No ke Aha ʻIke ʻia ka Penicillin i ka Lapaʻau? Nā Hoʻohana a me nā Pōmaikaʻi

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He aha ka Penicillin?

E hoʻomaka kākou me nā mea kahua. No laila, he aha ka penicillin maoli? ʻAʻole ʻo ka penicillin he lāʻau hoʻokahi; he hui nui ia, a i ʻole he papa, o nā lāʻau antibiotic i loaʻa mai i ka mauʻu *Penicillium*. Ma ke ʻano he lāʻau antibiotic beta-lactam, ʻo kāna hana nui ʻo ke kaua ʻana a me ka pepehi ʻana i nā bacteria weliweli i loko o kou kino.

ʻO kekahi o nā mea koʻikoʻi loa e hoʻomaopopo ai, ʻo ka penicillin wale nō ka mea maikaʻi e kūʻē i nā maʻi bacteria. ʻAʻohe ona hopena i nā maʻi maʻi. ʻO ia ke kumu ʻaʻole kau kauka iā ia no ke anu maʻamau, ka maʻi ʻepekema, a i ʻole COVID-19, a pau lākou i hana ʻia e nā maʻi maʻi kumu. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻia o nā lāʻau antibiotic ke kumu nui o ka piʻi ʻana o ka pilikia olakino honua: ka palekana o ka lāʻau antibiotic.

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He aha nā maʻi e mālama ʻia ai ka penicillin?

Hoʻohana ʻia ka penicillin a me kāna mau mea i loaʻa no ka laulā ʻoi aku o nā maʻi bacteria, mai nā maʻi pepeiao o nā keiki maʻamau a hiki i nā maʻi weliweli loa. No laila, he aha nā maʻi e mālama ʻia ai ka penicillin?

Hoʻohana nā mea mālama ola i kēia lāʻau antibiotic mana e kuhikuhi i nā bacteria kuleana no:

• Nā Maʻi ʻĀʻī a me ka Pūnaewele Hanu: ʻO kēia kekahi o kāna mau hoʻohana maʻamau.
  • Strep throat
  • Tonsillitis
  • Scarlet fever
  • Pneumonia (nā ʻano bacterial)
  • Bronchitis (ke kumu ʻia e nā bacteria)
• Nā Maʻi Pepeiao: ʻO nā maʻi pepeiao waena (otitis media), ʻoi aku ka maʻamau i nā keiki.
• Nā Maʻi ʻili a me nā ʻiʻo palupalu:
  • Cellulitis (he maʻi ʻili bacteria e hoʻoulu ai i ka ʻulaʻula a me ka pehu)
  • Nahu holoholona a kanaka paha i maʻi ʻia
  • ʻO kekahi mau ʻano ʻehu ʻili
• Nā Maʻi Niho:
  • Tooth abscesses
  • Nā maʻi ʻāʻī (gingivitis)
• Nā Maʻi ʻAla (UTIs): ʻO kekahi mau ʻano penicillin, e like me ka amoxicillin, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i nā UTI.
• Nā Maʻi Hoʻoili Wahine (STIs):
  • Syphilis (ʻo ka Penicillin ka lāʻau lapaʻau mua i koi ʻia e ka CDC) kumu
  • Gonorrhea (ʻoiai ke ulu nei ka palekana)
• Nā Maʻi Pūnaewele Koʻikoʻi:
  • Meningitis (bacterial)
  • Endocarditis (ka maʻi o ka pāpale puʻuwai)
  • Lyme disease
  • Anthrax
  • Nā maʻi koko (sepsis)

ʻO ke ʻano kikoʻī o ka penicillin i kau ʻia e pili ana i nā bacteria maoli e hoʻoulu ai i ka maʻi.

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Pehea e Hana ai ka Penicillin?

Makemake paha ʻoe e ʻike, pehea e hana ai ka penicillin i kāna hana kilokilo kūʻē i kēia mau mea hoʻouka kaua bacteria? He ʻāpana hoihoi ia o ke kaua biochemical.

Hoʻopuni ʻia nā bacteria e kahi hale ikaika, paʻa i kapa ʻia ʻo ka paia o ke kelepona. E noʻonoʻo ʻoe i kona iwi kuamua o waho, e hāʻawi ana i ke ʻano a pale iā ia mai kona ʻano. Ke kūkulu ʻia a hoʻoponopono ʻia kēia paia o ke kelepona e mālama ai i ka bacteria i ke ola.

ʻO ka akamai o ka penicillin ka hiki ke hoʻopau i kēia hana.

