Cancer

Cancer ivuga uburwayi ubwo aribwo bwose bwinshi bugaragazwa no gukura kw'uturemangingo tudasanzwe, twikubira mu buryo budakozwe kandi bufite ubushobozi bwo kwinjira no kurimbura imyanya y'umubiri isanzwe. Kanseri ikunze kugira ubushobozi bwo gukwirakwira mu mubiri wawe wose.

Kanseri ni yo ntandaro ya kabiri y'urupfu ku isi. Ariko umubare w'abarokoka ugenda uzamuka ku bwoko bwinshi bwa kanseri, kubera iterambere mu isuzuma rya kanseri, mu kuvura no kwirinda.

Ibimenyetso n'ibibonwa biterwa na kanseri bizahinduka bitewe n'igice cy'umubiri cyagizweho ingaruka. Bimwe mu bimenyetso rusange bifitanye isano na kanseri, ariko bitayiranga, birimo: Kwumva unaniwe; Ububyimba cyangwa ahantu hagabanyije ubushobozi bwo gukora neza hashobora kumvikana munsi y'uruhu; Ihindurwa ry'uburemere bw'umubiri, harimo igabanuka cyangwa kwiyongera bitateganijwe; Ihindurwa ry'uruhu, nko guhinduka umuhondo, umukara cyangwa umutuku w'uruhu, ibikomere bitakira, cyangwa ihindurwa ry'ibishusho byari bisanzwe; Ihindurwa ry'imyanya y'amara cyangwa umwanya w'inzira y'umwanya; Inkondo ihoraho cyangwa kugira ikibazo cyo guhumeka; Kugira ikibazo cyo kwishima; Guhindagurika kw'ijwi; Kugira ikibazo cyo kudya neza cyangwa kubabara nyuma yo kurya; Kubabara kw'imitsi cyangwa ingingo bidakira kandi bitazwi icyabiteye; Umuhango uhoraho, utari uzwi icyawuteye cyangwa ibinyabutabire byijoro; Ukuva amaraso cyangwa kwishima bitazwi icyabiteye. Fata gahunda yo kubonana na muganga wawe niba ufite ibimenyetso cyangwa ibintu byose bikomeza kukubabaza. Niba udafite ibimenyetso cyangwa ibintu, ariko uhangayikishijwe n'ingaruka za kanseri, banira impungenge zawe na muganga wawe. Baza ibizamini byo gupima kanseri n'uburyo bukwiriye kuri wowe.

Suzugura umuganga niba ufite ibimenyetso cyangwa ibipimo bidashira bikubangamiye.

Niba udafite ibimenyetso cyangwa ibipimo, ariko uhangayikishijwe n'ingaruka za kanseri, banira impungenge zawe n'umuganga wawe. Baza ibizamini byo gupima kanseri n'uburyo bikwiriye kuri wewe.

