He aha te COPD? Ngā Tōmhanga, Ngā Take, me te Maimoatanga

Ko te COPD te kupu poto mō te mate pūhau ā-rohe roa, he rōpū o ngā āhuatanga o te pūhau e whakaheke i te manawa i te wā roa. Ko te take matua ko te whakamahinga roa ki ngā hau whakakīkī, te puehu rānei, nō te whakakī i te taakapa te nuinga.

Ko tēnei mate e piki haere ana e pā ana ki te miriona o te iwi puta noa te ao, engari ko te mārama ki a ia e āhei ai te whakahaere i ngā tōmhanga, ā, kia mau tonu te kounga o te ora. Ahakoa ka puea haere te COPD i roto i ngā tau, ko te kite i ngā tohu i te wā, me te mahi tahi me tō rōpū hauora e taea ai te whakarereke nui ki te āhua o tō whakaaro i ia rā.

He aha te COPD?

Ko te COPD he kupu whānui mō ngā mate pūhau e aukati ana i te rere o te hau, ā, e whakaheke ana i te manawa. Ko ngā momo e rua matua ko te emphysema me te bronchitis ā-rohe roa, ā, he tokomaha ngā tāngata e whai ana i ngā āhuatanga e rua ngātahi.

I roto i te emphysema, ka pakaru ngā pūngāwerewere hau iti i roto i ō pūhau (e kiia nei ko ngā alveoli), kāore hoki e ngāwari te whakahoki i tō rātou āhua taketake i muri i te whakatete. Ka whakahekehia ai te kaha o ō pūhau ki te pehi i te hau i te wā e manawa ana koe.

Ko te bronchitis ā-rohe roa e pā ana ki te mumura me te whakaiti i ngā ara hau e kawe ana i te hau ki ō pūhau. Ka whakaputa te papanga o ēnei ara hau i te nui o te kōhua, ā, ka taea te aukati i te rere o te hau, ā, ka whakaoho i taua kōhū ā-rohe roa e whai ana te nuinga o te iwi e whai ana i te COPD.

Ko te kupu “ā-rohe roa” e whakaatu ana ko tēnei āhuatanga ka puea haere haere, ā, ka roa te wā. Ko te “aukati” e tohu ana ki ngā ara hau kua aukatitia, kua whakaititia rānei e whakaheke ana i te ngāwari o te rere o te hau ki roto, ki waho atu hoki i ō pūhau.

He aha ngā tōmhanga o te COPD?

Ka puea haere haere ngā tōmhanga o te COPD, koia rā ka kore pea koe e kite i a rātou i te wā tonu. Ko te tohu tuatahi tino noa ko te kōhū ā-rohe roa e kore e ngaro, ina koa ki te kaiwhakakī koe.

Ko ēnei ngā tōmhanga matua ka pā pea ki a koe:

• Kōhū ā-rohe roa pea ka whakaputa kōhua (sputum)
• Te poto o te manawa, ina koa i ngā mahi tinana
• Te wheezing, te tangi wiri rānei i te wā e manawa ana
• Te pēhanga o te uma, te āhua rānei kaore e taea te manawa hohonu
• Ngā mate pūhau maha penei i ngā mate huaketo, mate rewharewha rānei
• Te ngenge, te āhua rānei e ngenge ana i te wā e noa ana
• Te pupū i ngā turi, ngā waewae, ngā waewae rānei
• Te ngaro o te taumaha kaore i whakaarohia i ngā wā whakamutunga

Ka tino kino ake ēnei tōmhanga i te wā, ā, ka whai pea koe i ngā wā e kiia nei ko ngā “flare-ups” (ngā wā e piki haere ana ngā tōmhanga) i te wā ka piki haere ngā tōmhanga. Ko te rongo pai ko te maimoatanga tika e āhei ai te whakaheke i tēnei piki haere, ā, te whakapai ake i tō whakaaro.

He aha ngā momo o te COPD?

