your mouth and throat. These tumors can form in any of your salivary glands, though they most commonly affect the parotid glands located in front of your ears.

While the word "cancer" naturally brings concern, it's important to know that salivary gland cancers are quite uncommon, making up less than 1% of all cancers. Many salivary gland tumors are actually benign, meaning they're not cancerous at all. When cancer does occur, early detection and modern treatment approaches offer good outcomes for many patients.

What is Salivary Gland Cancer?

Salivary gland cancer occurs when cells in your salivary glands begin to grow abnormally and form tumors. Your body has three pairs of major salivary glands plus hundreds of smaller ones throughout your mouth and throat.

The major salivary glands include the parotid glands near your ears, the submandibular glands under your jaw, and the sublingual glands under your tongue. These glands work together to produce about 1-2 quarts of saliva daily, helping you chew, swallow, and digest food while keeping your mouth healthy.

Most salivary gland cancers develop slowly over months or years. They can be either low-grade, meaning they grow slowly and are less likely to spread, or high-grade, which grow more quickly and may be more aggressive.

What are the Symptoms of Salivary Gland Cancer?

The most common early sign is a painless lump or swelling in your mouth, cheek, jaw, or neck area. This swelling might feel firm or hard to the touch, and it typically doesn't go away on its own.

You might notice several other symptoms as the condition progresses:

• Persistent pain in your face, jaw, or neck that doesn't improve
• Numbness or weakness in part of your face
• Difficulty opening your mouth wide
• Trouble swallowing or speaking clearly
• Fluid draining from your ear
• Facial drooping or asymmetry

Less common symptoms might include changes in your sense of taste, dry mouth that doesn't improve with increased fluid intake, or recurring infections in your mouth. Remember that many of these symptoms can also be caused by non-cancerous conditions, so having them doesn't necessarily mean you have cancer.

What are the Types of Salivary Gland Cancer?

There are more than 20 different types of salivary gland cancer, each with its own characteristics and treatment approach. The most common types include mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and acinic cell carcinoma.

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is the most frequent type, accounting for about 30% of all salivary gland cancers. It typically develops in the parotid glands and can range from low-grade to high-grade. Low-grade versions grow slowly and rarely spread, while high-grade ones are more aggressive.

Adenoid cystic carcinoma tends to grow slowly but has a tendency to spread along nerve pathways. This type often develops in the minor salivary glands and can sometimes cause facial numbness or pain. Despite its slow growth, it requires careful monitoring because it can recur years after treatment.

Less common types include polymorphous adenocarcinoma, which typically affects minor salivary glands, and salivary duct carcinoma, which tends to be more aggressive. Your doctor will determine the specific type through tissue testing, which helps guide your treatment plan.

What Causes Salivary Gland Cancer?

The exact cause of salivary gland cancer isn't fully understood, but researchers have identified several factors that may contribute to its development. Unlike many other cancers, salivary gland cancer doesn't appear to be strongly linked to lifestyle factors like smoking or drinking.

Radiation exposure is one of the clearest risk factors. This might include previous radiation therapy to the head and neck area for other medical conditions, or exposure to atomic radiation. However, most people with salivary gland cancer don't have a history of significant radiation exposure.

Certain genetic factors may also play a role. Some people may inherit gene changes that make them more susceptible to developing these cancers. Additionally, some workplace exposures to certain chemicals or materials might increase risk, though this connection is still being studied.

Age is another factor, as these cancers become more common as people get older, particularly after age 50. However, they can occur at any age, including in children and young adults.

When to See a Doctor for Salivary Gland Cancer?

You should see your doctor if you notice any persistent lump or swelling in your mouth, jaw, or neck area that doesn't go away after two weeks. While most lumps aren't cancerous, it's important to have them evaluated promptly.

Seek medical attention sooner if you experience facial numbness, weakness, or drooping, as these symptoms need prompt evaluation. Similarly, if you have difficulty opening your mouth, persistent pain that doesn't improve, or trouble swallowing, these warrant a doctor's visit.

Don't wait if you notice any changes in your ability to speak clearly or if you develop recurring infections in your mouth that don't respond to usual treatments. Early evaluation gives you the best chance for effective treatment if cancer is present.

What are the Risk Factors for Salivary Gland Cancer?

Understanding risk factors can help you stay aware, though having risk factors doesn't mean you'll definitely develop cancer. Most people with risk factors never develop salivary gland cancer.

The main risk factors include:

• Age over 50, though it can occur at any age
• Previous radiation therapy to the head and neck
• Certain genetic syndromes or family history
• Male gender for some types of salivary gland cancer
• Certain workplace exposures to rubber, asbestos, or plumbing materials
• Epstein-Barr virus infection in rare cases

Unlike many other cancers, tobacco use and alcohol consumption don't appear to significantly increase the risk of salivary gland cancer. This means that even people who have never smoked or consumed alcohol can develop these cancers.

What are the Possible Complications of Salivary Gland Cancer?

While many salivary gland cancers are treatable, some complications can occur depending on the tumor's size, location, and how quickly it's treated. Understanding these possibilities can help you work with your healthcare team to prevent or manage them.