Cancer iterwaho n'impinduka (mutation) mu ADN iri mu turemangingo. ADN iri mu turemangingo iteranyirizwa mu mubare munini w'imirimo yigenga ya gene, buri imwe ikubiyemo amabwiriza agaragaza imirimo tugomba gukora, hamwe n'uburyo bwo gukura no kwisiga. Amakosa muri ayo mabwiriza ashobora gutuma akagira kahagarika imikorere yacyo isanzwe kandi gashobora gutuma akagira kaba kanseri. Impinduka ya gene ishobora kwigisha akagira gakomeye kugira ngo: Gukura vuba. Impinduka ya gene ishobora kubwira akagira gukura no kwisiga vuba. Ibi bituma habaho uturemangingo twinshi bifite iyo mpinduka. Kunanirwa guhagarika gukura kw'uturemangingo kutagenzurwa. Uturemangingo dusanzwe tuzi igihe cyo guhagarika gukura kugira ngo ugire umubare ukwiye w'ubwoko bwose bw'uturemangingo. Uturemangingo twa kanseri tutakara uburyo bwo kugenzura (imirimo ya gene ishinzwe guhagarika ubukura) bubabwira igihe cyo guhagarika gukura. Impinduka muri gene ishinzwe guhagarika ubukura ituma uturemangingo twa kanseri bikomeza gukura no kwiyongera. Gukora amakosa mu gusana amakosa ya ADN. Imikorere ya gene ishinzwe gusana ADN ishakisha amakosa muri ADN y'akagira kandi ikayasana. Impinduka muri gene ishinzwe gusana ADN bishobora kuba bivuze ko andi makosa atazakosorwa, bigatuma uturemangingo tuba kanseri. Izi mpinduka ni zo zihura cyane muri kanseri. Ariko hari izindi mpinduka nyinshi za gene zishobora gutera kanseri. Impinduka za gene zishobora kubaho kubera impamvu nyinshi, urugero: Impinduka za gene wavukanye. Ushobora kuvuka ufite impinduka ya gene wavomye ku babyeyi bawe. Ubu bwoko bw'impinduka bugira uruhare mu kigero gito cya kanseri. Impinduka za gene ziba nyuma yo kuvuka. Impinduka nyinshi za gene ziba nyuma yo kuvuka kandi ntiziragwa. Hari ibintu byinshi bishobora gutera impinduka za gene, nko kunywa itabi, imirasire, virusi, ibintu biterwa na kanseri (carcinogens), umubyibuho ukabije, imisemburo, kubabara igihe kirekire no kutagira imyitozo ngororamubiri. Impinduka za gene ziba kenshi mu gihe cyo gukura kw'uturemangingo bisanzwe. Ariko kandi, uturemangingo dufite uburyo bumenya igihe ikosa ribayeho kandi rikikosora. Rimwe na rimwe, ikosa riba ritabonwa. Ibi bishobora gutuma akagira kaba kanseri. Impinduka za gene wavukanye n'izo ubonamo mu buzima bwawe zikorera hamwe kugira ngo ziterane kanseri. Urugero, niba waragomye impinduka ya gene ikugiraho ingaruka zo kurwara kanseri, ntibivuze ko ugiye kurwara kanseri. Ahubwo, ushobora kuba ukeneye indi mpinduka imwe cyangwa nyinshi za gene kugira ngo uterwe kanseri. Impinduka yawe ya gene wavukanye ishobora gutuma ugira amahirwe yo kurwara kanseri kurusha abandi bantu iyo uhura n'ikintu runaka giterwa na kanseri. Ntabwo birasobanutse neza umubare w'impinduka zigomba kwiyongera kugira ngo kanseri iboneke. Birashoboka ko ibi bihinduka bitewe n'ubwoko bwa kanseri.

Nubwo abaganga bafite igitekerezo cy’ibyagutera ibyago byo kurwara kanseri, umubare munini w’abantu barwara kanseri nta bintu by’ibyago bizwi bafite. Ibintu bizwi ko byongera ibyago byo kurwara kanseri birimo:

Kanseri ishobora kumara imyaka myinshi ikura. Niyo mpamvu abantu benshi bapimwa kanseri bafite imyaka 65 cyangwa irenga. Nubwo ari yo ndwara igaragara cyane mu bantu bakuze, kanseri si indwara y’abantu bakuze gusa—kanseri ishobora kuvurwa mu kigero icyo ari cyo cyose.

Uburyo runaka bwo kubaho buzwiho kongera ibyago byo kurwara kanseri. Kuvuza itabi, kunywa inzoga zirenga imwe ku bagore n’izigera kuri ebyiri ku bagabo ku munsi, kwibasirwa n’izuba cyane cyangwa gushya cyane n’izuba, kuba ufite umubyibuho ukabije, no gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina idakingiye bishobora gutera kanseri.

Ushobora guhindura ayo mico kugira ngo ugabanye ibyago byo kurwara kanseri—nubwo imico imwe ari yo yoroshye guhindura kurusha indi.

Igice gito cyane cy’abantu barwara kanseri biterwa n’indwara baherwa mu muryango. Niba kanseri ari yo ndwara igaragara cyane mu muryango wanyu, birashoboka ko impinduka z’imiterere y’imborogongo ziri guherwa mu gisekuru kimwe kijya mu kindi. Ushobora kuba uri umukandida wo gupimwa imisemburo kugira ngo urebe niba ufite impinduka z’imiterere y’imborogongo zishobora kongera ibyago byo kurwara kanseri zimwe na zimwe. Ibuka ko kugira impinduka z’imiterere y’imborogongo zaherwe mu muryango ntibisobanura ko uzahita urwara kanseri.