Ko te COPD kei roto ngā āhuatanga e rua matua e puta tahi ana. Ko te mārama ki te momo kei a koe e āhei ai tō tākuta ki te hanga i te mahere maimoatanga pai mō ō hiahia motuhake.

Ko te bronchitis ā-rohe roa e pā ana ki ngā ara hau (bronchi) e kawe ana i te hau ki ō pūhau. Ka mumura, ka mātotoru te papanga o ēnei ara hau, ka whakaputa i te nui o te kōhua e taea ai te aukati i te rere o te hau. Ka whakatauhia koe ki te bronchitis ā-rohe roa mena he kōhū hua koe mo te toru marama neke atu i roto i ngā tau e rua e whai atu ana.

Ko te emphysema e pakaru ana i ngā pūngāwerewere hau iti (alveoli) i te mutunga o ō ara hau. Ka ngaro ēnei pūngāwerewere i tō rātou āhua ngāwari, kāore hoki e taea te whakawhiti pai i te hāora ki roto i tō toto, te tango rānei i te hau kāriki. Ka whakahekehia ai te manawa, ina koa i ngā mahi tinana.

Ko te nuinga o te iwi e whai ana i te COPD he whakakotahitanga o te bronchitis ā-rohe roa me te emphysema. Ka rerekē te taurite i waenganui i ēnei āhuatanga e rua mai i te tangata ki te tangata, koia rā ka rerekē pea ō tōmhanga me tō mahere maimoatanga mai i tētahi atu e whai ana i te COPD.

He aha ngā take o te COPD?

Ko te take matua o te COPD ko te whakakī taakapa ā-rohe roa, e whakaatu ana i te 85-90% o ngā take katoa. Ko ngā matū kino i roto i te paowa taakapa e pakaru ana i te papanga o ō pūhau i te wā roa, ka arahi ai ki te mumura me te toka.

Heoi, ehara te whakakī i te take anake. Ko ēnei ngā take ke e taea ai te arahi ki te COPD:

• Te whakamahinga roa ki te paowa tuarua
• Te paru hau mai i te waka, ngā tukunga mahi, te tahunga wahie rānei
• Te puehu mahi me ngā matū (puehu waro, silica, cadmium)
• Te paru hau o roto mai i te tahunga wahie mō te tunu kai, te whakamahana rānei
• Ngā mate pūhau tamariki maha
• Te kore o te alpha-1 antitrypsin (he āhuatanga ira tino onge)

He mea nui kia mōhio ko te 10-15% o te iwi e whai ana i te COPD kaore i whakakī. Ka puta pea tenei na ngā take ira, ngā whakamahinga taiao, ngā mate pūhau rānei e whakahokia ana. Ka āhei tō tākuta ki te whakatau he aha pea te take o te COPD.

Nōhea te haere ki te tākuta mō te COPD?

Me haere koe ki te tākuta mena he kōhū ā-rohe roa kei a koe e roa atu ana i ngā wiki torutoru, ina koa ki te whakaputa kōhua, toto rānei koe. Kaua e tatari mena kei te poto te manawa i ngā mahi o ia rā kaore i whakaoho i a koe i mua.

Whakatau rānei he hui mena ka kite koe i ēnei tohu whakatūpato:

• Kōhū e kore e pai ake i muri i ngā wiki maha
• Te poto o te manawa i ngā mahi o ia rā
• Te wheezing, te pēhanga uma rānei
• Ngā mate pūhau maha
• Te ngenge e āwangawanga ana i ō mahi o ia rā

Rapua te awhina hauora tere mena ka pā ki a koe te poto o te manawa, te mamae o te uma, te whakapohehe, te whero rānei o ō ngutu, o ō maihao rānei. Ka taea ēnei te tohu o te piki haere o te COPD e hiahia ana ki te maimoatanga tere.

Ko te whakatau i te wā, me te maimoatanga e taea ai te whakaheke i te piki haere o te COPD, ā, te āhei ai te pupuri i te kounga pai o te ora. Kaua e whakaroa ki te kōrero ki tō kaiwhakarato hauora mō ō awangawanga.

