Hāpuku

Ki te tirohanga noa, ka arotau tetahi pikitia ki te whatu. I roto i te tirohanga tata, kei mua i te whatu te tūāwhiti, ka ngaro te mārama o ngā mea tawhiti.

He āhuatanga noa o te tirohanga te tirohanga tata, e mārama ana ngā mea tata engari ngaro te mārama o ngā mea tawhiti. Ko te kupu hauora mō te tirohanga tata ko te miopia. Ka puta te miopia ina puta he rerekētanga i te āhua o te kanohi—rānei i te āhua o ētahi wāhanga o te kanohi—ka whatiwhati rānei, ka whakapiko rānei ngā rā o te mārama. Ko ngā rā o te mārama e tika ana kia arotau ki ngā kiko pūtau i muri o te kanohi, e kiia nei ko te whatu, ka arotau ki mua i te whatu.

Ka whanaketia te tirohanga tata i te wā tamariki me te taitamarikitanga. I te nuinga, ka tūpato ake i waenga i ngā tau 20 me te 40. Ka ahu mai i roto i ngā whānau.

Ka taea e te whakamātau kanohi whāinga te whakau i te tirohanga tata. Ka taea e koe te whakatika i te tirohanga ngaro mā ngā karāhe, ngā karāhe whakapā, mā te rongoā whakatika rānei.

Ko ngā tohu o te kuware e āhei ana te whai: Te pōrōhuru o te tirohanga ina titiro ki ngā mea tawhiti. Te hiahia ki te pēpehi, ki te whakakapi rānei i ngā kamo kia kite mārama ai. Ngā mamae o te upoko. Te ngākau kino o te kanohi. Āhei pea te uaua ki ngā tamariki kura te kite i ngā mea kei runga i ngā papa whakaatu, i ngā whakaaturanga mata rānei i te rūma. Āhei pea ngā tamariki iti te kore e whakaatu i te uaua ki te kite, engari āhei pea te whai i ēnei whāinga e whakaatu ana i te uaua ki te kite: Te pēpehi tonu. Te ahua kore e mōhio ki ngā mea tawhiti. Te ihu tonu. Te wiri tonu i ngā kanohi. Te noho tata ki te pouaka whakaata, ki te whakatata rānei i ngā mata ki te mata. Āhei pea te kite a ngā pakeke e whai ana i te kuware i te uaua ki te pānui i ngā tohu huarahi, i ngā tohu rānei i ngā toa. Āhei pea te wheako a ētahi i te pōrōhuru o te tirohanga i te mārama ngoikore, pēnei i te taraiwa i te pō, ahakoa te kite mārama i te rā. Ko te tikanga tenei e kiia nei ko te miopia o te pō. Whakahaere he whakataurite ki te tohunga tiaki kanohi mena ka whakaatu to tamaiti i ētahi tohu o ngā raruraru tirohanga, ki te pūrongo rānei tētahi kaiako i ngā raruraru pea. Whakahaere he whakataurite mōu ake mena ka kite koe i te huringa o tō tirohanga, he uaua ki te mahi i ngā mahi pēnei i te taraiwa, ki te kite rānei ko te kounga o tō tirohanga e pā ana ki tō koa ki ngā mahi. Rapua te tiaki hauora tūturu mena ka wheako koe i tetahi o ēnei: Te puta mai ohorere o ngā mea e rere ana—ngā pōtiki iti, ngā raina rānei e ahua ana e rere ana i tō mara tirohanga. Ngā rama e whiti ana i tetahi kanohi, i ngā kanohi rānei e rua. He atarangi pango-mā, pēnei i te arai, e hipoki ana i te katoa, i tetahi wāhanga rānei o tō mara tirohanga. He atarangi kei tō tirohanga o waho, e kiia ana ko te tirohanga taha. Ko ēnei ngā tohu whakatūpato o te wehewehe o te retina i te muri o te kanohi. Ko te tikanga tenei he āwangawanga hauora e hiahia ana ki te rongoā tere. E hono ana te kuware nui ki te nui haere o te morearea o te wehewehe o te retina. Āhei pea te kore e mōhio ngā tamariki me ngā pakeke ki ngā raruraru tirohanga, ki ngā huringa rānei e puta ana i te iti. E tūtohutia ana e te American Academy of Ophthalmology ngā tirotiro tirohanga auau kia whakarite ai i te taumata o te whakatau me te rongoā. Ka mahi te taote tamariki a tō tamaiti, tetahi kaimahi hauora rānei i ngā whakamātautau tino ngāwari ki te tirotiro i te hauora o ngā kanohi a tō tamaiti i te whānautanga, i waenga i ngā marama 6 me te 12, i waenga hoki i ngā marama 12 me te 36. Mena kei reira ētahi raruraru, āhei pea te tono atu ki te taote e mōhio ana ki te hauora me te tiaki kanohi, e kiia ana ko te ophthalmologist. Ko ngā tirotiro tirohanga ngā whakamātautau ki te tirotiro i ngā raruraru tirohanga. Āhei pea te mahi i tetahi whakamātautau tirotiro e te taote tamariki, e te ophthalmologist, e te optometrist, e tetahi kaiwhakarato whakangungua rānei. E tukuhia ana ngā tirotiro tirohanga i ngā kura, i ngā pokapū hapori rānei. Ko ngā wā e tūtohutia ana mō te tirotiro e whai ake nei: Te iti rawa kotahi i waenga i ngā tau 3 me te 5. I mua i te kura tuatahi, te nuinga o te tau 5, 6 rānei. Ia tau tae noa ki te mutunga o te kura tuarua. Mena ka kitea tetahi raruraru i te whakamātautau tirotiro, ka hiahia pea koe ki te whakarite i tetahi whakamātautau kanohi katoa ki te optometrist, ki te ophthalmologist rānei. E tūtohutia ana e te American Academy of Ophthalmology kia whiwhi ngā pakeke hauora kahore he raruraru e mohiotia ana ki te tirohanga, ki te mate kanohi rānei i tetahi whakamātautau kanohi katoa i runga i te kaupapa e whai ake nei: Te iti rawa kotahi i waenga i ngā tau 20 me te 29. Te iti rawa rua i waenga i ngā tau 30 me te 39. Ia tau 2 ki te 4 i waenga i ngā tau 40 ki te 54. Ia tau 1 ki te 3 i waenga i ngā tau 55 ki te 64. Ia tau 1 ki te 2 i muri i te tau 65. Mena kei a koe te mate huka, te hītori whānau o te mate kanohi, te toto teitei, te morearea rānei o te mate ngakau, o te mate toto rānei, ka hiahia pea koe ki ngā whakamātautau kanohi auau ake. Ano hoki, ka hiahia pea koe ki ngā whakamātautau auau ake mena kei a koe ngā karāhe, ngā hononga rānei kua tohua, ki te mahi rānei koe i te pokanga mō te whakatika tirohanga. Āhei te tūtohu a tō kaimahi hauora, te tohunga tiaki kanohi rānei i te maha o ngā whakamātautau e hiahiatia ana.

