Uburwayi bwa Autism Spectrum Disorder: Ibimenyetso, Intandaro, n’Ubuvuzi

Uburwayi bwa Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) ni uburwayi bw’iterambere bugira ingaruka ku buryo abantu bavugana, bahuza mu mibanire, no gusesengura isi ibabaho. Bwitwa “spectrum” kuko bigaragara mu buryo butandukanye kuri buri muntu, bamwe bakeneye ubufasha bwinshi mu buzima bwa buri munsi naho abandi bakabaho mu bwisanzure.

Ijambo “spectrum” rigaragaza ubwinshi bw’ibintu abantu bafite uburwayi bwa autism bahura na byo. Ushobora kumenya umuntu uvugana neza kandi udasanzwe mu mashuri, undi akaba adashobora kuvuga kandi akeneye ubufasha mu bikorwa bya buri munsi. Aya mahirwe yombi ni ingingo zikwiye mu buryo bwa autism spectrum.

Uburwayi bwa Autism Spectrum Disorder ni iki?

Uburwayi bwa Autism Spectrum Disorder ni uburwayi bw’iterambere bw’ubwonko butangira mu bwana kandi bukagumaho ubuzima bwose. Bugira ingaruka ku buryo ubwonko bwawe busezerera amakuru y’imibanire, itumanaho, n’ibintu by’ubwenge bikomoka ku isi ibagukikije.

Tekereza kuri autism nk’uburyo butandukanye bwo kubona no guhuza n’isi. Abantu bafite autism bakunze kugira imbaraga zidasanzwe hamwe n’ibice bakeneye ubufasha. Benshi barashoboye mu bice nko kumenya imiterere, kwitondera ibintu byinshi, cyangwa inyungu zihariye.

Uburwayi bugaragarira mu bwana, busanzwe ku myaka 2 cyangwa 3, nubwo hari ibimenyetso bishobora kugaragara hakiri kare. Kumenya hakiri kare no gufashwa bishobora gutanga impinduka ikomeye mu gufasha abantu bafite autism gutera imbere.

Ibimenyetso by’Uburwayi bwa Autism Spectrum Disorder ni ibihe?

Ibimenyetso bya autism bigabanywa mu byiciro bibiri by’ingenzi: ibibazo by’itumanaho mu mibanire n’imyitwarire isubiramo cyangwa inyungu zikomeye. Aya bimenyetso bishobora kuva ku bicye kugeza ku bikomeye, niyo mpamvu bwitwa spectrum.

Dore ibimenyetso bisanzwe by’itumanaho mu mibanire ushobora kubona:

• Kugorana mu biganiro byo gusubizanya cyangwa ibiganiro by’imibanire
• Kugorana gusobanukirwa ibimenyetso bitavugwa nka mimikira y’isura cyangwa imyifatire y’umubiri
• Kugorana guteza imbere no kubungabunga ubucuti bukwiye ku myaka yabo
• Kutareba mu maso cyangwa imiterere idasanzwe yo kureba mu maso
• Gutinda gutera imbere mu rurimi cyangwa imiterere idasanzwe y’imvugo
• Kugorana gusangira amarangamutima cyangwa inyungu n’abandi
• Kugorana mu mikino yo kwerekana cyangwa ibikorwa by’ubuhanga

Aya matandukaniro mu itumanaho ntibivuze ko umuntu ufite autism adashaka guhuza n’abandi. Bakunze kubikora, ariko bashobora kuba bakeneye uburyo butandukanye cyangwa igihe kinini cyo kubaka umubano.

Imyitwarire isubiramo n’inyungu zibandaho akenshi zirimo:

• Imyitwarire isubiramo nko guhagarara intoki, guhindagura, cyangwa guzunguruka
• Kwitondera cyane ibintu runaka cyangwa ibintu
• Gukeneye cyane gahunda kandi kugorana guhindura
• Imikorere idasanzwe ku majwi, ibintu, amatara, cyangwa ibindi bintu by’ubwenge
• Gushyira ibikinisho cyangwa ibintu mu buryo runaka
• Gusubiramo amagambo cyangwa imirongo (bita echolalia)
• Kwitondera ibice by’ibintu aho kwitondera ikintu cyose

Aya myitwarire akenshi aba afite intego z’ingenzi, nko gufasha umuntu kumva atekanye cyangwa guhangana n’ibintu bidasanzwe. Gusobanukirwa ibi bishobora kugufasha gusubiza ufite kwihangana n’ubufasha.