The most common complications include:

• Facial nerve damage leading to temporary or permanent facial weakness
• Difficulty eating, speaking, or swallowing
• Persistent dry mouth affecting quality of life
• Spread of cancer to nearby lymph nodes or distant organs
• Recurrence of cancer after treatment
• Cosmetic changes from surgery or radiation

More serious complications might include breathing difficulties if the tumor affects your airway, or significant nutritional problems if eating becomes very difficult. However, modern surgical techniques and supportive care have greatly reduced the likelihood of severe complications.

Your medical team will monitor you closely and provide treatments to minimize these risks. Many complications can be managed effectively with proper care and rehabilitation.

How is Salivary Gland Cancer Diagnosed?

Diagnosing salivary gland cancer typically begins with a physical examination where your doctor feels for lumps or swelling in your mouth, jaw, and neck. They'll ask about your symptoms and medical history to understand your situation better.

Your doctor will likely order imaging tests to get a clearer picture of what's happening. A CT scan or MRI can show the size and location of any tumors, while an ultrasound might be used to examine lumps in your neck. These tests help determine whether the growth looks concerning and plan the next steps.

The most definitive way to diagnose salivary gland cancer is through a tissue sample or biopsy. This might be done with a fine needle aspiration, where a thin needle removes a small sample of cells, or through a surgical biopsy where a small piece of tissue is removed.

Once cancer is confirmed, additional tests help determine the stage and specific type. These might include PET scans to check for spread to other parts of your body, or specialized tests on the biopsy sample to identify the exact cancer type.

What is the Treatment for Salivary Gland Cancer?

Treatment for salivary gland cancer depends on several factors including the type of cancer, its stage, location, and your overall health. Surgery is often the main treatment, especially for early-stage cancers.

For tumors in the parotid gland, surgery might involve removing part or all of the gland while carefully preserving the facial nerve when possible. Submandibular gland tumors typically require removal of the entire gland. Your surgeon will work to maintain function while removing all cancer.

Radiation therapy is often recommended after surgery to destroy any remaining cancer cells. This treatment uses high-energy beams targeted at the tumor area. Modern techniques like intensity-modulated radiation therapy can precisely target cancer while minimizing damage to healthy tissue.

Chemotherapy might be used for advanced cancers or those that have spread to other parts of your body. Newer targeted therapies are also being studied and may be options for certain types of salivary gland cancer.

Your treatment team will create a personalized plan based on your specific situation. They'll explain each treatment option, its benefits, and potential side effects so you can make informed decisions about your care.

How to Take Home Treatment During Salivary Gland Cancer?

Managing your symptoms and side effects at home is an important part of your overall treatment plan. Your healthcare team will provide specific guidance based on your treatment and individual needs.

If you experience dry mouth, which is common after treatment, try sipping water frequently throughout the day and using alcohol-free mouthwash. Sugar-free gum or lozenges can help stimulate saliva production. Room humidifiers can also make you more comfortable, especially at night.

For eating difficulties, soft foods and liquids may be easier to manage. Smoothies, soups, and pureed foods can provide nutrition while being gentle on your mouth and throat. A nutritionist can help you maintain proper nutrition during treatment.

Pain management might include over-the-counter pain relievers as recommended by your doctor, along with gentle heat or cold packs applied to the outside of your face. Follow your doctor's specific instructions about which pain medications are safe for you.

Keep your mouth clean with gentle brushing and rinsing as directed by your healthcare team. This helps prevent infections and promotes healing, especially if you're receiving radiation therapy.

How Should You Prepare for Your Doctor Appointment?

Preparing for your appointment can help ensure you get the most out of your time with your healthcare team. Write down all your symptoms, including when they started and how they've changed over time.

Bring a complete list of all medications you're taking, including over-the-counter drugs, supplements, and herbal remedies. Also prepare a list of your medical history, including any previous cancers, radiation treatments, or significant illnesses.

Consider bringing a family member or friend who can help you remember information and provide support. Cancer discussions can be overwhelming, and having someone there can help you process what you're hearing.

Prepare questions you want to ask your doctor. These might include questions about your diagnosis, treatment options, side effects, and prognosis. Don't hesitate to ask for clarification if something isn't clear.

Bring any previous test results or imaging studies from other healthcare providers. This helps your doctor get a complete picture of your condition and avoid repeating unnecessary tests.

What's the Key Takeaway About Salivary Gland Cancer?

Salivary gland cancer is a rare but treatable condition that affects the glands producing saliva in your mouth and throat. While receiving a cancer diagnosis is naturally frightening, many people with salivary gland cancer go on to live normal, healthy lives after treatment.

The key to the best outcomes is early detection and treatment by an experienced medical team. Most salivary gland cancers grow slowly, giving you and your doctors time to develop the best treatment plan for your specific situation.

Remember that you're not alone in this journey. Your healthcare team, including oncologists, surgeons, and support staff, are there to guide you through every step of diagnosis and treatment. Don't hesitate to ask questions, express concerns, or seek emotional support when you need it.