Whakahaere whakatau i te tohunga tiaki kanohi mena ka whakaatu to tamaiti i tetahi tohu o nga raruraru tirohanga, mena ka korero te kaiako mo nga raruraru pea. Whakahaere whakatau mo koe ano ki te kite koe i tetahi huringa i roto i to tirohanga, he uaua ki te mahi i nga mahi penei i te taraiwa, ka kite ranei ko te kounga o to tirohanga e pa ana ki to koa ki nga mahi. Rapua te tiaki hauora ohorere mena ka pa atu koe ki tetahi o enei: Te puta mai ohorere o nga mea e rere ana - nga tohu iti, iti ranei e ahua ana e rere ana i roto i to mara tirohanga. Nga rama rama i roto i tetahi kanohi, i nga kanohi ranei e rua. He atarangi hina rite ki te arai e hipoki ana i te katoa, i tetahi wahanga ranei o to mara tirohanga. He atarangi kei roto i to tirohanga o waho, i te taha ranei, e mohiotia ana ko te tirohanga taha. Koinei nga tohu whakatupato o te wehenga o te retina mai i muri o te kanohi. Ko tenei ahuatanga he mate ohorere e hiahia ana ki te maimoatanga tere. Ka hono te tirohanga tata nui ki te nui ake o te morearea o te wehenga o te retina. Kaore pea nga tamariki me nga pakeke e mohio ana ki nga raruraru mo te tirohanga, ki nga huringa ranei e puta ana i te wa roa. Kei te tūtohutia e te American Academy of Ophthalmology nga tirotiro tirohanga auau kia whakarite ai te taatai ​​me te maimoatanga. Ka mahi te taote tamariki a to tamaiti, tetahi atu tohunga hauora ranei i nga whakamatautau tino ngawari hei tirotiro i te hauora o nga kanohi o to tamaiti i te whanautanga, i waenga i te 6 me te 12 marama te pakeke, me waenga i te 12 me te 36 marama te pakeke. Ki te mea he raruraru, ka tohatohahia pea koe ki tetahi taote e tohunga ana ki te hauora me te tiaki kanohi, e kiia ana ko te ophthalmologist. Ko nga tirotiro tirohanga he whakamatautau hei tirotiro i nga raruraru tirohanga. Ka taea e te taote tamariki, te ophthalmologist, te optometrist, tetahi kaiwhakarato whakangungua ranei te mahi i tetahi whakamatautau matawai. Ka tukuna pinepine nga tirotiro tirohanga i nga kura, i nga pokapū hapori ranei. Ko nga wa e tūtohutia ana mo te matawai ko nga mea e whai ake nei: Te iti rawa kotahi i waenga i nga tau 3 me te 5. I mua i te kura kohungahunga, i te tau 5, 6 ranei. I ia tau tae noa ki te mutunga o te kura tuarua. Ki te kitea tetahi raruraru i roto i te whakamatautau matawai, ka hiahia pea koe ki te whakarite i tetahi whakamatautau kanohi katoa me te optometrist, te ophthalmologist ranei. Kei te tūtohutia e te American Academy of Ophthalmology kia whiwhi nga pakeke hauora kaore he raruraru e mohiotia ana mo te tirohanga, mo te mate kanohi ranei i tetahi whakamatautau kanohi katoa i runga i te kaupapa e whai ake nei: Te iti rawa kotahi i waenga i nga tau 20 me te 29. Te iti rawa rua i waenga i nga tau 30 me te 39. I ia tau 2 ki te 4 mai i nga tau 40 ki te 54. I ia tau 1 ki te 3 mai i nga tau 55 ki te 64. I ia tau 1 ki te 2 i muri i te tau 65. Ki te mate huka koe, he hitori whānau o te mate kanohi, te toto teitei, tetahi atu morearea ranei o te mate ngakau, mate toto ranei, ka hiahia pea koe ki nga whakamatautau kanohi auau ake. Ano hoki, ka hiahia pea koe ki nga whakamatautau auau ake ki te mea kei a koe nga karaihe ranei, nga hononga ranei, ki te mea kua mahi koe i te pokanga mo te whakatika tirohanga. Ka taea e to tohunga hauora, to tohunga tiaki kanohi ranei te tūtohu i te maha o nga wa hei whiwhi whakamatautau.