Indwara zimwe na zimwe zidakira, nka ulcère colitis, zishobora kongera cyane ibyago byo kurwara kanseri zimwe na zimwe. Ganira n’umuganga wawe ku byago ufite.

Ikirere gikuzengurutse gishobora kuba kirimo ibintu byangiza bishobora kongera ibyago byo kurwara kanseri. Nubwo utavuza itabi, ushobora guhumeka umwotsi w’itabi niba ujya aho abantu bavuza itabi cyangwa niba ubana n’umuntu uvuza itabi. Ibintu biri mu rugo rwawe cyangwa aho ukora, nka azibestos na benzene, na byo bifitanye isano no kongera ibyago byo kurwara kanseri.

Kanseri n’ubuvuzi bwayo birashobora gutuma habaho ibibazo byinshi, harimo: Ububabare. Ububabare bushobora guterwa na kanseri cyangwa n’ubuvuzi bwa kanseri, nubwo si kanseri yose ibabaza. Imiti n’ubundi buryo bwo kuvura birashobora gukora neza mu kuvura ububabare bukomoka ku kanseri. Umunaniro. Umunaniro mu bantu bafite kanseri bufite impamvu nyinshi, ariko ushobora kugenzurwa. Umunaniro ukomeye ku bantu bavurwa na kemoterapi cyangwa radiyoterapi ni ibyumweru, ariko ubushera bukeya. Ikibazo cyo guhumeka. Kanseri cyangwa ubuvuzi bwa kanseri birashobora gutuma uhagaze nk’aho udashobora guhumeka neza. Ubuvuzi bushobora gutuma uhumura. Isesemi. Kanseri zimwe n’ubuvuzi bwa kanseri birashobora gutuma uhagaze nk’aho uri mu isesemi. Umuganga wawe ashobora kubibwira rimwe na rimwe niba ubuvuzi bwawe bushobora gutuma uhagaze nk’aho uri mu isesemi. Imiti n’ubundi buryo bwo kuvura birashobora kugufasha kwirinda cyangwa kugabanya isesemi. Kugira imyanda cyangwa guhinda. Kanseri n’ubuvuzi bwa kanseri birashobora kugira ingaruka ku nda yawe no gutuma uhagaze nk’aho uri mu myanda cyangwa guhinda. Kugabanuka kw’ibiro. Kanseri n’ubuvuzi bwa kanseri birashobora gutuma ugabanuka ibiro. Kanseri ikuraho ibiryo ku masero y’umubiri kandi ikaburaho ibirungo. Ibi ntibigaragara rimwe na rimwe bitewe n’ingano y’ibinyobwa cyangwa ubwoko bw’ibiryo byakiriwe; bigoranye kuvura. Mu bihe byinshi, gukoresha ibirungo by’imikino mu nda cyangwa mu maraso ntibyongera ibiro. Imihindagurikire y’imikorere y’umubiri. Kanseri irashobora gutuma imikorere y’umubiri itagira isesenguka kandi ikongera ubwoba bw’ibibazo bihambaye. Ibimenyetso n’ibimenyetso by’imikorere itagira isesenguka birashobora kuba harimo inyota nyinshi, kujya mu muryango kenshi, guhinda no kudakomeza. Ibibazo by’ubwonko n’umurizo. Kanseri irashobora gukandagira imirizo iri hafi kandi ikagira ububabare no kugira ikibazo cy’umubiri wawe. Kanseri igira icyo ikora mu bwonko irashobora gutuma uhagaze nk’aho uri mu ndwara y’umutima, harimo ubumuga ku ruhande rumwe rw’umubiri wawe. Ibimenyetso by’umurizo utari ukwiye ku kanseri. Mu bihe bimwe, umurizo w’umubiri ushobora kugira icyo ukora kubera kuba kanseri iriho no gukora ku masero meza. Bitwa paraneoplastic syndromes, ibi bimenyetso bitagaragara cyane birashobora gutuma habaho ibimenyetso n’ibimenyetso byinshi, harimo ikibazo cyo kugenda no kugira imivuduko. Kanseri ikwirakwira. Iyo kanseri yarushijeho kuba nini, irashobora kwirakwira (metastasize) mu bundi buryo bw’umubiri. Aho kanseri ikwirakwira bitewe n’ubwoko bw’ikanseri. Kanseri isubira. Abasubiza kanseri bafite ubwoba bwo kugaruka kanseri. Kanseri zimwe zishobora kugaruka kurusha izindi. Baza umuganga wawe ibyo ushobora gukora kugira ngo ugabanye ubwoba bwo kugaruka kanseri. Umuganga wawe ashobora kugutegeka gahunda yo kugenzura nyuma y’ubuvuzi. Iyi gahunda irashobora kuba harimo gusuzuma no kugenzura mu mezi n’imyaka nyuma y’ubuvuzi, kugira ngo ubone niba kanseri yasubije.