1. Hoʻokomo: Ke komo ka penicillin i loko o kou ʻōnaehana, e ʻimi ʻo ia a pili i nā protein kikoʻī ma ka paia o ke kelepona bacteria.
2. Hoʻopau: Ma ke kaula ʻana i kēia mau protein, hoʻopau ka penicillin i ko lākou hiki ke hoʻohui i nā mea e pono ai ke kūkulu a mālama ʻana i ka paia o ke kelepona.
3. Hōʻalo: ʻAʻohe mālama mau, ʻoi aku ka palupalu a paʻa ʻole ka paia o ke kelepona. ʻO ke kaomi nui o loko o ka bacteria e hoʻoulu ai i ka haehae a pahū, he hana i kapa ʻia ʻo lysis.

ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, hoʻokumu ka penicillin i nā bacteria e make iā lākou iho mai loko mai. He hana maikaʻi loa kēia a ʻo ia ke kumu i kī nui ai ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i pehea e hana ai ka penicillin i mea e mahalo ai i kona mana. ʻO ka mea nui, ʻaʻohe pā o ke kelepona o nā kelepona kanaka, ʻo ia ke kumu e hiki ai i ka penicillin ke kuhikuhi i nā bacteria me ka ʻole e hōʻeha i kā mākou mau kelepona ponoʻī.

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Nā ʻAno Penicillin He Nui Loa

Ke ʻōlelo ke kauka ke kau ʻo ia i ka "penicillin," hiki iā ia ke kuhikuhi i kekahi o kekahi mau lāʻau lapaʻau pili. Ua ulu nui nā ʻano penicillin mai ka ʻike mua ʻana o Fleming e hakakā ai i ka laulā o nā bacteria a lanakila i ka palekana.

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou i nā ʻano penei:

1. Nā Penicillin Maoli

ʻO kēia nā ʻano mua, i loaʻa pololei mai ka ʻōpala *Penicillium*. Ke ikaika mau nei lākou e kūʻē i nā bacteria kikoʻī e like me *Streptococcus*.

• Penicillin V: Hoʻohana ʻia ma ka waha (ma ke ʻano he papa a wai), hoʻohana pinepine ʻia no ka strep throat a me nā maʻi ʻili. No ka mea, he paʻa ia i loko o ka ʻawaʻawa o ka ʻōpū, ʻo ka Penicillin V ka mea hele no nā lāʻau lapaʻau maʻamau he nui.
• Penicillin G: ʻAʻole paʻa kēia ʻano i ka ʻawaʻawa o ka ʻōpū a pono e hāʻawi ʻia ma ke ʻano he injection, a i ʻole intravenously (IV) a i ʻole intramuscularly (IM). Hoʻohana ʻia ka Penicillin G no nā maʻi koʻikoʻi e like me syphilis a me meningitis kahi e pono ai nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka lāʻau i ka wikiwiki.

2. Nā Aminopenicillin (ʻAʻano Laulā)

Ua hoʻomohala ʻia kēia hui e lilo i mea maikaʻi e kūʻē i ka laulā o nā bacteria ma mua o nā penicillin maoli.

• Amoxicillin: ʻO kekahi o nā lāʻau antibiotic i kau ʻia he nui loa ma ka honua, pinepine no nā maʻi pepeiao, pneumonia, a me nā UTI.
• Ampicillin: E like me ka amoxicillin akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka lawe ʻia ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ka waha.

No laila, he aha ka ʻokoʻa nui i ka wā e pili ana i ka amoxicillin vs penicillin (e like me Penicillin V)? ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nui ka "pūnaewele hana." Hiki i ka Amoxicillin ke pepehi i ka laulā o nā bacteria ma mua o ka penicillin maoli. ʻO kēia ke kumu e lilo ai ia i koho ʻoi aku ka nui o ka uhi ʻana i nā wahi hou aku. ʻO ke koho ma waena o amoxicillin vs penicillin e pili ana i ke ʻano bacteria i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻoulu ai i ka maʻi.

3. Nā Penicillin Palekana Penicillinase

Ua ulu kekahi mau bacteria, e like me kekahi mau ʻano o *Staphylococcus aureus*, e hana i kahi enzyme i kapa ʻia ʻo penicillinase e hoʻopau i nā penicillin maoli. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia kēia hui e pale i kēlā enzyme. Aia i loko o nā laʻana ka dicloxacillin a me ka nafcillin, i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia no nā maʻi staph.