E rua ngā wāhanga o te kanohi e arotahi ana ki ngā whakaahua:

• Te cornea ko te mata o mua o te kanohi, he mā, he rite te āhua ki te kopere.
• Te lens he hanganga mā, ā, tata te rahi me te āhua ki te pīni pinto.

Me pā te mārama i te cornea me te lens kia kite ai koe. Ka pēnei ēnei wāhanga o te kanohi i te mārama—e kiia ana hoki ko te whakapēnei— kia arotahi tika te mārama ki te retina kei muri o tō kanohi. Ka whakawhiti ēnei kiko i te mārama hei tohu e tonoa ana ki te roro, ā, ka taea e koe te kite i ngā whakaahua.

Ko te ngākau-poto he hapa whakapēnei. Ka puta tēnei raruraru ina ka puta he hapa i te āhua o te cornea—rānei i te āhua o te kanohi anō—ka kore ai e arotahi tika te mārama e tomo ana ki te kanohi.

Te nuinga o te wā, ka puta te ngākau-poto ina roa rawa te kanohi, ā, he āhua o te hua rānei, kāore i te porowhita. Ka puta pea hoki ina nui rawa te pēnei o te cornea. Ki ēnei huringa, ka tae ngā raina mārama ki tetahi pito i mua o te retina, ā, ka whakawhiti. Ka kitea ngā karere e tonoa ana i te retina ki te roro he māreikore.

Ko ētahi atu hapa whakapēnei e whai ake nei:

• Te ngākau-roa, e kiia ana hoki ko te hyperopia. I te ngākau-roa, he poto ake te poroporo kanohi i te kanohi noa, kāore rānei he nui te pēnei o te cornea. Ka kite pea etahi i ngā mea tawhiti he mārama ake, engari ka māreikore ngā mea tata. Ki ētahi atu tangata he ngākau-roa, he māreikore ngā mea i ngā tawhiti katoa.
• Te astigmatism. I te astigmatism, he nui ake te pēnei o te cornea, te lens rānei i tētahi taha atu i tetahi taha. Ka whati te tirohanga, he māreikore rānei i ngā tawhiti katoa.

