Ibitero bya Asma: Ibimenyetso, Impamvu, n’Uko Bivurwa

Igitero cya asma kibaho iyo inzira z’umwuka mu bihaha byawe zigabanya umuvuduko, zigatumba, kandi zigakora umusemburo mwinshi, bigatuma uhumeka nabi. Tekereza nk’umuyoboro w’amazi ugoswe kandi ugafumbwe icyarimwe. Mu gihe cy’igitero, imikaya izunguye inzira z’umwuka irakomera, uruhu rurakankamira, kandi umusemburo mwinshi ubuza umwuka kugera mu bihaha byawe.

Ibi bibazo bishobora kuba kuva ku guhumeka nabi kugeza ku bihe by’ubuzima biba bigoye cyane. Inkuru nziza ni uko, ubumenyi bukwiye n’ubuvuzi, ibitero byinshi bya asma bishobora guhangana neza kandi bikarindwa.

Ni ibihe bimenyetso by’igitero cya asma?

Ibimenyetso by’igitero cya asma bigaragara iyo inzira z’umwuka zigabanuka kandi zigatakara. Ushobora kubona ibi bimenyetso bitangira buhoro buhoro cyangwa bigahita bigaragara, bitewe n’icyo cyateye icyo gitero.

Ibimenyetso bisanzwe ushobora guhura na byo birimo:

• Guhumeka nabi cyangwa kumva udakomeza guhumeka
• Guhumeka kw’ijwi rirenga, rirasa nkaho uririmba igihe uhumeka
• Kubabara mu kifuba kimera nk’aho hari umuntu ukomeye amabere yawe
• Kukohoka kenshi, cyane cyane nijoro cyangwa mu gitondo
• Kugorana kuvugira mu muryango wose kubera guhumeka nabi
• Ubwoba cyangwa guhangayika uko guhumeka bigenda bigorana

Bamwe bagira n’ibimenyetso bidafite akamaro nk’uko umutima ukubita cyane, gucana ibyuya, cyangwa kumva udashyitse. Ibi bimenyetso bikunze kujyana n’ibibazo byo guhumeka kandi bishobora gutera ubwoba.

Mu bihe bidasanzwe, ushobora kugira icyo bita igitero cya asma “gitagira amajwi” aho guhumeka kw’ijwi rirenga kudagaragara, ariko ukaba ugifite ububabare mu kifuba no guhumeka nabi. Ubu bwoko bushobora kuba buhangayikishije cyane kuko bushobora kudasanzwe nk’uko bimeze.

Ni iki gatera igitero cya asma?

Ibitero bya asma biterwa n’ikintu cyose kibabaza inzira z’umwuka zirimo. Ubudahangarwa bwawe bw’umubiri buhita bugira icyo bukora kuri ibyo bintu, bigatera kubyimba no gukomera kw’imikaya bibuza umwuka gutembera neza.

Ibintu bikunze gutera ibitero birimo:

• Allergie nka pollen, utubutsi, ubwoya bw’amatungo, cyangwa spores za imyeyo
• Indwara z’ubuhumekero nka grippe, imitego, cyangwa indwara z’ibinywa
• Ibyuka byanduye birimo itabi, impumuro zikomeye, cyangwa ibyuka by’ibintu byakozwe
• Ihindagurika ry’ikirere, cyane cyane umwuka ukonje cyangwa ubushuhe bwinshi
• Imikino cyangwa imyitozo ngororamubiri, cyane cyane mu gihe cy’ubukonje cyangwa umwuka wumye
• Ibitekerezo bikomeye nka stress, guhangayika, cyangwa ndetse no kwishima
• Imiti imwe, cyane cyane aspirine cyangwa beta-blockers

Ibintu bidafite akamaro bikubiyemo reflux ya aside, aho aside y’igifu ibabaza inzira z’umwuka, n’ibiribwa bimwe cyangwa ibintu byongewemo mu biribwa nka sulfites. Bamwe bagira icyo bakora kuri chemicals cyangwa ibintu byihariye byo mu kazi, indwara yitwa asma y’akazi.

Mu bihe bidasanzwe, impinduka z’imisemburo mu gihe cy’imihango cyangwa gutwita bishobora gutera ibitero mu bagore bamwe. Ikintu nyamukuru ni ukumenya ibintu byawe bitera ibitero binyuze mu kwitonda no gukorana n’abaganga bawe.