4. Nā Penicillin Hoʻolōʻihi ʻia ka Hana

ʻO kēia ka poʻe ikaika i hoʻohana ʻia no nā maʻi paʻakikikī ke mālama, ʻoi aku hoʻi ka poʻe i loaʻa ma kahi halemai. ʻO ka piperacillin kahi laʻana maʻamau, maikaʻi kūʻē i nā bacteria paʻakikikī e like me *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*.

5. Nā Penicillin Hui

E hakakā ai i nā bacteria i hoʻomohala i ka palekana, ua hui ʻia kekahi mau penicillin me kahi mea hoʻopaʻa beta-lactamase. Pale kēia lua lāʻau i nā enzyme pale o ka bacteria, e ʻae ana i ka penicillin e hana i kāna hana.

• Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (Augmentin): He lāʻau antibiotic hui maʻamau kēia. ʻO ka ʻakika clavulanic ka mea e "pale" i ka amoxicillin, e lilo ai ia i mea maikaʻi kūʻē i ka laulā o nā bacteria.

ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano penicillin ʻokoʻa ke kōkua i ka wehewehe ʻana i ke kumu e koho ai kāu kauka i kekahi lāʻau lapaʻau kikoʻī ma mua o kekahi no kou maʻi kikoʻī.

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Nā Hopena ʻAoʻao Hiki ke Loaʻa o ka Penicillin a me nā Hana Alergen

ʻOiai he mea ola ka penicillin, e like me nā lāʻau lapaʻau āpau, hiki iā ia ke loaʻa nā hopena ʻaoʻao. ʻO ka hapa nui he māmā a paʻa ʻole, akā he mea nui ka ʻike i ka mea e nānā ai.

ʻO nā hopena ʻaoʻao o ka penicillin kaulike loa:

• Nā pilikia ʻōpū: ʻO ka nausea, ka luaʻi, ka ʻeha ʻōpū, a me ka maʻi ʻōpū ka mea maʻamau loa.
• ʻĀʻula ʻili māmā: Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka ʻulaʻula ʻaʻole e nalowale.
• Nā maʻi hū: Hiki i nā lāʻau antibiotic ke hoʻopau i ke kaulike kūlohelohe o nā bacteria a me nā hū i loko o ke kino, e alakaʻi ana i ka waha thrush a i ʻole nā ​​maʻi hū wahine.

Nā Piliki Koʻikoʻi: Ke Kāhea ʻana i Kauka

ʻOiai he kakaikahi, ʻoi aku ka koʻikoʻi o kekahi mau hopena ʻaoʻao a pono i ka nānā ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau koke.

• Maʻi *Clostridioides difficile* (C. diff): Hiki i nā lāʻau antibiotic āpau ke alakaʻi i kēia ʻano nui o ka maʻi ʻōpū ma ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā bacteria ʻōpū maikaʻi. ʻO nā hōʻailona ka maʻi ʻōpū wai, nā ʻōpū ʻōpū nui, a me ke kuni kumu.
• Nā hopena ʻili koʻikoʻi: ʻOiai he kakaikahi loa, hiki ke loaʻa nā hopena e like me Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
• Nā Hōʻike: He hopena ʻaoʻao loa kēia, maʻamau e pili ana i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe loa i hāʻawi ʻia i loko o ka vein.

Hoʻomaopopo i ka Maʻi Penicillin

ʻO ka pilikia nui loa ka maʻi penicillin. ʻO ka maʻi maoli ka pane ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana pale pale i ka lāʻau. ʻOiai he nui ka poʻe e hōʻike ana i ka maʻi penicillin, hōʻike nā haʻawina ʻo ʻoi aku ma mua o 90% o lākou ʻaʻole maʻi maoli i ka wā e hoʻāʻo ʻia ai kumu. He mea nui kēia no ka mea hiki iā ia ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau antibiotic liʻiliʻi a ʻoi aku ka pipiʻi.

ʻO nā hōʻailona maʻi penicillin āu e nānā ai:

• Nā ʻulaʻula (nao, ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula)
• ʻĀʻula ʻili
• Nao
• Pēpu o ka maka, lehelehe, alelo, a i ʻole ka ʻāʻī
• Hewa a paʻakikī ke hanu

ʻO ka hopena maʻi koʻikoʻi loa ʻo ka anaphylaxis, he pilikia weliweli loa. ʻO nā hōʻailona ka emi koke ʻana o ke koko, pilikia ka hanu ʻana, a me ka nalowale o ka ʻike. Inā ʻike ʻoe i nā hōʻailona o ka anaphylaxis, kāhea iā 911 koke.

