Uburwayi bwo Kutavuga neza mu Bana: Ibimenyetso, Intandaro, n’Uko Bavurwa

Uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza mu bana (Childhood apraxia of speech) ni uburwayi butuma umwana atavuga neza nubwo azi icyo ashaka kuvuga. Ni nk’aho afite indirimbo mu mutwe ariko agakora ikibazo cyo kuyiririmba neza. Ubu burwayi bugira ingaruka ku buryo ubwonko butuma imitsi ikoreshwa mu kuvuga ikora.

Butandukanye n’izindi ndwara zituma abana batavuga neza, aho umwana ashobora kutavuga neza ijwi rimwe, abana bafite ubu burwayi bavuga ijambo rimwe mu buryo butandukanye buri gihe.

Ni ibihe bimenyetso by’uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza mu bana?

Ibimenyetso by’uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza mu bana bishobora gutandukana cyane, ariko hari ibimenyetso by’ingenzi. Umwana wawe ashobora kugaragaza ibimenyetso bitandukanye, kandi bishobora guhinduka uko umwana akura.

Dore ibimenyetso bisanzwe ushobora kubona:

• Umwana wawe avuga amagambo mu buryo butandukanye, akavuga ijambo rimwe mu buryo butandukanye buri gihe
• Agira ikibazo cyo guhuza amajwi mu magambo
• Ubona ko ashimangira ibice bitari byo by’amagambo cyangwa akavuga mu buryo budasanzwe
• Amagambo yoroshye aba agoye kuvuga iyo ari mu muryango muremure w’amagambo
• Ashobora kumva ibyo umubwira byose ariko agakora ikibazo cyo kwivuga
• Umwana wawe asa n’aho ari gushaka uburyo bwo kuvuga, agerageza imyanya itandukanye yo kuvuga amajwi
• Ashobora kuba afite uburyo bworoshye bwo kuvuga nk’uririmba cyangwa kubara kurusha kuvuga mu biganiro bisanzwe

Bamwe mu bana bafite ubu burwayi bagaragaza ibimenyetso bidafite akamaro, nk’ikibazo cyo kurya nk’abana bato, gutinda gufata amajwi, cyangwa kugira ikibazo cyo gukoresha intoki neza.

Icyo kigoye cyane ni uko ibimenyetso bishobora kugaragara mu buryo butandukanye umunsi ku munsi. Umwana wawe ashobora kuvuga ijambo neza mu gitondo akagira ikibazo kuriryo jambo nyuma ya saa sita.

Ni izihe ubwoko bw’uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza mu bana?

Uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza mu bana busanzwe bugabanywa mu byiciro bibiri by’ingenzi hashingiwe ku cyabuteye. Gusobanukirwa ubwoko bwabyo bishobora kugufasha wowe n’abaganga bawe kubona uburyo bwiza bwo kuvura umwana wawe.

Ubwoko bwa mbere ni uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza mu bana budasobanuka (idiopathic childhood apraxia of speech). Ibi bivuze ko nta ntandaro isobanutse abaganga bashobora kumenya. Abana benshi bafite ubu burwayi baba muri iki cyiciro, kandi nubwo bishobora kuba bibi kutamenya impamvu, ubu bwoko busanzwe buvurwa neza n’ubuvuzi bw’amagambo.

Ubwoko bwa kabiri bujyana n’izindi ndwara z’imitsi cyangwa indwara z’impyiko. Ibi bishobora kuba harimo indwara nk’uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza mu bana (childhood dysarthria), uburwayi bwo kugira ikibazo cyo kugenda (cerebral palsy), cyangwa indwara z’impyiko. Muri ubwo buryo, uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza ni kimwe mu bimenyetso byinshi.

Bamwe mu bavura indwara z’amagambo bavuga ku burwayi bwo kutavuga neza buke, buciriritse, cyangwa bukomeye hashingiwe ku buryo bugira ingaruka ku mibereho y’umwana wawe. Iyi gusesengura ifasha mu kuyobora ubuvuzi n’intego.

Ni iki giteye uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza mu bana?

Intandaro nyayo y’uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza mu bana ntisobanutse neza, ariko abashakashatsi bemeza ko biterwa n’ibibazo mu bice by’ubwonko bigengwa n’imikorere y’imitsi ikoreshwa mu kuvuga. Ni nk’aho hari ikibazo hagati y’ikibanza cyo gutegura amagambo mu bwonko n’imitsi ikwiye gukorana.

Hari ibintu byinshi bishobora gutera iyi ndwara:

• Ibintu by’impyiko bigira uruhare mu bihe bimwe, cyane cyane iyo abandi bantu bo mu muryango bafite ibibazo byo kuvuga cyangwa imvugo
• Gutandukana kw’ubwonko mu bice bishinzwe gutegura no guhuza imitsi ikoreshwa mu kuvuga
• Indwara zimwe z’impyiko nk’indwara ya galactosemia cyangwa indwara za mitochondrial
• Imvune z’ubwonko ziterwa n’indwara, ubwandu, cyangwa imvune, nubwo ibi bidafite akamaro
• Ibibazo by’impyiko cyangwa indwara z’impyiko

Mu bihe bidafite akamaro, uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza bushobora kuza nyuma y’imvune y’ubwonko cyangwa indwara, ariko abana benshi bavukana ibibazo by’imitsi bitera iyi ndwara. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko nta kintu wakoze cyangwa utakoreye mu gihe cyo gutwita cyateye uburwayi bw’umwana wawe.