Ko ētahi take morearea e piki ai te tūponotanga o te whanake i te kanohi-poto, tae atu ki:

• Ngā ira a te whānau. He maha ngā whānau e puta ai te kanohi-poto. Ki te mea he kanohi-poto tētahi o ō mātua, ka piki ake tō tūponotanga ki te whanake i taua āhuatanga. Ka piki ake te tūponotanga ki te mea he kanohi-poto raua ko ō mātua.
• Ngā mahi roa e tata ana. Ko te pānui, me ētahi atu mahi e tata ana, mō te wā roa, e hono ana ki te piki o te tūponotanga o te kanohi-poto.
• Te wā i te mata. Kua whakaatu ngā rangahau ko ngā tamariki e whakamahi ana i ngā rorohiko, i ngā taputapu mohio rānei mō ngā wā roa, he nui ake te tūponotanga o te whanake i te kanohi-poto.
• Ngā āhuatanga o te taiao. E tautoko ana ētahi rangahau i te whakaaro ehara i te whakapau i te wā roa ki waho, ka piki ake te tūponotanga o te kanohi-poto.

Ko te kuware e hono ana ki te maha o ngā raruraru, pēnei i te:

• Ngā wheako kura kino. Ka pāngia ngā tamariki e te miopia, e ētahi atu rānei raruraru tirohanga, e ngā whakaroa i te pānui, i ētahi atu pūkenga mātauranga rānei, te uaua ki ngā mahi pāpori, me te iti o te whakaaro nui ki a rātou anō.
• Te heke o te kounga o te ora. Ki te kore e whakatika te kuware, ka taea e ia te aukati i a koe kei te mahi pai i ngā mahi o ia rā, kei te pai hoki ki ngā mahi.
• Te mamae o te kanohi. Ki te kore e whakatika te kuware, ka taea te puta mai o te mamae tonu o te kanohi me te mamae o te mahunga.
• Te ngoikore o te haumaru. Ka raru pea to haumaru me te haumaru o ētahi atu ki te whai koe i tetahi raruraru tirohanga. Ka tino kino pea tēnei mena kei te taraiwa waka koe, kei te whakahaere rānei i ngā taputapu taimaha.
• Ētahi atu raruraru kanohi. Ko te kuware nui ka whakapiki ake i tō tūponotanga ki te wehe o te retina, te glaucoma, te cataracts me ētahi atu āhuatanga kanohi kino.

Kaore he uauatanga

Ko te whakamātautau kanohi ngāwari te huarahi hei whakatau i te kuware. Ka ui pea tō kaiāwhina kanohi ki te hītori hauora o tō tamaiti, o tō rātou rānei, me ngā rongoā e whakamahia ana.

Ka whakamātau te whakamātautau mārama kite ki te mārama o tō kite i tawhiti. Ka hipoki e koe tetahi kanohi, ka ui te kaiāwhina kanohi ki a koe kia pānui i tētahi tūtohu kanohi e whai reta, tohu rānei o ngā rāhi rerekē. Katahi ka mahi koe i taua mea mō tetahi atu kanohi. He tūtohu motuhake kua hoahoahia mō ngā tamariki tino taitamariki.

I tēnei whakamātautau, ka pānui koe i tētahi tūtohu kanohi i a koe e titiro ana i roto i tētahi taputapu he rerekē ngā karāhe. Ka āwhina tēnei whakamātautau ki te whakatau i te rongoā tika hei whakatika i ngā raruraru kite.

Ka mahi pea tō kaiāwhina kanohi i ētahi atu whakamātautau ngāwari hei tirotiro i ēnei mea:

• Te whakautu o ngā pupu ki te mārama.
• Te nekehanga o te kanohi.
• Te kite taha, e kiia ana hoki ko te kite taha.
• Te āhua o te cornea, te pupu, te karāhe me ngā kamo.

Ka whakamahi pea tō kaiāwhina kanohi i tētahi karāhe motuhake me te mārama hei tirotiro i te āhua o te retina me te uaua kite. Ka maka pea te tohunga i ngā matū ki ō kanohi hei whakarahi. Ka pai ake te kite i roto o te kanohi. Ka pāngia pea ō kanohi e te mārama mō ngā haora torutoru. Kakahuhia ngā karāhe ā-wawe i homai e te tohunga, i ō karāhe anō rānei.

Ko te whāinga tino nui o te whakaora i te ngākau tata ko te whakapai ake i te tirohanga mā te awhina i te whakawhāiti i te mārama ki runga i tō whatu mā ngā karāhe whakatikatika, mā te rākau rānei. Ko te whakahaere i te ngākau tata e whai ake nei hoki te tirotiro tonu mō ngā raruraru o te āhuatanga, tae atu ki te glaucoma, te cataracts me te wehewehe o te whatu.