He aha ngā take morearea mō te COPD?

Ko te mārama ki ō take morearea e āhei ai te tango i ngā mahi hei aukati i te COPD, te hopu rānei i te wā. Ko ētahi take ka taea te whakahaere, ko ētahi atu kei tua atu o tō mana whakahaere.

Ko ngā take morearea tino nui ka taea te whakahaere kei roto:

• Te whakakī taakapa (taakapa, siga, paipa)
• Te whakamahinga ki te paowa tuarua
• Te whakamahinga mahi ki te puehu, ngā matū, ngā hau rānei
• Te paru hau o roto mai i te tunu kai, te whakamahana rānei me ngā wahie biomass
• Te paru hau o waho i ngā wāhi paru nui

Ngā take kaore e taea te whakarereke engari me mōhio:

• Te tau (ko te nuinga o te iwi e whai ana i te COPD he 65 tau neke atu rānei)
• Te ira tangata (ka taea pea te pānga atu o ngā wāhine ki te pakaru o te pūhau e pā ana ki te whakakī)
• Ngā ira, ina koa te kore o te alpha-1 antitrypsin
• Te hītori o ngā mate pūhau tamariki
• Te mate huango, ina koa ki te kore e maimoatia

Ko te whai i tetahi take morearea, te maha atu rānei e kore e whakaatu ana ka whāiti koe i te COPD, engari ka piki ake ō tūponotanga. Ko te maha atu o ngā take morearea kei a koe, ka piki ake ō tūponotanga.

He aha ngā raruraru pea o te COPD?

Ka taea e te COPD te arahi ki ngā raruraru maha, engari ko te mārama ki a rātou e āhei ai te mahi tahi me tō rōpū hauora hei aukati, hei whakahaere rānei i ēnei take.

Ko ngā raruraru noa e tika ana kia mōhio koe kei roto:

• Ngā mate pūhau (pneumonia, mate rewharewha, ngā mate huaketo noa)
• Ngā raruraru ngakau, tae atu ki te piki o te morearea o te mate ngakau
• Te mate pūhau (te morearea teitei, ina koa i ngā kaiwhakakī)
• Te pēhanga toto teitei i ngā uaua pūhau (pulmonary hypertension)
• Te pouri me te awangawanga e pā ana ki ngā raruraru manawa
• Ngā raruraru moe me te ngenge

Ko ngā raruraru onge engari kino pea kei roto:

• Te pūhau kua hinga (pneumothorax)
• Te ngaro o te taumaha me te ngoikore o ngā uaua
• Te kore o te manawa e hiahia ana ki te whakamahinga hauora
• Te kore o te ngakau taha matau (cor pulmonale)

Ko te rongo pai ko te whai i tō mahere maimoatanga, te mau tonu ki ngā whakakakahu, me te pupuri i te tiaki hauora ā-rohe e taea ai te whakaheke nui i ō tūponotanga o ēnei raruraru. Ka tirotiro tata atu tō rōpū hauora ki a koe hei hopu i ngā take i te wā.

Me pēhea te aukati i te COPD?

Ko te huarahi tino whai hua hei aukati i te COPD ko te kore e tīmata ki te whakakī, te mutu rānei mena kei te whakakī koe i tēnei wā. Ahakoa kua whakakī koe mo ngā tau, ko te mutu i tetahi wā e taea ai te whakaheke i te piki haere o te pakaru o te pūhau, ā, te whakaheke i ngā tōmhanga i te wā roa.