Bamwe mu bantu bafite autism barahura n’ibibazo byo gusesengura ibintu by’ubwenge. Bashobora kuba bafite ubukana cyane ku majwi, ibintu, amatara, cyangwa bashobora gushaka uburambe bukomeye bw’ubwenge nko gukanda cyane cyangwa guzunguruka.

Ubwoko bw’Uburwayi bwa Autism Spectrum Disorder ni ubuhe?

Autism ubu ifatwa nk’uburwayi bumwe bufite ibyiciro bitandukanye by’ubufasha aho kuba ubwoko butandukanye. Ariko rero, ushobora kumva amagambo akera abaganga bakoreshaga mbere yo gusobanukirwa autism nk’ikintu cya spectrum.

Uburyo bugezweho buvuga ibyiciro bitatu by’ubufasha:

• Icyiciro cya 1 (“Kenshi bakeneye ubufasha”): Abantu bashobora kuvuga no kubaho mu bwisanzure ariko bakeneye ubufasha mu mibanire no guhuza n’impinduka
• Icyiciro cya 2 (“Kenshi bakeneye ubufasha bukomeye”): Abantu bafite ibibazo by’itumanaho biboneka cyane kandi bakeneye ubufasha mu bikorwa bya buri munsi
• Icyiciro cya 3 (“Kenshi bakeneye ubufasha bukomeye cyane”): Abantu bafite ibibazo bikomeye by’itumanaho n’ibikorwa bya buri munsi kandi bakeneye ubufasha buhambaye

Ushobora kandi kumva amagambo akera nka Asperger's syndrome cyangwa PDD-NOS (Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified). Aya magambo ubu yose afatwa nk’igice cya autism spectrum, nubwo hari abantu bagikoresha aya magambo mu kuvuga ibyo bahura na byo.

Wibuke ko ubufasha bukeneye bushobora guhinduka uko igihe gihita n’uko ibintu bihinduka. Umuntu ashobora kuba akeneye ubufasha bwinshi mu bihe bitoroshye cyangwa ubufasha buke uko agenda agira uburyo bwo guhangana.

Intandaro y’Uburwayi bwa Autism Spectrum Disorder ni iyihe?

Autism isa n’aho iterwa n’imiterere y’imiryango n’ibintu by’ibidukikije, nubwo abashakashatsi bagikora ubushakashatsi kugira ngo basobanukirwe byose. Icyo tuzi ni uko bidaterwa n’uburyo bw’ababyeyi cyangwa inkingo.

Imiryango igira uruhare runini mu iterambere rya autism. Niba ufite umwana umwe ufite autism, hari amahirwe 10-20% y’uko umuvandimwe azaba ari muri spectrum. Kugira ababyeyi bakuze, cyane cyane ababyeyi b’abagabo barengeje imyaka 40, byongera amahirwe gato.

Bimwe mu bimenyetso by’imiryango bifitanye isano n’igipimo cyo kwaguka kwa autism, birimo:

• Fragile X syndrome
• Tuberous sclerosis
• Rett syndrome
• Amateka runaka y’ibintu by’imiryango

Ibintu by’ibidukikije mu gihe cyo gutwita bishobora kugira uruhare, nubwo ubushakashatsi bugikomeza. Ibi bishobora kuba imiti runaka, indwara, cyangwa ibibazo mu gihe cyo gutwita cyangwa kubyara.

Birakomeye kumenya ko autism idaterwa n’ibibazo by’amarangamutima, uburere bubi, cyangwa inkingo. Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwagaragaje ko inkingo zizewe kandi zidatera autism.