Ni ryari ukwiye kujya kwa muganga kubera igitero cya asma?

Ukwiye gushaka ubufasha bw’ubuvuzi bw’ibanze ako kanya niba ufite ibibazo bikomeye byo guhumeka, udashobora kuvugira mu muryango wose, cyangwa ukumva uri gupfa guhumeka. Ibi ni ibimenyetso by’igitero gikomeye cya asma gisaba ubufasha bw’abaganga ako kanya.

Hamagara 911 cyangwa ujye mu bitaro ako kanya niba ubona:

• Guhumeka nabi cyane bidakira n’umuti wawe wo guhumeka
• Kudashaka kuvugira amagambo make
• Ibara ry’ubururu ku minwa, mu maso, cyangwa ku misumari
• Gukomeye guhumeka nabi ukiri aho wicaye
• Kumva udasobanukiwe cyangwa uryamye cyane mu gihe cy’igitero

Ugomba kandi kuvugana n’abaganga bawe mu masaha 24 niba wari ufite igitero cya asma, nubwo ari gito. Bashobora kugufasha guhindura gahunda yawe y’ubuvuzi no kumenya icyateye icyo gitero.

Tegura gahunda yawe isanzwe niba ukoresha umuti wawe wo guhumeka inshuro zirenze ebyiri mu cyumweru, ukangukira ufite ibimenyetso bya asma, cyangwa niba ibikorwa byawe bya buri munsi bigabanuka kubera ibibazo byo guhumeka. Ibi bimenyetso bigaragaza ko gahunda yawe y’ubuvuzi ikeneye guhinduka.

Ni ibihe bintu bishobora gutera ibitero bya asma?

Ibintu bimwe bishobora gutuma ugira ibitero bya asma cyangwa bikabigira bibi iyo bibaye. Gusobanukirwa ibyo bintu bishobora gutera ibitero bigufasha wowe n’abaganga bawe gushyiraho ingamba zo kubirinda.

Ibintu by’ingenzi byongera uko uri mu kaga birimo:

• Kugira asma idakira neza ifite ibimenyetso bya buri munsi
• Kumenya ibintu bitera ibitero utabyitandukanya
• Kudakoresha imiti yatanzwe buri gihe
• Koresha umuti wawe wo guhumeka inshuro zirenze ebyiri mu cyumweru
• Kugira igitero gikomeye cyangwa kujya mu bitaro mbere
• Indwara z’ubuhumekero cyangwa ibibazo by’ibinywa
• Umuvuduko mwinshi cyangwa impinduka zikomeye mu buzima

Ibintu byiyongera bishobora kongera ibyago birimo kuba hafi y’itabi, kuba mu turere dufite umwuka mubi, cyangwa kugira izindi ndwara nka reflux ya aside cyangwa sleep apnea. Allergie z’ibihe bishobora kandi gutuma inzira z’umwuka zikora cyane mu bihe bimwe by’umwaka.

Mu bihe bidasanzwe, ibintu bimwe by’umurage cyangwa kugira allergie nyinshi bishobora gutuma ibitero biba byinshi cyangwa bikomeye. Inkuru nziza ni uko ibyinshi muri ibyo bintu bishobora guhangana neza n’ubuvuzi bukwiye n’impinduka mu mibereho.

Ni ibihe bibazo bishobora guterwa n’ibitero bya asma?

Nubwo ibitero byinshi bya asma bikira neza hakoreshejwe ubuvuzi, bimwe bishobora gutera ibibazo bikomeye niba bitavuwe neza. Gusobanukirwa ibyo bibazo bishobora kubaho bigufasha kumenya igihe ukwiye gushaka ubufasha bw’ubuvuzi bw’ibanze.

Ibibazo bikomeye bishobora kubaho birimo:

• Status asthmaticus, igitero gikomeye kidakira n’ubuvuzi busanzwe
• Guhumeka nabi, aho bihaha byawe bidatanga umwuka uhagije
• Pneumothorax, aho umwuka uba mu bihaha
• Kumara amazi no kunanirwa kubera guhumeka nabi igihe kirekire
• Ibibazo by’umutima kubera kubura umwuka cyangwa ingaruka z’imiti

Ibitero bikomeye bikunze kubaho bishobora kandi gutera impinduka z’inzira z’umwuka zihoraho zizwi nka airway remodeling, aho umunyakazi utuma ibibazo byo guhumeka bikomeza no hagati y’ibitero. Niyo mpamvu ubuvuzi bwo kwirinda buhoraho ari ingenzi.