Ko ēnei ngā rautaki aukati matua:

• Kaua e whakakī i ngā hua taakapa o tetahi momo
• Aukati i te paowa tuarua i tō kāinga, waka, me tō wāhi mahi
• Whakamahia ngā taputapu tiaki tika mena kei te whakaatuhia koe ki te puehu, ki ngā matū rānei i tō mahi
• Whakapai ake i te kounga o te hau o roto mā te whakamahi i ngā pūkaha hau, me te hau pai
• Kia whakakakahuhia ki te rewharewha me te pneumonia hei aukati i ngā mate pūhau
• Whakahaerehia te whakakori tinana hei pupuri i ō pūhau me tō ngakau kia hauora

Mena kei te pāngia koe e ngā tōmhanga tuatahi, ko te tango i ēnei mahi e taea ai te aukati i te COPD kei te kino ake. Kōrero atu ki tō tākuta mō ngā kaupapa mutu whakakī, e taea ai te rua, te toru rānei te piki o ō tūponotanga ki te mutu i te whakamātautau i a koe.

Kia mahara, kāore i te wā roa rawa te mahi i ngā whakarereketanga pai mō tō hauora pūhau. Āe, ka taea e te iwi e whai ana i te COPD te whai hua nui mai i ēnei mahi aukati.

Me pēhea te whakatau i te COPD?

Ko te whakatau i te COPD e tīmata ana mā tō tākuta e ui ki ō tōmhanga, te hītori whakakī, me te whakamahinga ki ngā mea whakakīkī pūhau. Ka whakarongo ia ki ō pūhau me te stethoscope, ā, ka rongo pea i te wheezing, te heke rānei o ngā tangi manawa.

Ko te whakamātautau matua e whakamahia ana hei whakatau i te COPD e kiia nei ko te spirometry. Ko tēnei whakamātautau manawa ngāwari e ine ana i te nui o te hau ka taea te manawa atu e koe, me te tere o te mahi.

Ngā whakamātautau atu ka tono pea tō tākuta kei roto:

• Te X-ray uma hei whakakore i ngā āhuatanga ke, te kite rānei i te pakaru o te pūhau
• Te CT scan mō te tirohanga taipitopito atu o ō pūhau
• Te whakamātautau hau toto arterial hei tirotiro i ngā taumata hāora me te hau kāriki
• Te taumata alpha-1 antitrypsin mena ka whakaarohia te COPD ira
• Te tirotiro sputum hei tirotiro i te mate, te mumura rānei

Ka aromatawai hoki tō tākuta i te kaha o tō COPD mā te whakamahi i te pūnaha tohu. E āhei ai te whakatau i te huarahi maimoatanga pai, ā, te hoatu i te mārama pai ake ki te wā o tō āhuatanga.

He aha te maimoatanga mō te COPD?

Ko te maimoatanga COPD e aro ana ki te whakaheke i te piki haere o te mate, te whakaora i ngā tōmhanga, ā, te whakapai ake i tō kounga o te ora. Ahakoa kāore he rongoā, ko te whakakotahitanga tika o ngā maimoatanga e āhei ai te whakapai ake i tō whakaaro, ā, te noho mahi.

Ko te pūtake o te maimoatanga COPD ko te mutu whakakī mena kaore ano koe i mutu. Ko tēnei mahi kotahi e taea ai te whakaheke nui i te heke o te mahi pūhau, ā, te whakaheke i ngā tōmhanga i te wā roa.

Ngā rongoā e whakahaua ana e whakamahia ana:

• Ngā bronchodilators (inhalers) hei whakatuwhera i ngā ara hau, ā, hei whakapai ake i te manawa
• Ngā corticosteroids e manawahia ana hei whakaheke i te mumura o ngā ara hau
• Ngā inhalers whakakotahi e whai ana i ngā momo rongoā e rua
• Ngā rongoā waha mō ngā take kino, ngā flare-ups rānei
• Ngā antibiotics i te wā e puta mai ana ngā mate pūhau

Ngā maimoatanga kore-rongoā e taea ai te awhina:

• Ngā kaupapa whakaora pūhau e whakakotahi ana i te whakakori tinana, te mātauranga, me te tautoko
• Te maimoatanga hāora mena he iti ō taumata hāora toto
• Te pokanga whakaiti i te nui o te pūhau i ngā take motuhake
• Te whakawhiti pūhau mō te mate whakamutunga

Ka whakaritea tō mahere maimoatanga ki ō hiahia motuhake, ā, ka rerekē pea i te wā e whāiti haere ana tō āhuatanga. Ko ngā whai wā roa me tō rōpū hauora e whakarite ana kei te whiwhi koe i te tiaki tino whai hua.