Ni ryari ukwiye kubona muganga kubera Uburwayi bwa Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Ukwiye kuvugana na muganga w’umwana wawe niba ubona ibimenyetso bya autism, cyane cyane niba umwana wawe adakora ibintu bisanzwe by’iterambere. Gusuzuma hakiri kare no gufashwa bishobora gutanga impinduka nyayo mu gufasha umwana wawe gutera imbere.

Hamagara muganga wawe niba umwana wawe agaragaza ibi bimenyetso hakiri kare:

• Kudakubita izina ryabo ku mezi 12
• Kudakomeza cyangwa guhagarara ku mezi 12
• Kudavuga amagambo amwe ku mezi 16
• Kudakina imikino yoroshye yo kwerekana ku mezi 18
• Kudakoresha imirongo ibiri y’amagambo ku mezi 24
• Kubura ururimi cyangwa ubuhanga bw’imibanire mu myaka yose

Ku bantu bakuru bakeka ko bashobora kuba bari muri autism spectrum, tekereza kuvugana n’umukozi w’ubuzima niba uhorana ibibazo by’itumanaho mu mibanire, ufite inyungu zikomeye, cyangwa ukeneye gahunda zikomeye kugira ngo wumve utekanye.

Abantu bakuru benshi basanga ari bo bafite autism nyuma y’imyaka myinshi, cyane cyane abagore, bakunze kudasuzumwa mu bwana. Nta kigero cy’imyaka cyo gusuzuma niba utekereza ko bishobora kugufasha gusobanukirwa neza.

Ibyago byo kwandura Uburwayi bwa Autism Spectrum Disorder ni ibihe?

Ibintu byinshi bishobora kongera amahirwe yo kwandura autism, nubwo kugira ibyago ntibivuze ko umuntu azagira uburwayi. Gusobanukirwa ibi bintu bishobora gufasha mu kumenya hakiri kare no gufashwa.

Ibyago by’ingenzi birimo:

• Amateka y’imiryango: Kugira umuvandimwe cyangwa umubyeyi ufite autism byongera amahirwe
• Amateka y’imiryango: Indwara runaka z’imiryango nka Fragile X syndrome
• Imyaka y’ababyeyi: Ababyeyi bakuze, cyane cyane ababyeyi b’abagabo barengeje imyaka 40
• Kubyarwa imburagihe: Kubyarwa mbere y’ibyumweru 35
• Kugira ibiro bike: Abana bapima munsi ya 5.5 ibiro bavutse
• Igitsina: Abahungu basuzumwa kenshi kurusha abakobwa inshuro zigera kuri kane

Ibintu bimwe na bimwe bijyanye no gutwita bishobora kongera ibyago, nubwo ubushakashatsi bugikomeza. Ibi birimo indwara zimwe na zimwe mu gihe cyo gutwita, gufata imiti runaka, cyangwa kugira ibibazo mu gihe cyo gutwita.

Birakwiye kuzirikana ko abakobwa n’abagore bakunze kudasuzuma kuko autism ishobora kugaragara mu buryo butandukanye mu bagore. Bashobora guhisha ibimenyetso byabo neza cyangwa bagira inyungu zisa n’ibisanzwe.

Ibibazo bishoboka by’Uburwayi bwa Autism Spectrum Disorder ni ibihe?

Nubwo autism ubwayo atari uburwayi bw’amahoro, abantu bari muri spectrum bashobora guhura n’ibibazo bimwe na bimwe bikeneye kwitabwaho no gufashwa. Gusobanukirwa ibi bibazo bishoboka bigufasha kumenya icyo ugomba kwitondera n’igihe ukwiye gushaka ubufasha.

Ibibazo bisanzwe bishobora kuvuka birimo:

• Ibibazo by’ubuzima bwo mu mutwe: Igipimo cyo kwaguka kwa imihangayiko, kwiheba, na ADHD
• Ibibazo byo kurara: Kugorana gusinzira cyangwa kurara
• Ibibazo byo mu gifu: Kubabara mu nda, ibibazo byo kurya, cyangwa ibibazo byo kurya
• Imihango: Abantu bagera kuri 25% bafite autism barwara indwara y’umwijima
• Kurenza urugero rw’ubwenge: Kurenza urugero rw’amajwi, amatara, cyangwa ibintu
• Imyitwarire yo kwangiza umubiri: Gukubita umutwe, gukubita, cyangwa kuruma igihe bababaye

Ibibazo by’imibanire n’uburezi bishobora kuvuka, birimo kugorana gukora inshuti, gutotezwa, cyangwa kugorana mu mashuri asanzwe. Ariko rero, hamwe n’ubufasha bukwiye no gusobanukirwa, ibyinshi muri ibi bibazo bishobora guhangana neza.