Icy’ingenzi ni uko, uko byagenda kose, kuvurwa hakiri kare no kuvurwa neza bishobora kugira uruhare rukomeye mu iterambere ry’umwana wawe.

Ni ryari ukwiye kujya kwa muganga kubera uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza mu bana?

Ukwiye guhamagara muganga wawe niba umwana wawe atagera ku ntambwe zisanzwe zo kuvuga cyangwa niba uhangayikishijwe n’iterambere rye ry’imvugo. Gira icyo wizeye nk’umubyeyi – uzi umwana wawe kurusha abandi.

Dore bimwe mu bihe byihariye bikwiye kuganira na muganga wawe:

• Umwana wawe afite amagambo make cyane afite imyaka 2
• Abantu bo mu muryango bakunze kutamenya icyo umwana wawe ashaka kuvuga
• Umwana wawe asa n’aho ahangayitse iyo agerageza kuvuga
• Ubona ko yumva byinshi kurusha ibyo ashobora kuvuga
• Ivugo rye risa n’aho riri kugenda riba ribi kurushaho aho kuba rizamuka
• Yirinda kuvuga cyangwa asa n’aho adashaka kugerageza amagambo mashya

Kuri bamwe mu bana, hari ibimenyetso by’inyongera bikwiye kwitabwaho vuba. Ibi birimo kutavuga na rimwe afite amezi 15-18, gutakaza amagambo yari azi, cyangwa kugaragaza igabanuka rikomeye mu bushobozi bwo kuvuga.

Kumenya hakiri kare ntibisobanura ko hari ikibazo, ahubwo bishobora gutuma umutima utuje kandi bikabuza umwana wawe gufashwa niba ari ngombwa. Abaganga benshi bashobora kukwerekeza ku muhanga mu kuvura indwara z’amagambo kugira ngo akore isuzuma rirambuye.

Ni ibihe bintu byongera ibyago byo kurwara uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza mu bana?

Hari ibintu byinshi bishobora kongera ibyago byo kurwara uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza mu bana, nubwo kuba ufite ibyo bintu ntibisobanura ko umwana wawe azabirwara. Kubisobanukirwa bishobora gufasha mu kumenya hakiri kare no kuvurwa.

Ibintu byongera ibyago by’ingenzi birimo:

• Amateka y’umuryango afite ibibazo byo kuvuga, imvugo, cyangwa kwiga
• Kuvuka imburagihe cyangwa kuba ufite ibiro bike uvuka
• Kugira izindi ndwara z’iterambere cyangwa ubumuga
• Indwara zimwe z’impyiko cyangwa ibibazo by’impyiko
• Imvune z’ubwonko cyangwa indwara zigira ingaruka ku bice byo kuvuga
• Kumenyekanaho uburozi cyangwa imiti mu gihe cyo gutwita

Ubushakashatsi bumwe bugaragaza ko abahungu bashobora kuba bafite ibyago byinshi byo kurwara uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza kurusha abakobwa, nubwo iyi ndwara igira ingaruka ku bana b’abahungu n’abakobwa. Byongeye kandi, abana bafite uburwayi bwo kutumva neza (autism spectrum disorders) cyangwa izindi ndwara z’iterambere bashobora kuba bafite amahirwe menshi yo kurwara uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza.

Ni ngombwa kuzirikana ko abana benshi bafite uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza badafite ibyo bintu byongera ibyago, kandi abana benshi bafite ibyo bintu ntibagira ibibazo byo kuvuga. Iterambere ry’umwana wese ni ryarwo.

Ni ibihe bibazo bishobora guterwa n’uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza mu bana?

Nubwo uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza mu bana ari uburwayi bwo kuvuga, rimwe na rimwe bushobora gutera ibindi bibazo niba budavuwe neza. Gusobanukirwa ibyo bishoboka bishobora kugufasha kumenya icyo ukwiye kwitondera n’igihe ukwiye gushaka ubufasha bundi.

Ibibazo bisanzwe ushobora guhura na byo birimo:

• Ibibazo byo kwiga, cyane cyane mu gusoma no kwandika
• Ibibazo by’imibanire n’abandi bitewe n’ikibazo cyo kuvuga
• Kugira icyizere gito cyangwa ibibazo by’icyizere gifitanye isano no kuvuga
• Ibibazo by’imyitwarire biterwa n’ikibazo cyo kuvuga
• Ikibazo cyo gukoresha intoki neza bifasha mu kwandika
• Ibibazo by’imibanire n’abandi n’abantu bagenzi babo

Mu bihe bimwe, abana bashobora kugira ibibazo by’inyongera nk’ukurwanya ishuri cyangwa guhangayika mu bihe byo kuvuga. Ibyo bisubizo by’amarangamutima bisobanuka ariko bishobora kuvurwa neza n’ubufasha n’ubuvuzi.

