Mutane nawa ke mutuwa sakamakon mura kowace shekara?

Lokacin da tari da tsananin ciki na kaka suka fara, tambaya ce a zukatan mutane da yawa: Yaya matsalan mura take da gaske? Duk mun taba samunta—zazzabi, ciwon jiki, da gajiya da ke sa ka kasa motsi na tsawon mako guda. Amma ga wasu, ta fi wannan jin dadi. To, mutane nawa ke mutuwa sakamakon mura kowace shekara?

Amsar ba lambobi guda ɗaya ce da aka tsayar ba. Tana canzawa sosai daga kakar zuwa waccan. A Amurka kadai, Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Kare ta Amurka (CDC) ta kiyasta cewa mura ta haifar da tsakanin mutuwa 12,000 zuwa 52,000 a kowace shekara a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. A duniya baki ɗaya, yanayin ya fi muni. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ba da rahoton cewa mura ta lokaci-lokaci na haifar da kimanin mutuwa 290,000 zuwa 650,000 sakamakon cututtukan numfashi kowace shekara.

Wadannan ba kananan lambobi ba ne. Suna nuna gaskiya mai mahimmanci: mura cuta ce mai tsanani, kuma wani lokacin tana kashewa. A cikin wannan labarin, za mu shiga cikin bayanan, mu bincika dalilin da yasa wadannan lambobin ke canzawa sosai, kuma mu tattauna hanyoyin mafi inganci da za ku iya kare kanku da masoyanku.

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Duba Lambobi: Mura da Mutuwa a Amurka & Duniya ta Shekara

Don fahimtar tasirin mura sosai, yana da amfani a duba bayanai akan lokaci. Kididdigar mutuwar mura ta shekara tana bayyana yanayi mai canzawa akai-akai, inda wasu lokutan suke fi tsanani fiye da wasu.

Mutuwar Mura Ta Shekara a Amurka

CDC tana lura da nauyin mura a Amurka ta amfani da tsarin ƙididdigar ƙirar ƙididdiga. Wannan yana ba da cikakken hoto fiye da kawai ƙididdige lokuta da aka tabbatar a dakin gwaje-gwaje. Ga yadda ƙididdigar mutuwar mura ta Amurka a kowace shekara ta shekaru goma da suka gabata, wanda a bayyane yake nuna tsananin yawaitawa daga kakar zuwa kakar.

Lokacin Mura	Kiyasin Mutuwa a Amurka
2010–2011	37,000
2011–2012	12,000
2012–2013	43,000
2013–2014	38,000
2014–2015	51,000
2015–2016	23,000
2016–2017	38,000
2017–2018	52,000
2018–2019	28,000
2019–2020	20,000
2021–2022*	5,000

Source: CDC: Past Seasons Estimated Influenza Disease Burden. Lura da ƙananan adadi na tarihi a lokacin kaka na 2020-2021 (ba a jera shi a cikin teburin baki saboda ya bambanta sosai) da kuma ƙananan adadi a 2021-2022, wanda aka danganta shi sosai ga matakan kiwon lafiya na jama'a yayin annobar COVID-19.

Kamar yadda kuke gani, lokacin 2017-2018 ya kasance mai tsanani musamman, tare da kiyasin mutuwar 52,000, yayin da lokacin 2011-2012 ya fi sauƙi. Wannan juzu'i shine babban alamar mura.

Duba Duniya Kan Mutuwar Mura

Lokacin da muka leka sama, girman mutuwar mura ta duniya yana da girma. Ƙididdigar WHO na mutuwar 290,000 zuwa 650,000 galibi ya haɗa da mutuwar da ke da alaƙa da numfashi. Duk da haka, wasu bincike sun nuna cewa adadin gaskiya na iya ma ya fi girma. Wani bincike da aka buga a The Lancet kuma Our World in Data ya nuna cewa lokacin da kuka haɗa mutuwar mura da ke da alaƙa da cututtukan zuciya, adadin mutuwar mura ta duniya zai iya zama kusan 700,000 a kowace shekara. Wannan ya nuna yadda mura ke iya shafar dukkan jiki, ba kawai huhu ba.

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Me Ya Sa Lambobin Mutuwar Mura Ke Canzawa Sosai?

Ta duba teburin da ke sama, za ku iya mamakin me ya sa adadin masu mutuwa zai iya zama sau biyar a shekara ɗaya idan aka kwatanta da waccan. Wannan babban juzu'i a cikin ƙimar mutuwar mura ta lokaci-lokaci ana jawo shi ta hanyoyi masu yawa da ke haɗe.

1. Rarraba Nau'in Mura: Babu kawai "mura" guda ɗaya. Akwai nau'i-nau'i da yawa na ƙwayoyin cutar mura (kamar A/H1N1 da A/H3N2) waɗanda ke yaɗuwa kowace shekara. Wasu nau'i-nau'i suna da tsananin gaske ko kuma su fi sauran muni. Misali, lokutan da ƙwayoyin cutar H3N2 ke mamayewa, sun kasance ana danganta su da yawan asibiti da mutuwa, musamman a tsakanin tsofaffi (source).