Inā manaʻo ʻoe he maʻi penicillin kou, e kamaʻilio me kāu kauka a i ʻole ka mea hoʻomaʻi maʻi. Hiki iā lākou ke hana i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka ʻili e hōʻoia i ka palekana o ʻoe ke lawe i kēia papa o nā lāʻau i ka wā e hiki mai ana. ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i kou kūlana maʻi maoli kahi ʻāpana nui o kāu ʻike olakino.

Ke kauka ke kauka i ka penicillin ma mua o nā lāʻau antibiotic ʻē aʻe?

Kauka ke kauka i ka penicillin ke alakaʻi ʻia nā maʻi e nā bacteria maʻalahi i ka penicillin, e like me ka strep throat, syphilis, a i ʻole kekahi mau maʻi ʻili a me nā maʻi niho. Hoʻohana ʻia ia no kona pono, ka laulā liʻiliʻi, ke kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa, a me ka ʻano hopena ʻaoʻao ʻoluʻolu ke ʻaʻohe palekana a maʻi paha.

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Ka Pono Pono o ka Kāohi ʻana i ka Palekana o ka Lāʻau Antibiotic

ʻO kekahi o nā mea hoʻoweliweli nui loa i ke olakino honua i kēia lā ʻo ka palekana o ka lāʻau antibiotic. ʻO kēia ka wā e ulu ai nā bacteria a hoʻomohala i nā pale kūʻē i nā lāʻau i hoʻolālā ʻia e pepehi iā lākou, e lilo ai nā maʻi i mea paʻakikikī ke mālama.

I kēlā me kēia manawa e hoʻohana ai mākou i ka lāʻau antibiotic, hāʻawi mākou i ka bacteria i ka manawa e hoʻoponopono ai. ʻO ia ke kumu he mea nui loa e hoʻohana pono iā lākou. Hiki iā ʻoe ke kōkua i ka hakakā ʻana i ka palekana o ka lāʻau antibiotic ma ka hahai ʻana i kēia mau rula maʻalahi akā ikaika:

1. E Lawe i ka Penicillin E Like Me Kauoha: Mai hoʻololi i ka ʻano a i ʻole e hoʻōki i ka lawe ʻana me ka ʻole o ke kūkākūkā ʻana me kāu kauka.
2. E Hoʻopau i ke Kaʻina Holoʻokoʻa: ʻOiai inā hoʻomaka ʻoe e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma hope o kekahi mau lā, hiki i kekahi o nā bacteria ikaika ke ola mau. ʻO ka hoʻōki ʻana i kāu lāʻau lapaʻau ma mua e ʻae iā lākou e ola, hoʻonui, a hiki ke hoʻomohala i ka palekana.
3. Mai Hoʻohana i nā Lāʻau Antibiotic Waihona: Mai mālama i ka penicillin no ka manawa hou āu e maʻi ai. Pono kēlā me kēia maʻi i ka hōʻoiaʻiʻo a me ke kau ʻana.
4. Mai Kaomi i Kau Kauka no nā Lāʻau Antibiotic: E hilinaʻi i ka manaʻo o kāu mea mālama ola. Inā ʻōlelo lākou he viral kāu maʻi, ʻaʻole kōkua ka lāʻau antibiotic iā ʻoe a hiki ke kōkua i ka palekana.

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Kō hoa ma ke Ola

Mai ka maʻi strep throat maʻalahi a hiki i ka maʻi meningitis weliweli, ʻo ka pane i ka "he aha ka penicillin i hoʻohana ʻia?" he ākea a ʻokoʻa. Ua hoʻopakele kēia papa kupaianaha o nā lāʻau antibiotic i nā ola he nui a noho ʻo ia he mea hana nui i kā mākou hakakā kūʻē i nā maʻi bacteria.

Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka mea ia, ʻo wai nā maʻi āna e mālama ai, a me kāna mau pilikia, hiki iā ʻoe ke lilo i mea hoʻomanawanui ʻoi aku ka ʻike a me ka hoʻoikaika. E kamaʻilio mau me kāu mea mālama ola e pili ana i kāu moʻolelo olakino, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā maʻi i manaʻo ʻia, a e hahai pono i kā lākou ʻōlelo. Pū, hiki iā ʻoe ke hōʻoiaʻiʻo e hoʻomau kēia lāʻau hana mana i ka hana mana no nā hanauna e hiki mai ana.