Ko te kakahu i ngā karāhe whakatikatika e whakaora ana i te ngākau tata mā te whakakore i te kōwhiti nui ake o tō cornea, mā te roa ake rānei o tō kanohi. Ko ngā momo karāhe tohu e whai ake nei:

• Karāhe kanohi. Ko te kakahu i ngā karāhe he huarahi ngāwari, haumaru ki te whakakoi i te tirohanga i puta mai i te ngākau tata. Ka taea hoki te hoahoa i ngā karāhe karāhe ki te whakatikatika i te whakakotahitanga o ngā hapa whakatikatika, pēnei i te ngākau tata, te astigmatism me te presbyopia.
• Karāhe hono. Ko ngā karāhe hono he iti, he poroporo kirihou e whakanohoia ana tika ki runga i te cornea. Ka taea e te karāhe hono kotahi te whakatikatika i tetahi atu hapa whakatikatika. He maha ngā momo rauemi me ngā whakaritenga tiaki. Ka taea e tō tohunga tiaki kanohi te tūtohutia ngā karāhe hono e tino pai ana mō tō tohu me tō oranga.

Ka whakaitihia e te rākau whakatikatika te hiahia mō ngā karāhe me ngā karāhe hono. Ka whakamahi tō taote kanohi i te laser ki te hanga hou i te cornea, ka puta mai he iti ake te hiahia mō ngā karāhe tohu ngākau tata. Ahakoa muri i te pokanga, akene me whakamahi koe i ngā karāhe i etahi wā.

• Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). I tenei tukanga, ka hanga e tō taote kanohi he papa angiangi, he whatiwhati i roto i tō cornea. Katahi ka whakamahi te taote i te laser ki te tango i te kiko cornea hei whakamāmā i tōna ahua kōwhiti. Ko te ora mai i te pokanga LASIK te nuinga o te tere ake, ka iti ake te mamae i te ora mai i ētahi atu pokanga cornea.
• Laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy (LASEK). Ka hanga e te taote he papa angiangi noa iho i te upoko tiaki o waho o te cornea, e kiia nei ko te epithelium. Ka whakamahia he laser ki te hanga hou i te cornea me te whakamāmā i tōna kōwhiti. Katahi ka whakahokia te epithelium ki tōna wahi.
• Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). Ko tenei tukanga rite tonu ki te LASEK, engari ka tangohia katoatia e te taote te epithelium. Katahi ka whakamahi te taote i te laser ki te hanga hou i te cornea. Ka hipoki he karāhe hono tiaki wā poto i te cornea kia tipu ano te epithelium, kia rite ki te ahua hou o tō cornea.
• Small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE). I tenei tukanga, kāore he papa, kāore hoki te tango i te epithelium. Engari, ka whakamahia he laser ki te tapahi i tetahi wahi iti porowhita o te cornea, e kiia nei ko te lenticule. Katahi ka tangohia te lenticule mā te tapahinga iti o te cornea.

Kāore ngā maimoatanga pokanga he kōwhiringa mō te katoa e ngākau tata ana. Ka tūtohutia te pokanga ina kore te ngākau tata e haere tonu. Ka whakamārama tō taote i ngā painga me ngā tūponotanga o ngā kōwhiringa maimoatanga pokanga.

Kei te haere tonu ngā kairangahau me ngā kaimahi hauora ki te rapu i ngā huarahi pai ake ki te whakaheke i te haere tonu o te ngākau tata i ngā tamariki me ngā taitamariki. Ko ngā rongoā e whakaatu ana i te tino whakaari e whai ake nei:

• Atropine. Ko ngā matū Atropine te nuinga o te whakamahia ki te whakawhāiti i te pūpū o te kanohi, te nuinga o te wā hei wāhanga o ngā whakamātau kanohi, i mua i te pokanga kanohi, i muri rānei.
• Te whakaiti i te wā i waho. Ko te whakapau i te wā i waho i ngā tau tamariki, taitamariki me ngā tau pakeke o mua ka taea te whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te whanake i te ngākau tata.
• Karāhe hono arotahi rua. Kua whakaatuhia e tetahi momo karāhe hono arotahi rua etahi pānga i te whakaheke i te haere tonu o te ngākau tata.
• Orthokeratology. He karāhe hono pakari e mau ana i te pō e hanga hou ana i te cornea. Kāore te karāhe e mau ana i te rā. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau ko tenei rongoā ka taea te whakaheke i te haere tonu o te ngākau tata.

Kaore he uauatanga