Ibibazo bidafite akamaro bikubiyemo allergie zikomeye ku miti cyangwa kugira asma idakira n’imiti. Ingaruka zo mu mutwe nka anxiety disorders zishobora kandi kubaho, cyane cyane nyuma yo guhura n’ibitero bikomeye biteye ubwoba.

Abantu benshi bafite asma ntibahura n’ibyo bibazo bikomeye iyo bakurikiza gahunda yabo y’ubuvuzi kandi bakorana n’abaganga ba bo.

Uko ibitero bya asma bishobora kwirindwa

Kwiringira ibitero bya asma bikubiyemo kwirinda ibintu bizatera ibitero, gufata imiti nk’uko byategetswe, no kugira ubuzima bwiza muri rusange. Ibitero byinshi bishobora kwirindwa hakoreshejwe ingamba zikwiye n’ubwitabire buhoraho.

Gahunda yawe yo kwirinda igomba kuba irimo izi ngamba:

• Guta imiti yo kwirinda buri munsi, nubwo wumva umeze neza
• Kumenya no kwirinda ibintu bitera ibitero igihe bishoboka
• Gukoresha peak flow meter yawe kugira ngo ugenzure uko bihaha byawe bikora
• Guta inshinge za grippe buri mwaka no gukomeza gukingirwa
• Kugira ibiro byiza no gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri
• Guhangana na stress binyuze mu buryo bwo kuruhuka cyangwa inama
• Kugumisha aho utuye hatagira umukungugu n’ibintu bitera allergie

Uburyo bwo kugenzura ibidukikije bushobora kugabanya cyane ibintu bitera ibitero. Ibi bishobora kuba birimo gukoresha ibikoresho byo kubungabunga umwuka, gukaraba ibintu byo mu buriri mu mazi ashyushye buri cyumweru, cyangwa kugumisha ubushuhe hagati ya 30-50% mu rugo rwawe.

Gukorana n’umuganga w’inzobere mu by’allergie bishobora gufasha kumenya ibintu bitera allergie binyuze mu bipimo, kandi bashobora kugutegeka immunotherapy kuri allergie zimwe na zimwe. Gusuzuma buri gihe n’abaganga bawe bigatuma gahunda yawe y’ubuvuzi ikomeza kugira akamaro uko ibyo ukeneye bihinduka.

Uko igitero cya asma kivurwa

Ubuvuzi bw’igitero cya asma bugamije gufungura inzira z’umwuka vuba no kugabanya kubyimba kugira ngo guhumeka bisubire mu buryo busanzwe. Uburyo bwihariye biterwa n’uburemere bw’igitero cyawe n’uko uhangana n’ubuvuzi bwa mbere.

Ubuvuzi bwa vuba bw’igitero bukunze kuba:

• Inhalers zo guhumeka vuba (bronchodilators) nka albuterol gufungura inzira z’umwuka
• Corticosteroids zo mu kanwa kugabanya kubyimba niba ibimenyetso bikomeye
• Oxygen therapy niba urwego rwa oxygen mu maraso ruri hasi
• Ubuvuzi bwa nebulizer kugira ngo imiti iboneke neza
• Imiti ya IV ku bitero bikomeye bidakira n’inhalers

Kugira ngo uhangane na asma, abaganga bawe bashobora kwandika imiti yo kwirinda nka inhaled corticosteroids, long-acting bronchodilators, cyangwa imiti mishya ya biologic ku ndwara zikomeye.

Mu bihe bidasanzwe aho ubuvuzi busanzwe budakora, muganga wawe ashobora gutekereza ku buvuzi nka bronchial thermoplasty, uburyo bugabanya uburemere bw’imikaya y’inzira z’umwuka. Bamwe bagira akamaro ka immunotherapy kugira ngo bagabanye uko bagira allergie.

Ikintu nyamukuru ni ugukora gahunda yo guhangana n’ibitero no gukora gahunda yo kwirinda kugira ngo birinde kubaho.