Abaganga bamenye uburyo bwinshi bwo kugabanya ibyago bya kanseri, nka:

• Reka kunywa itabi. Niba unywa itabi, reka. Niba utanywa itabi, ntukitangire. Kunywa itabi bifitanye isano n'ubwoko bwinshi bwa kanseri - atari kanseri y'ibihaha gusa. Guhagarika ubu bizagabanya ibyago bya kanseri mu gihe kizaza.
• Irinde izuba rirenze urugero. Imikoreshereze mibi y'izuba (UV) ishobora kongera ibyago bya kanseri y'uruhu. Gabanuka izuba uba mu gicucu, wambare imyenda ikurinda cyangwa ushire amavuta yo kwirinda izuba.
• Funga indyo yuzuye. Hitamo indyo yuzuye imbuto n'imboga. Hitamo ibinyamisogwe byuzuye na poroteyine nke. Gabanuka ifunguro ry'inyama zitunganyirijwe.
• Kora imyitozo ngororamubiri hafi iminsi yose y'icyumweru. Gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri buri gihe bifitanye isano no kugabanya ibyago bya kanseri. Gerageza gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri iminota nibura 30 hafi iminsi yose y'icyumweru. Niba utari ukoresha imyitozo ngororamubiri buri gihe, tanga buhoro buhoro maze ugerageze kugera ku minota 30 cyangwa irenga.
• Komeza ibiro byiza. Kuba ufite ibiro byinshi cyangwa ukaba ufite umubyibuho ukabije bishobora kongera ibyago bya kanseri. Shakisha uburyo bwo kugera no kubungabunga ibiro byiza binyuze mu guhuza indyo yuzuye n'imyitozo ngororamubiri buri gihe.
• Niba uhisemo kunywa inzoga, nywa mu rugero. Niba uhisemo kunywa inzoga, nywa mu rugero. Ku bantu bakuze bafite ubuzima bwiza, bisobanura inzoga imwe ku munsi ku bagore n'inzoga ebyiri ku munsi ku bagabo.
• Tegura ibizamini byo kwipimisha kanseri. Ganira na muganga wawe ku bwoko bw'ibizamini byo kwipimisha kanseri bikubereye hashingiwe ku byago byawe.
• Baza muganga wawe ibyerekeye inkingo. Virusi zimwe na zimwe zongera ibyago bya kanseri. Inkingo zishobora gufasha gukumira ibyo virusi, harimo hepatite B, izongera ibyago bya kanseri y'umwijima, na human papillomavirus (HPV), izongera ibyago bya kanseri y'inkondo y'umura n'izindi kanseri. Baza muganga wawe niba gukingirwa kuri ibyo virusi bikubereye.

Kumenya kanseri mu bihe byambere cyane bitanga uburyo bwiza bwo gukira. Ufite icyo mu bwenge, uganire na muganga wawe ku bwoko bwa kanseri ushobora gupimwa.

Kuri kanseri nke, ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko ibizamini byo gupima bishobora gukiza ubuzima binyuze mu kumenya kanseri hakiri kare. Kuri kanseri izindi, ibizamini byo gupima birabujijwe gusa ku bantu bafite ibyago byiyongereye.

Imiryango myinshi y’abaganga n’amatsinda yita ku barwayi bafite ibitekerezo n’amabwiriza yo gupima kanseri. Suzuma amabwiriza atandukanye hamwe na muganga wawe kandi hamwe muzamenya icyiza kuri wowe hashingiwe ku byago byawe bwite bya kanseri.