Me pēhea te whakahaere i te COPD i te kāinga?

Ko te whakahaere i te COPD i te kāinga e pā ana ki te hanga i te taiao me te mahi e tautoko ana i tō manawa me tō hauora whānui. Ko ngā whakarerekētanga iti o ia rā e taea ai te whakarereke nui ki tō whakaaro.

Ko ēnei ngā mahi whai hua ka taea e koe te tango:

• Whakamahia ō rongoā kia rite ki te whakahau, ahakoa kei te pai ake tō whakaaro
• Pupuri i tō kāinga kia ma, kia kore puehu hei aukati i ngā mea whakakīkī pūhau
• Kia makuku tonu hei āwhina i te whakaheke i te kōhua, ā, te whakapai ake i te kōhū
• Whakahaerehia ngā mahi manawa me ngā tikanga i akohia i te whakaora pūhau
• Whakahaerehia koe i ngā mahi, tangohia ngā okiokinga i te wā e hiahiatia ana
• Pupuri i te kai pai hei pupuri i tō pūnaha mate kia kaha
• Whiwhi i te moe pai hei āwhina i tō tinana ki te ora, ki te whakahaere i ngā tōmhanga

Hangaia he mahere mahi me tō tākuta mō te whakahaere i ngā flare-ups. Me whai i te kite i ngā tohu whakatūpato tuatahi, te mōhio ki te wā hei whakarereke i ngā rongoā, me te mōhio ki te wā hei rapu awhina hauora.

Whakaarohia te whakauru ki te rōpū tautoko COPD, i te tangata rānei, i te ipurangi rānei. Ko te hono atu ki ētahi atu e mōhio ana ki ō wero e taea ai te whakarato tautoko ngākau, me ngā tohutohu whai hua mō te whakahaere o ia rā.

Me pēhea te whakarite mō tō hui tākuta?

Ko te whakarite mō tō hui e āhei ai te whakarite kei te whiwhi koe i te nuinga o tō wā me tō kaiwhakarato hauora, ā, te whiwhi i te tiaki pai rawa mō tō COPD.

I mua i tō haerenga, kohikohia ēnei mōhiohio nui:

• Rārangi o ngā tōmhanga o nāianei me te wā i tīmata ai, i kino ake rānei
• Rārangi rongoā katoa, tae atu ki ngā rongoā-ā-te-kāinga me ngā taapiri
• Ngā kōrero mō tō hītori whakakī (nōhea koe i tīmata ai, te nui o te whakakī, nōhea koe i mutu ai)
• Te hītori whānau o te mate pūhau, ngā āhuatanga tika rānei
• Ngā whakamahinga mahi, taiao rānei kua pā ki a koe
• Ngā pātai, ngā awangawanga rānei e hiahia ana koe ki te kōrero

Pupuri i te tātai tōmhanga mō te wiki, te rua rānei i mua i tō hui. Tuhia ō mahi o ia rā, tōmhanga, te whakamahinga rongoā, me tetahi mea e whakapai ake ana, e kino ake rānei tō manawa.

Kawe mai he mema whānau, he hoa rānei hei āwhina i a koe ki te mahara ki ngā mōhiohio nui i kōrerohia i te wā o te haerenga. Kaua e whakaroa ki te ui pātai, ki te tono marama rānei mō tetahi mea kaore koe e mōhio.

He aha te mea nui mō te COPD?

Ko te COPD he āhuatanga kino engari ka taea te whakahaere e pā ana ki te miriona o te iwi puta noa te ao. Ahakoa he mate e piki haere ana, ko te whakatau i te wā, me te maimoatanga tika e taea ai te whakaheke nui i tōna piki haere, ā, te āhei ai te pupuri i te ora mahi, te whai hua.