Uko wakwitwara mu rugo mu gihe cy’igitero cya asma

Kugira gahunda isobanutse yo guhangana n’ibitero bya asma mu rugo bishobora kugufasha gusubiza vuba kandi neza iyo ibimenyetso bitangiye. Abaganga bawe bagomba kuguha gahunda yanditse yo guhangana na asma igaragaza icyo ukora.

Iyo ubona ibimenyetso by’igitero, komeza utya:

1. Komeza utuje kandi wicare uhagaze kugira ngo guhumeka birusheho koroherera
2. Koresha umuti wawe wo guhumeka ako kanya nk’uko byategetswe
3. Tegereza iminota 10-15 kugira ngo urebe niba ibimenyetso bikira
4. Fata undi muti wawe wo guhumeka niba bikenewe
5. Hamagara ubufasha bw’ubuvuzi niba ibimenyetso bidakira cyangwa bikomeza

Mu gihe utegereje ko imiti yawe ikora, gerageza kwirinda ibintu byose bishobora gutera ibitero nka itabi cyangwa impumuro zikomeye. Humeka buhoro buhoro binyuze mu mazuru niba bishoboka, kandi wirinda kuryama kuko bishobora gutuma guhumeka bigorana.

Komeza nimero z’abantu ugomba guhamagara mu gihe cy’akaga, harimo abaganga bawe n’abashinzwe ubutabazi bw’ibanze. Niba utuye wenyine, tekereza kugira inshuti cyangwa umuryango w’umuryango wizeye ushobora guhamagara kugira ngo bagufashe mu gihe cy’igitero.

Ntuzigere utinya gushaka ubufasha bw’ubuvuzi bw’ibanze niba ibimenyetso byawe bikomeye cyangwa bidakira n’ubuvuzi. Biragira akamaro guhora witonda iyo bigeze ku guhumeka nabi.

Uko wakwitegura kujya kwa muganga

Kwitwara neza mbere yo kujya kwa muganga bigufasha kubona ubufasha bukwiye n’amabwiriza yo guhangana na asma. Kwitegura neza bishobora gutuma uruzinduko rwawe rugira akamaro kandi bigafasha muganga wawe kugutera inama nziza.

Mbere y’uruzinduko rwawe, komeza ibi bintu:

• Inyandiko igaragaza ibimenyetso byawe, harimo igihe biba n’icyo bisa nk’icyo bibatera
• Imiti yose ukoresha ubu, harimo imiti yo mu maduka n’ibindi
• Ibyavuye mu bipimo bya peak flow niba ukoresha peak flow meter
• Ibibazo ku gahunda yawe y’ubuvuzi cyangwa impungenge ku bimenyetso byawe
• Amakuru ku mpinduka zihoraho mu bidukikije, stress, cyangwa ubuzima

Tekereza kugira igihe cy’ibyumweru kimwe cyangwa bibiri mbere y’uruzinduko rwawe. Andika igihe ufite ibimenyetso, icyo wakoraga, ikirere, n’uko wumvaga. Aya makuru afasha kumenya ibintu bitera ibitero.

Zana umuryango wawe cyangwa inshuti niba ubishaka, cyane cyane niba wari ufite ibitero bikomeye. Bashobora kugufasha kwibuka amakuru akomeye no kugufasha mu gihe cy’uruzinduko rwawe.

Ntuzigere utinya kubabaza ibibazo ku kintu udasobanukiwe ku ndwara yawe cyangwa gahunda yawe y’ubuvuzi. Abaganga bawe bashaka kugufasha kumva uhagaze neza mu guhangana na asma.

Icyo ugomba kumenya ku bitero bya asma

Ibitero bya asma ni ibibazo bikomeye ariko bishobora guhangana bibaho iyo inzira z’umwuka zigatakara kandi zigabanuka. Nubwo bishobora gutera ubwoba, gusobanukirwa ibintu bitera ibitero no kugira gahunda nziza y’ubuvuzi bituma bidakomeye cyane mu buzima bwawe bwa buri munsi.

Ikintu cy’ingenzi cyo kwibuka ni uko ibitero bya asma bishobora kwirindwa hakoreshejwe imiti ikwiye no kwirinda ibintu bitera ibitero. Gukorana n’abaganga bawe kugira ngo mushyireho gahunda yihariye yo guhangana na asma biguha uburyo bwo guhangana n’ibitero neza iyo bibaye.