Muganga wawe ashobora gukoresha uburyo bumwe cyangwa birenga kugira ngo amenye kanseri:

• Isuzuma ngororamubiri. Muganga wawe ashobora kumva ibice byumubiri wawe kugira ngo arebe ibibyimba bishobora kugaragaza kanseri. Mu gihe cy’isuzuma ngororamubiri, muganga wawe ashobora gushaka ibitagenda neza, nko guhinduka kw’uruhu cyangwa kubyimba kw’umubiri, bishobora kugaragaza ubukoko bwa kanseri.
• Ibizamini bya Laboratwari. Ibizamini bya Laboratwari, nka urinaire n’amaraso, bishobora gufasha muganga wawe kumenya ibitagenda neza bishobora guterwa na kanseri. Urugero, mu bantu barwaye leukemiya, ikizamini gisanzwe cy’amaraso cyitwa igipimo cyuzuye cy’amaraso gishobora kugaragaza umubare utasanzwe cyangwa ubwoko bw’uturemangingo tw’amaraso yera.
• Ibizamini byo kubona amashusho. Ibizamini byo kubona amashusho bituma muganga wawe asuzuma amagufwa yawe n’imbere mu mubiri mu buryo budakomeretsa. Ibizamini byo kubona amashusho bikoresha mu kumenya kanseri bishobora kuba harimo scan ya tomografiya y’ikoranabuhanga (CT), scan y’amagufwa, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET) scan, ultrasound na X-ray, mu zindi.
• Biopsi. Mu gihe cy’ubuvuzi bwa biopsi, muganga wawe atoranya urugero rw’uturemangingo kugira ngo apimwe muri Laboratwari. Hari uburyo butandukanye bwo gutoranya urugero. Uburyo bwa biopsi bukubereye biterwa n’ubwoko bwa kanseri yawe n’aho iherereye. Mu bihe byinshi, biopsi ni bwo buryo bwonyine bwo kumenya neza kanseri.

Muri Laboratwari, abaganga bareba ibipimo by’uturemangingo munsi y’ikirahure. Uturemangingo dusanzwe tugaragara kimwe, ufite ubunini bumwe kandi buteguye neza. Uturemangingo twa kanseri tugaragara bidateguye, ufite ubunini butandukanye kandi budafite ishingiro.

Biopsi. Mu gihe cy’ubuvuzi bwa biopsi, muganga wawe atoranya urugero rw’uturemangingo kugira ngo apimwe muri Laboratwari. Hari uburyo butandukanye bwo gutoranya urugero. Uburyo bwa biopsi bukubereye biterwa n’ubwoko bwa kanseri yawe n’aho iherereye. Mu bihe byinshi, biopsi ni bwo buryo bwonyine bwo kumenya neza kanseri.

Muri Laboratwari, abaganga bareba ibipimo by’uturemangingo munsi y’ikirahure. Uturemangingo dusanzwe tugaragara kimwe, ufite ubunini bumwe kandi buteguye neza. Uturemangingo twa kanseri tugaragara bidateguye, ufite ubunini butandukanye kandi budafite ishingiro.

Iyo kanseri imaze kumenyekana, muganga wawe azagerageza kumenya uko kanseri yawe yagwiriye (icyiciro). Muganga wawe akoresha icyiciro cya kanseri yawe kugira ngo amenye uburyo bwo kuvura n’amahirwe yawe yo gukira.

Ibizamini n’uburyo bwo gupima bishobora kuba harimo ibizamini byo kubona amashusho, nka scan y’amagufwa cyangwa X-ray, kugira ngo urebe niba kanseri yagwiriye mu bindi bice by’umubiri.

Icyiciro cya kanseri kigaragazwa nimibare kuva kuri 0 kugeza kuri 4, ikunze kwandikwa nk’inumero z’Abaroma kuva kuri 0 kugeza kuri IV. Imibare myinshi igaragaza kanseri ikomeye. Kuri zimwe mu bwoko bwa kanseri, icyiciro cya kanseri kigaragazwa hifashishijwe inyuguti cyangwa amagambo.