2. Ingancin allurar rigakafi: Kowace shekara, masana kimiyya suna yin sabuwar allurar rigakafin mura da aka tsara don dacewa da nau'in da suka yi hasashen za su fi zama ruwan dare. Wani lokaci wannan dacewa tana da kyau, kuma allurar rigakafin tana da inganci sosai. Wasu shekaru, ƙwayoyin cutar na iya "girgiza" ko canzawa bayan an yi allurar rigakafin, wanda ke rage ingancinta. Ko a cikin shekaru da ke da ƙarancin dacewa, allurar rigakafin har yanzu tana ba da kariya mai yawa daga rashin lafiya mai tsanani, asibiti, da mutuwa (source).

3. Yawan Sama da Allurar Rigakafi: Kowacce mutum da ya yi allurar rigakafin, ƙwayoyin cutar na zama da wahala ta yaduwa. Wannan rigakafin al'umma (ko "rigakafin garke") yana taimakawa kare kowa, ciki har da waɗanda suka fi rauni. Lokacin da yawan yin allurar rigakafin ya yi yawa, gaba ɗayan nauyin cutar, ciki har da mutuwar, yawanci yana raguwa.

4. Matakan Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ("Tasirin COVID"): Lokacin mura na 2020-2021 ya kasance sananne ba shi da tsanani, tare da raguwar yawan lokuta da mutuwar da ba a taba gani ba. Wannan ba saboda ƙwayoyin cutar mura sun bace ba ne; saboda matakan kiwon lafiya na jama'a da aka aiwatar don COVID-19—kamar rufe fuska, nisantar da jama'a, da wanke hannu akai-akai—sun kuma yi tasiri sosai wajen hana mura (source). Wannan lokacin ya zama gwaji mai ƙarfi a duniya game da yadda waɗannan halayen za su iya shafar yaɗuwar mura. Haka kuma ya kawo kwatancen mura vs mutuwar COVID da yawa, yana bayyana cewa duka cututtukan numfashi ne masu tsanani waɗanda za a iya sarrafa su da irin waɗannan dabarun kiwon lafiya na jama'a.

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Kalubalen Kididdiga: Yaya Ake Ƙididdige Mutuwar Mura?

Ga wani abin da ke ba mutane da yawa mamaki: lambobin da kuke gani kusan koyaushe ƙididdiga ce, ba ainihin lissafi ba. Ba kasawa ba ne a sanya "mura" a matsayin babban sanadin mutuwa a takardar rasifin. To, yaya ake ƙididdige mutuwar mura?

Tsarin yana da rikitarwa. Ƙwayar cutar mura tana da hazaka wajen ɓoyewa a cikin bayanan hukuma. Tana raunana tsaron jiki, ta samar da yanayi don wasu, mafi saurin sanadin mutuwa. Wannan shi ne bambanci tsakanin mutuwa daga mura da mutuwa da ke da alaƙa da mura.

Ka yi tunani kamar haka: * Wani tsoho ya kamu da mura. * Ƙwayar cutar mura tana tsananin lalata huhunsa, wanda ke haifar da cutar sanyin huhu na kwayan cuta. * Marasa lafiya ya mutu, kuma takardar rasifin ta jera "cutar sanyin huhu" a matsayin sanadin mutuwa.

A wani yanayi, tsananin cutar ta hanyar kamuwa da mura na iya haifar da bugun zuciya mai mutuwa ko bugun jini a wani wanda ke da ciwon zuciya ko bugun jini da ake fama da shi. A dukkan lokuta, mura ce ta haifar da hakan, amma ba ta sami "alheri" a cikin bayanan hukuma ba. A zahiri, mura da mutuwar cutar sanyin huhu galibi ana haɗasu a cikin kididdigar mutuwar saboda dangantakarsu da ta hade sosai.

Don shawo kan wannan ƙarancin bayar da rahoto, kungiyoyi kamar CDC suna amfani da tsarukan ƙididdiga masu zurfi. Suna duba "mutuwar wuce kima"—adadin mutuwar da ya wuce tsarin da aka tsara yayin lokacin mura—kuma suna haɗa wannan da yawan asibiti da bayanai na mura da aka tabbatar a dakin gwaje-gwaje don ƙididdige ainihin nauyin cutar (source). Wannan tsarin ya ba mu amsa mafi daidai ga tambayar, "mutane nawa ke mutuwa sakamakon mura kowace shekara?"

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Wane ne Ya Fi Fuskantar Hadarin Mura?

Duk da cewa kowa na iya rashin lafiya sosai daga mura, ƙwayoyin cutar ba ta daidaita ba ce. Amsar tambayar "Shin mura tana da haɗari? Yaya ƙimar mutuwa take?" tana dogara ne sosai akan shekaru da lafiyar wani mutum. Wasu kungiyoyi sun fi dacewa su samu matsaloli masu tsanani kamar cutar sanyin huhu, matsalar numfashi, da cututtukan sinus, waɗanda za su iya haifar da asibiti ko mutuwa.

