Antrax

Antraksisi ni indwara idahwitse ariko ikomeye iterwa na bakteriya ikora spore, Bacillus anthracis. Antraksisi ikunda kwibasira amatungo n'inyamaswa z'inkazi. Abantu bashobora kwandura binyuze mu guhura n'amatungo arwaye, cyangwa mu buryo buziguye.

Nta bimenyetso byerekana ko antraksisi yandura kuva ku muntu ujya ku wundi, ariko birashoboka ko ibikomere by'uruhu byatewe na antraksisi bishobora kwandura binyuze mu guhuza cyangwa gukora ku kintu cyanduye (fomite). Ubusanzwe, bakteriya ya antraksisi yinjirira mu mubiri binyuze mu kibyimba cy'uruhu. Ushobora kandi kwandura ukoresheje inyama zanduye cyangwa ukahasya spore.

Ibimenyetso, bishingiye ku buryo wanduye, bishobora kuba harimo ibikomere ku ruhu, kuruka no gucika intege. Ivura rihita rikoreshejwe antibiyotike rishobora gukiza ubwandu bwa antraksisi. Antraksisi yo mu myanya y'ubuhumekero irwara cyane kandi ishobora kwica.

Antraksisi ni nke cyane mu bihugu byateye imbere. Ariko kandi, iyi ndwara igumye kuba ikibazo kuko bakteriya yakoreshejwe mu bitero by'ubushotoranyi bw'ibikorwa bya biologi mu Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.

Udukoko tw'antrax two kwanduza umubiri dukoresha inzira enye zisanzwe, buri imwe ifite ibimenyetso n'ibibonwa bitandukanye. Mu bihe byinshi, ibimenyetso bigaragara mu gihe cy'iminsi itandatu nyuma yo kwandura ubwo bwoko bw'udukoko. Ariko rero, bishoboka ko ibimenyetso by'antrax yo mu myanya y'ubuhumekero bishobora gutinda ibyumweru birenga bitandatu kugira ngo bigaragare.

Indwara nyinshi zisanzwe zitangira zifite ibimenyetso bisa n'iby'umururumba. Amahirwe yo kuba ububabare bw'umutwe n'umubiri biterwa na antraks ni make cyane.

Niba utekereza ko ushobora kuba warahuriye nayo—urugero, niba ukora mu kazi aho antraks ishobora kuboneka—banza ujye kwa muganga kugira ngo akurebe akwitaho. Niba ugize ibimenyetso by'iyi ndwara nyuma yo guhura n'amatungo cyangwa ibikomoka ku matungo mu bice by'isi aho antraks ikunze kugaragara, shaka ubufasha bwa muganga vuba. Gupima hakiri kare no kuvurwa ni ingenzi cyane.

Amababi y'antrax akorwa na bagiteri z'antrax zisanzwe mu butaka mu bice byinshi by'isi. Ayo mababi ashobora kuba mu mporokari igihe kirekire kugeza igihe azabona umuyoboro. Abayoboro basanzwe b'antrax barimo amatungo y'inzu cyangwa ay'ubuhinzi, nka: intama, inka, amafarashi n'ihene.

Nubwo ari gake muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, antrax iracyari ikintu gisanzwe mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, ahantu nka Amerika yo hagati na Amerika y'Epfo, Afurika yo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara, Aziya yo hagati n'Aziya y'Amajyepfo, uburayi bw'amajyepfo n'uburasirazuba bw'Uburayi, ndetse na Caraïbes.

Abantu benshi barwara antrax bitewe no kwandura amatungo cyangwa inyama cyangwa imyenda yayo. Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, hari abantu bake babonye antrax ubwo bakoraga ingoma gakondo z'Abanyafurika bakoresheje imyenda y'amatungo yanduye.

Kimwe mu bintu bike bizwi byo kwandura bitavuye ku matungo ni igitero cy'iterabwoba ryabaye muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu mwaka wa 2001. Abantu 22 barwaye antrax nyuma yo kwandura amababi yoherejwe mu iposita, kandi batanu muri abo banduye barapfuye.