Bamwe mu bantu bafite autism baragira ubumuga bwo mu mutwe, abandi bakagira ubwenge busanzwe cyangwa burenze ubusanzwe. Ihuza ry’imbaraga n’ibibazo bya buri muntu ni ryo ryihariye, niyo mpamvu ubufasha bujyanye n’umuntu ku giti cye ari ingenzi cyane.

Uburwayi bwa Autism Spectrum Disorder bumenyekanwa gute?

Kumenya autism birimo isuzuma rirambuye rikorwa n’abahanga bahuguwe bareba imyitwarire n’imiterere y’iterambere. Nta kizami kimwe cy’ubuvuzi cya autism, bityo kumenya bikorwa hakurikijwe isuzumwa ry’ubwenge n’isuzuma.

Uburyo bwo kumenya busanzwe burimo intambwe nyinshi. Ubwa mbere, muganga wawe azakubaza ibibazo birambuye ku iterambere, imyitwarire, n’amateka y’imiryango. Azashaka kumenya ibintu by’ingenzi by’iterambere, imyitwarire igezweho, n’ibibazo byose wabonye.

Isuzuma ry’abahanga akenshi ririmo:

• Isuzuma ry’iterambere: Gusuzuma ubuhanga bw’itumanaho, imibanire, n’ubwenge
• Kureba imyitwarire: Kwitondera uburyo umwana wawe akina kandi akora
• Isuzuma ry’ubuvuzi: Gukuraho izindi ndwara no kureba ibibazo by’ubuzima bifitanye isano
• Ibizami by’umva n’iby’amaso: Kumenya ko ibibazo by’ubwenge bidatera ibibazo by’iterambere
• Isuzuma ry’imiryango: Rimwe na rimwe byasabwa kureba ibibazo bifitanye isano

Itsinda rishinzwe isuzuma rishobora kuba ririmo umuganga w’ubuvuzi bw’iterambere, umuhanga mu by’imitekerereze y’abana, umuhanga mu by’ururimi, n’umuhanga mu mirimo y’ubuzima. Buri muhanga azana ubuhanga butandukanye kugira ngo habeho ishusho yuzuye.

Ku bantu bakuru bashaka kumenya, uburyo ni bumwe ariko bugendera ku mikorere igezweho n’amateka y’ubwana. Abantu bakuru benshi basanga ari byiza kuzana abagize imiryango babamenye bakiri bato kugira ngo batange amakuru y’iterambere.

Ubuvuzi bw’Uburwayi bwa Autism Spectrum Disorder ni ubuhe?

Nta muti wa autism, ariko hari uburyo butandukanye bwo kuvura n’ubufasha bushobora gufasha abantu guteza imbere ubuhanga no guhangana n’ibibazo. Uburyo bwiza ni ubw’umuntu ku giti cye, bugendera ku mbaraga n’ibyo buri muntu akeneye.

Serivisi z’ubufasha hakiri kare ku bana bato akenshi zirimo:

• Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA): Kwigisha ubuhanga bushya no kugabanya imyitwarire igorana
• Ubuvuzi bw’ururimi: Guteza imbere ubuhanga bw’itumanaho, haba mu magambo cyangwa bitavuzwe
• Ubuvuzi bw’imirimo: Guteza imbere ubuhanga bwo kubaho mu buzima bwa buri munsi no guhangana n’ibibazo by’ubwenge
• Kwigisha ubuhanga bw’imibanire: Kwiga guhuza no kuvugana n’abandi
• Serivisi z’uburezi bwihariye: Ubufasha bwo kwiga bujyanye n’umuntu ku giti cye mu mashuri

Ku bamwe, imiti ishobora gufasha guhangana n’ibibazo bifitanye isano nko guhangayika, kwiheba, cyangwa ADHD. Ariko rero, nta miti ivura autism ubwayo.