Ga rarrabawar wanda ya fi fuskantar hadarin mura:

• Manyan mutane masu shekaru 65 ko sama da haka: Tsarin rigakafin jiki na tsufa baya amsa sosai ga kamuwa da cuta, yana mai da tsofaffi rukuni mafi girman yawan asibiti da mutuwar da ke da alaƙa da mura.
• Yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 5, musamman jarirai 'yan ƙasa da watanni 6: Ƙananan yara suna da tsarin rigakafin jiki da ba su gama tasowa ba. Jarirai sun fi rauni saboda ba su da isasshen shekaru don samun allurar rigakafin.
• Mata masu juna biyu: Canje-canjen yanayi a lokacin daukar ciki suna shafar tsarin rigakafin jiki, zuciya, da huhu, suna mai da mata masu juna biyu masu kamuwa da rashin lafiya mai tsanani daga mura (source).
• Mutanen da ke da cututtukan da ke gudana: Mura na iya lalata matsalolin kiwon lafiya na dogon lokaci. Wannan ya haɗa da mutanen da ke da:
  • Asthma da sauran cututtukan huhu na kullum
  • Ciwon zuciya da bugun jini
  • Ciwo
  • Cututtukan koda ko hanta
  • Cututtukan jijiyoyi
• Mutanen da ke da tsarin rigakafin jiki mai rauni: Wannan ya haɗa da mutanen da ke da HIV/AIDS, masu cutar kansa da ke samun maganin chemotheraphy, da waɗanda ke amfani da magungunan steroid na dogon lokaci ko wasu magungunan rage rigakafin jiki.

Ga waɗannan mutane, lokacin mura na iya saurin komawa daga cuta mai sarrafawa zuwa yanayin da ke barazana ga rayuwa.

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Yadda Zaka Taimaka Wajen Kare Mutuwar Mura

Kididdigar na iya jin nauyi, amma mafi mahimmanci shine cewa muna da hanyoyi masu ƙarfi don kare mutuwar mura. Waɗannan su ne matakan da aka sani, masu sauƙi da suka gwada waɗanda ke kare ku, iyalanku, da al'ummanku.

1. Samu Allurar Rigakafin Mura Ta Shekara (Hanyar #1)

Hanya mafi kyau don hana mura ita ce samun allurar rigakafi kowace shekara. Allurar rigakafin mura tana da lafiya kuma tana da tasiri. Tana shirya tsarin rigakafin jikin ku don gane da kuma yaki da ƙwayoyin cutar. Duk da cewa ba ta da cikakkiyar tabbaci, allurar rigakafi na sanya ya zama mai yiwuwa kadan ka kamu da rashin lafiya. Kuma idan ka kamu da rashin lafiya ta hanyar rigakafin, cutar kusan koyaushe tana da sauƙi, yana rage haɗarin asibiti da mutuwa sosai (source).

2. Yi Amfani da Kyawawan Halaye na Lafiya

Waɗannan su ne darussan da dukkanmu muka koya (ko muka sake koyo) yayin annobar: * Wanke hannuwanku akai-akai da sabulu da ruwa ko amfani da maganin hana kwayan cuta mai abin sha. * Guje wa taɓa idanuwanku, hancinku, da bakinku, saboda wannan ita ce babbar hanyar da ƙwayoyin cuta ke shiga jiki. * Rufe tari da atishawarku da tissue ko gwiwarku. * Tsayawa a gida lokacin da kake rashin lafiya don guje wa watsa ƙwayoyin cutar ga wasu.

3. Yi la'akari da Magungunan Antiviral

Idan ka kamu da mura, musamman idan kana cikin rukunin da ke cikin hadari, tuntuɓi likitanka nan da nan. Zai iya ba ka maganin rigakafin mura kamar oseltamivir (Tamiflu). Waɗannan magunguna suna aiki mafi kyau lokacin da aka fara su cikin sa'o'i 48 na farkon alamominka—waɗanda galibi sun haɗa da zazzabi kwatsam, ciwon jiki, tsananin sanyi, da gajiya. Magungunan Antiviral na iya sa cutarka ta yi laushi, ta rage lokacin da kake rashin lafiya, kuma hana matsaloli masu tsanani (source).

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Rarraba: Daukar Mura Da Gaske

To, mutane nawa ke mutuwa sakamakon mura kowace shekara? Da yawa. Daruruwan dubunnan a duniya da dubunnan dubunnan a Amurka a lokacin kaka ta al'ada. Ita cuta ce mai tsanani tare da tasirin da ke da girma amma yana canzawa sosai, kuma ainihin adadin yana da rikitarwa a auna saboda matsaloli da ke da alaƙa da mura.

Kididdigar ba ta nufin haifar da tsoro ba, amma don haɓaka girmamawa ga ƙwayoyin cutar da kuma ba da damar yin aiki. Duk da cewa ba za mu iya sarrafa irin nau'in mura da za su yi ta yaɗuwa a lokacin hunturu mai zuwa ba, za mu iya sarrafa shirye-shiryenmu. Mun san wanda ya fi fuskantar hadarin mura, kuma muna da kayan aiki mai aminci, mai tasiri don kare su.

Kada ka raina mura. Kare kanka da al'ummanka ta hanyar samun allurar rigakafin mura ta shekara.