Mu bihe byashize, mu myidagaduro ibiri itandukanye, abakoresha Heroin bo muri Burayi barwaye antrax kubera gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge bitemewe. Abantu bagera kuri 40 barapfuye. Heroin igurishwa i Burayi ishobora kuba ikomoka mu bice antrax isanzwe iboneka.

Kugira ngo wandure umwijima, ugomba guhura n'imbuto za anthrax. Ibi bishoboka cyane niba:

• Uri umusirikare kandi ukorera mu karere gafite ibyago byinshi byo kwandura anthrax
• Ukorana na anthrax mu ruganda rwo kwipimisha
• Ufata amakoma y'amatungo, ubwoya cyangwa ubwoya buva mu turere dufite anthrax nyinshi
• Ukorera mu buvuzi bw'amatungo, cyane cyane niba ufite amatungo
• Ufata cyangwa ukambika inyamaswa z'umukino - nubwo anthrax ari nke muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, hari igihe haboneka indwara mu matungo yo mu rugo n'inyamaswa zo mu gaso nka imbogo
• Witera imiti itemewe, nka Heroin

Ingaruka zikomeye cyane za antrakusi ni izi:

• Uburwayi bwawe butashobora guhangana n'ubwandu nk'uko bikwiye, bigatuma imyanya myinshi y'umubiri irangirika (ubumara)
• Kubyimba kw'ingaruka z'ubwonko n'amazi abikikuje, bigatuma amaraso menshi ava (ubumara bw'amaraso mu bwonko) kandi bikagera no ku rupfu

Mu rwego rwo gukumira kwandura nyuma yo kwandura imisemburo ya anthrax, Ikigo cy’Amerika gishinzwe kurwanya indwara (CDC) kirajyanye ibi bikurikira:

• Ivuriro ry’iminsi 60 rikoresheje imiti igabanya ubukana bw’uburwayi— ciprofloxacin, doxycycline na levofloxacin byemewe ku bakuru n’abana
• Urushinge rwa anthrax rw’inzego eshatu
• Mu bihe bimwe na bimwe, kuvurwa hakoreshejwe imiti ya monoclonal antibodies— raxibacumab na obiltoxaximab

Muganga wawe azakubaza akazi ukora, hamwe n'ibindi bibazo kugira ngo amenye niba ushobora kuba warahuriye n'umwijima. Mbere ya byose azashaka guhakana izindi ndwara zisanzwe zishobora kuba ziterwa n'ibimenyetso byawe, nka grippe (influenza) cyangwa pneumonia.

Ushobora gukora ikizamini cya grippe vuba kugira ngo hamenyekane vuba uburwayi bwa influenza. Niba ibindi bipimo bitagaragaza ikintu, ushobora gukora ibindi bipimo kugira ngo harebwe umwijima, nka:

• Isuzuma ry'uruhu. Igice cy'umusemburo ukomoka ku kibyimba gishidikanywaho ku ruhu rwawe cyangwa igice gito cy'umubiri (biopsy) gishobora gupimwa muri laboratwari kugira ngo harebwe ibimenyetso by'umwijima wo ku ruhu.
• Isuzuma ry'amaraso. Ushobora guhabwa igipimo gito cy'amaraso gipimwa muri laboratwari kugira ngo harebwe bagiteri y'umwijima.
• X-ray y'ibituza cyangwa scan ya computed tomography (CT). Muganga wawe ashobora gusaba X-ray y'ibituza cyangwa scan ya computed tomography (CT) kugira ngo afashe kuvura umwijima wo mu myanya y'ubuhumekero.
• Isuzuma ry'amatagatifu. Kugira ngo hamenyekane umwijima wo mu mara, muganga wawe ashobora gusuzuma igice cy'amatagatifu yawe kugira ngo harebwe bagiteri y'umwijima.
• Gucukura mu mugongo (lumbar puncture). Muri iki kizamini, muganga wawe ashyira igishishwa mu muyoboro w'umugongo hanyuma akakuramo igipimo gito cy'umusemburo. Gucukura mu mugongo birakenewe igihe cyose abaganga bakeka umwijima wa sisitemu y'umubiri — umwijima utari uwo ku ruhu — kubera ubushobozi bwa meningitis.