Uburyo butandukanye nko kuvura umuziki, kuvura ubuhanzi, cyangwa kuvura bifashishije inyamaswa bishobora kandi kugira akamaro kuri bamwe. Ikintu nyamukuru ni ukubona icyakorera buri muntu ku giti cye.

Ubufasha bw’imiryango ni ingenzi cyane. Gahunda zo guhugura ababyeyi, amatsinda y’ubufasha, n’ubufasha bwo kuruhuka bishobora gufasha imiryango guhangana n’ibibazo no kwizihiza intsinzi hamwe.

Uburyo bwo gufasha mu rugo mu gihe cy’Uburwayi bwa Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Kurema ahantu heza mu rugo bishobora gutanga impinduka ikomeye mu gufasha umuntu ufite autism kumva atekanye kandi agira icyo ageraho. Impinduka nto n’uburyo buhoraho akenshi bitanga umusaruro mwiza.

Gahunda n’imikorere akenshi bifasha abantu bafite autism. Gerageza kubungabunga gahunda za buri munsi zihoraho, koresha gahunda z’amaso cyangwa kalendari, kandi witegure impinduka mbere igihe bishoboka.

Dore uburyo bwiza bwo gufasha umuntu ufite autism mu rugo:

• Kurema ahantu hatuje: Shyiraho ahantu hatuje aho bashobora kujya igihe bahangayitse
• Guhagarara ibintu by’ubwenge: Hindura amatara, kugabanya urusaku, cyangwa gutanga ibikoresho by’ubwenge nka fidget toys
• Koresha itumanaho risobanutse: Tanga amabwiriza yoroshye kandi yihuse kandi ubemereye igihe cyo gusesengura
• Kwishimira inyungu: Tera imbaraga kandi ushyiremo inyungu zabo zihariye mu kwiga no mu bikorwa
• Kubaka ku mbaraga: Shyira imbaraga ku byo bakora neza kandi ukoreshe ubuhanga bwabo mu guhangana n’ibibazo
• Komeza kwihangana: Reka igihe kinini cyo guhindura ibintu n’ibikorwa bishya

Wibuke ko imyitwarire igorana akenshi igaragaza ibyo umuntu akeneye cyangwa ibyiyumvo. Aho kwibanda gusa ku guhagarika imyitwarire, gerageza gusobanukirwa icyo umukunzi wawe ashobora kuba agerageza kukubwira.

Kwita kuri wowe ni ingenzi cyane. Shaka ubufasha mu zindi miryango, ufate akaruhuko igihe ukeneye, kandi wizihize intsinzi nto uko ugiye ubona.

Uko wakwitegura mu gihe ugiye kwa muganga?

Kwitabira neza igihe ugiye kwa muganga bifasha guhamya ko ubonye amakuru n’ubufasha byinshi. Gutegura gato bishobora gutuma ibiganiro byiza kandi bitagutera ubwoba.

Mbere y’igikorwa cyawe, komora amakuru y’ingenzi ku iterambere n’imyitwarire. Andika ingero zihariye z’ibyo wabonye, harimo igihe imyitwarire iba n’icyo gishobora kuyitera.

Zana ibi bintu mu gihe ugiye kwa muganga:

• Amateka y’iterambere: Inyandiko ku gihe ibintu by’ingenzi byagezweho (cyangwa bitagezweho)
• Ingero z’imyitwarire: Ingero zihariye z’imyitwarire itera impungenge cyangwa iyitandukanya
• Amateka y’ubuzima bw’imiryango: Amakuru ku autism cyangwa ibibazo bifitanye isano mu muryango
• Imiti igezweho: Urutonde rw’imiti cyangwa ibindi bintu bifashishwa
• Raporo z’ishuri: Ibitekerezo by’abarimu cyangwa isuzuma niba bihari
• Isuzuma ryakozwe mbere: Ibizami cyangwa isuzuma byamaze gukorwa

Tegura ibibazo byawe mbere y’igihe. Ushobora kwibaza ku serivisi zihabwa, icyo witeze mu isuzuma, cyangwa uko wabona ubufasha muri komini yawe.