Ko te mea nui rawa kia mahara kei a koe te mana nui ake ki tō COPD i tō whakaaro pea. Ko te mutu whakakī, te whai i tō mahere maimoatanga, te noho mahi i roto i ō rohe, me te mahi tahi me tō rōpū hauora e taea ai te whakarereke nui ki ō tōmhanga me tō kounga o te ora.

Ko te noho me te COPD e hiahia ana ki ētahi whakarerekētanga, engari e kore e whakaatu ana i te tuku i ngā mea e pai ana ki a koe. He tokomaha ngā tāngata e whai ana i te COPD e haere tonu ana ki te mahi, ki te haere, ki te whakakori tinana, ki te whai wāhi ki ngā mahi e pai ana ki a rātou me te whakahaere tika me te tautoko.

Mena kei te whakaaro koe pea kei a koe te COPD, kua whakatauhia rānei i te wā tata nei, kia mahara ko te mahi i te wā e hoatu ana ki a koe te tūponotanga pai rawa mō te pupuri i tō hauora me tō mana motuhake mō ngā tau e haere mai ana.

Ngā pātai e ui pinepinetia ana mō te COPD

Ka taea te noho ora noa me te COPD?

Āe, he tokomaha ngā tāngata e whai ana i te COPD e ora ana i ngā ora katoa, mahi me te whakahaere tika me ngā whakarerekētanga noho. Ahakoa pea ka hiahia koe ki te whakarereke i ētahi mahi, ki te whakahaere i ngā tōmhanga, e kore te COPD e whakatau i tō ora. Ko te whai i tō mahere maimoatanga, te noho mahi i roto i ō rohe, me te pupuri i te whakaaro pai e taea ai te āhei te whai tonu i te maha o ō mahi tino pai.

He whakakī tonu te take o te COPD?

Kāo, ahakoa ko te whakakī te take o te 85-90% o ngā take COPD, ehara i te take anake. Ko te 10-15% o te iwi e whai ana i te COPD kaore i whakakī. Ko ngā take ke kei roto te whakamahinga roa ki te paru hau, te puehu mahi me ngā matū, te paowa tuarua, ngā mate pūhau tamariki maha, me ngā take ira penei i te kore o te alpha-1 antitrypsin.

E hohoro ana te piki haere o te COPD?

Ka rerekē te piki haere o te COPD mai i te tangata ki te tangata. Ko ētahi tāngata e whai ana i ngā whakarerekētanga haere haere i ngā tau maha, ko ētahi atu pea ka whai wā pūmau i muri i te heke tere. Ko te take nui e pā ana ki te piki haere ko te whakakī tonu. Ko te mutu whakakī, te whai i ngā mahere maimoatanga, me te karo i ngā mea whakakīkī pūhau e taea ai te whakaheke nui i te piki haere o te mate.

He aha te rerekētanga i waenganui i te COPD me te mate huango?

Ahakoa e rua ngā āhuatanga e whakaheke ana i te manawa, ko te COPD te nuinga he mate e piki haere ana e puta ana i muri i te ora, ā, e hono ana ki te whakakī, ki te whakamahinga roa rānei ki ngā mea whakakīkī. Ko te mate huango te nuinga e tīmata ana i te tamarikitanga, ka taea te whakahoki katoa ngā tōmhanga me te maimoatanga, ā, e whakaohohia ana e ngā mea pāwera. Heoi, ka taea e ētahi tāngata te whai i ngā āhuatanga e rua, e kiia nei ko te mate huango-COPD overlap syndrome.

Nōhea te haere ki te rūma mate tere mō ngā tōmhanga COPD?

Rapua te awhina hauora tere mena ka pā ki a koe te poto o te manawa e kore e pai ake me ō rongoā whakaora, te mamae o te uma, te whakapohehe, te uaua rānei ki te whakaaro mārama, ngutu, maihao rānei kikorangi, pango rānei, te kore rānei e taea te kōrero i ngā kōrero katoa na te poto o te manawa. Ka taea ēnei te tohu o te piki haere o te COPD e hiahia ana ki te maimoatanga tere.