Hamwe n’ubuvuzi bugezweho n’uburyo bwo guhangana, abantu benshi bafite asma bashobora kubona ubuzima buzuye, bukora neza, nta mbogamizi nyinshi. Ikintu nyamukuru ni ukumenya amakuru, gukurikiza gahunda yawe y’ubuvuzi buri gihe, no kudatinya gushaka ubufasha igihe ukeneye.

Wibuke ko kugira asma ntabwo ari cyo kigutandukanya n’abandi, kandi hakoreshejwe ubuvuzi bukwiye, ushobora guhangana n’iyi ndwara neza mu gihe ukora ibikorwa byawe byose.

Ibibazo bikunze kubazwa ku bitero bya asma

Q1: Ibitero bya asma bisanzwe bimara igihe kingana iki?

Ibitero byinshi bya asma bimara kuva ku minota mike kugeza ku masaha menshi iyo bivuwe vuba hakoreshejwe imiti yo guhumeka. Ariko kandi, ibitero bikomeye bishobora kumara iminsi kandi bishobora gusaba kujya mu bitaro kugira ngo bivurwe neza.

Igihe cyabyo kenshi biterwa n’uko wihutira kumenya ibimenyetso no gutangira ubuvuzi, ndetse n’icyo cyateye icyo gitero. Kugira ubuvuzi bwihuse hakoreshejwe umuti wawe wo guhumeka bisanzwe bituma ukira vuba.

Q2: Ushobora gupfa kubera igitero cya asma?

Nubwo abapfa kubera ibitero bya asma ari bake, bishobora kubaho niba ibitero bikomeye bitavuwe vuba kandi neza. Niyo mpamvu ari ingenzi kugira gahunda yo guhangana n’ibitero no kumenya igihe ukwiye gushaka ubufasha bw’ubuvuzi bw’ibanze.

Ibyinshi mu rupfu ruterwa na asma bishobora kwirindwa hakoreshejwe ubuvuzi bukwiye, gukurikiranwa n’abaganga buri gihe, no gusubiza vuba ibimenyetso bikomeye. Ntuzigere uretse ibimenyetso by’igitero gikomeye.

Q3: Ni ibisanzwe kumva unaniwe nyuma y’igitero cya asma?

Yego, kumva unaniwe nyuma y’igitero cya asma ni ibisanzwe kandi biteganijwe. Umubiri wawe wari ukorera cyane kugira ngo uhumeke, kandi umuvuduko w’icyo gitero utera umunaniro.

Uwo munaniro ushobora kumara amasaha menshi cyangwa ndetse n’umunsi umwe cyangwa ibiri nyuma y’igitero gikomeye. Kuruhuka ni ingenzi kugira ngo ukire, ariko vugana n’abaganga bawe niba umunaniro ukomeye ukomeza iminsi myinshi.

Q4: Stress yonyine ishobora gutera igitero cya asma?

Stress ishobora gutera ibitero bya asma mu bantu benshi, nubwo nta bintu bindi byagaragaye. Ibitekerezo bikomeye bituma uburyo bwo guhumeka buhinduka kandi bishobora kongera kubyimba mu nzira z’umwuka.

Kwigira uburyo bwo guhangana na stress nko guhumeka neza, gutekereza, cyangwa gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri bishobora kugabanya icyo gitero. Niba stress ari cyo kintu gikunze kukutera ibitero, tekereza kuvugana n’umujyanama ku buryo bwo guhangana.

Q5: Ndagomba kujya ku kazi cyangwa ku ishuri nyuma yo kugira igitero cya asma?

Ibi biterwa n’uburemere bw’igitero cyawe n’uko wakize. Niba uhumeka neza, ukaba maso, kandi ibipimo bya peak flow byasubiye mu buryo busanzwe, ushobora gusubira mu bikorwa bisanzwe.

Ariko kandi, niba ugifite ibibazo byo guhumeka, unaniwe, cyangwa ukoresha umuti wawe wo guhumeka kenshi, ni byiza kuruhuka no gukira neza. Iyo uhangayitse, vugana n’abaganga bawe ku gihe cyiza cyo gusubira mu buzima bwawe busanzwe.