Niba ujyanye umwana wawe, tekereza gutegura igikorwa cyawe mu gihe cyiza cy’umunsi. Zana ibintu bimutera amahoro cyangwa ibikorwa bishobora kumufasha kumva atekanye mu gihe cy’uruzinduko.

Icyo ukwiye kumenya cyane ku Burwayi bwa Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Uburwayi bwa Autism Spectrum Disorder ni uburwayi bw’iterambere bw’ubuzima bwose bugira ingaruka kuri buri muntu mu buryo butandukanye, ariko hamwe n’ubufasha bukwiye no gusobanukirwa, abantu bafite autism bashobora kubaho mu buzima buhimbaye. Ikintu nyamukuru ni ukumenya ko autism atari ikintu cyo gukiza, ahubwo ni uburyo butandukanye bwo kubona isi.

Kumenya hakiri kare no gufashwa bishobora gutanga impinduka ikomeye, ariko ntibikererwa gushaka ubufasha cyangwa kumenya. Uko waba uri umubyeyi ubona ibimenyetso mu mwana wawe cyangwa umuntu mukuru wibaza ibyawe, gushaka ubuyobozi bw’abahanga buhora ari intambwe nziza.

Wibuke ko autism ifite ibibazo n’imbaraga. Abantu benshi bafite autism bafite ubuhanga budasanzwe mu bice nko kumenya imiterere, kwitondera ibintu byinshi, cyangwa ubuhanga bukomeye mu nyungu zabo. Sosiyete igira inyungu iyo dufasha abantu bafite autism gukoresha impano zabo zihariye.

Ikintu cy’ingenzi ni ukugenda kuri autism ufite kwihangana, gusobanukirwa, no kwemera. Buri muntu ufite autism akwiye kubahiriza, gufashwa, no kugira amahirwe yo kugera ku bushobozi bwe bwuzuye mu buryo bwe bwite.

Ibibazo byakenshi bibazwa ku Burwayi bwa Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism ishobora kwirindwa?

Ubu, nta buryo buzwi bwo kwirinda autism kuko isa n’aho iterwa n’imiterere y’imiryango n’ibintu by’ibidukikije tudasobanukiwe neza. Ariko rero, gufashwa hakiri kare no gufashwa bishobora kunoza cyane ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi n’imibereho y’abantu bafite autism.

Inkingo zatera autism?

Oya, inkingo ntizatera autism. Ibi byarakozweho ubushakashatsi n’abahanga ku isi hose, kandi ubushakashatsi bunini bwinshi nta shusho yagaragaje hagati y’inkingo na autism. Inkingo zizewe kandi ni ingenzi mu kwirinda indwara zikomeye.

Abantu bafite autism bashobora kubaho mu bwisanzure?

Abantu benshi bafite autism bashobora kandi kubaho mu bwisanzure, gukora, kugira imibanire, no gutanga umusanzu mu muryango wabo. Urwego rw’ubwisanzure rutandukanye cyane bitewe n’imbaraga z’umuntu ku giti cye, ibibazo, n’ubufasha bumugeraho.

Autism iragaragara cyane ubu kurusha mbere?

Kumenya autism byazamutse cyane mu myaka mike ishize, ariko ibi bishobora kugaragaza ubwenge bwiza, uburyo bwiza bwo kumenya, no kongera uburyo bwo gusuzuma aho kuba ukwiyongera kw’uburwayi ubwayo. Abantu benshi batari kumenyekana mbere ubu baramenyekana kandi bafashwa.

Ibimenyetso bya autism bishobora kuzamuka uko igihe gihita?

Yego, abantu benshi bafite autism bagira uburyo bwiza bwo guhangana n’ibibazo n’ubuhanga uko igihe gihita, cyane cyane hamwe n’ubufasha bukwiye no gufashwa. Nubwo autism ari uburwayi bw’ubuzima bwose, abantu bashobora kwiga guhangana n’ibibazo neza no kubaka ku mbaraga zabo uko bakura.