Inkuru nziza ni uko, hamwe n’ubuvuzi bukwiye n’ubufasha, abana benshi bafite uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza bashobora kugira ubushobozi bwo kuvuga neza kandi bakirinda ibyo bibazo byinshi. Kuvurwa hakiri kare ni ingenzi mu gukumira cyangwa kugabanya ibyo bibazo.

Uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza mu bana bushobora gukumirwa gute?

Ikibabaje ni uko nta buryo bwo gukumira uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza mu bana buzwi kuko busanzwe biterwa n’ibibazo by’imitsi biba bihari kuva umwana avutse. Ariko hari intambwe ushobora gutera mu gushyigikira iterambere rusange ry’umwana wawe no kumenya ibibazo hakiri kare.

Mu gihe cyo gutwita, kwitaho neza mu gihe cyo gutwita, kwirinda inzoga n’ibiyobyabwenge, no gukurikiza amabwiriza y’abaganga bishobora gushyigikira iterambere rusange ry’ubwonko bw’umwana wawe. Nyuma yo kuvuka, gutanga ibidukikije byiza by’imvugo hamwe n’ibiganiro byinshi, gusoma, no guhuza bifasha abana bose guteza imbere ubushobozi bwabo bwo kuvuga.

Icy’ingenzi cyane ushobora gukora ni ukuba maso ku ntambwe z’iterambere ry’umwana wawe no gushaka ubufasha hakiri kare niba ufite impungenge. Kumenya hakiri kare no kuvurwa bishobora kunoza cyane ibyavuye, nubwo bidashobora gukumira iyi ndwara.

Kujya kwa muganga buri gihe bifasha kandi mu kumenya ibibazo by’iterambere no kubikemura vuba, bigatuma umwana wawe abona ubufasha bwiza mu rugendo rwe rwo kuvuga.

Uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza mu bana busezererwa gute?

Kumenya uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza mu bana bisaba isuzuma rirambuye ryakozwe n’umuhanga mu kuvura indwara z’amagambo. Nta kizami kimwe cyo kumenya ubu burwayi, bityo kumenya ubu burwayi bishingiye ku kureba ibimenyetso byihariye mu buryo umwana wawe avuga no kuyobora akanwa ke.

Uburyo bwo gusuzuma busanzwe burimo ibice byinshi. Umuhanga mu kuvura indwara z’amagambo azasuzumira ubushobozi bw’umwana wawe bwo gukoresha akanwa, arebe uko ashobora kuyobora ururimi, iminwa, n’umunwa mu kuvuga no mu bikorwa bitari ibyo kuvuga nk’gufata umwuka cyangwa guhanagura.

Mu gihe cyo gusuzuma, umuvuzi azasuzumira kandi uburyo umwana wawe avuga amajwi, arebe uko ashobora kuvuga amajwi atandukanye n’amagambo. Azumva uburyo butari bwo bugaragara cyane mu burwayi bwo kutavuga neza.

Isuzuma rishobora kandi kuba ririmo ibizamini bisanzwe, kureba uko umwana wawe akina, n’amateka arambuye y’iterambere ry’umwana wawe. Rimwe na rimwe, ibizamini by’inyongera nk’ibizamini byo kumva cyangwa inama n’abandi bahanga bashobora gusabwa kugira ngo habeho gukuraho izindi ndwara.

Kumenya neza uburwayi bishobora gutwara igihe, cyane cyane mu bana bato aho uburyo bwo kuvuga bugikura. Umuhanga mu kuvura indwara z’amagambo ashobora gushaka kubona umwana wawe inshuro nyinshi kugira ngo abone ishusho yuzuye y’ubushobozi bwe bwo kuvuga.

Ni iki kivura uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza mu bana?

Ubuvuzi bw’uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza mu bana bushingiye ku buvuzi bukomeye bw’amagambo bukozwe n’umuhanga mu kuvura indwara z’amagambo. Uburyo bwifashishwa bugamije gufasha umwana wawe guteza imbere uburyo bwo gutegura no guhuza imitsi ikenewe mu kuvuga neza.

Ubuvuzi bwiza bw’uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza busanzwe burimo ibi bintu by’ingenzi:

• Inama z’ubuvuzi buhoraho, kenshi incuro 3-5 mu cyumweru mu ntangiriro
• Uburyo bwo kuvura bukoresha ibyiyumviro byinshi, amajwi, n’ibintu byangwa
• Kumenyereza gahoro gahoro uhereye ku majwi yoroshye ukubaka amagambo agoye
• Kugira inama zihita zigira uruhare mu gufasha umwana wawe kwiga uburyo bwiza bwo kuyobora imitsi
• Ibikorwa byo kumenyereza mu rugo kugira ngo bikomeze ibyigishijwe mu buvuzi
• Uburyo bwo kuvuga butandukanye niba ari ngombwa, nko gukoresha ururimi rw’amarembo cyangwa ibikoresho byo kuvuga

Bamwe mu bana bashobora kungukirwa n’uburyo bundi nk’ubuvuzi bw’umuziki cyangwa ikoranabuhanga rifashwa. Mu bihe uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza bujyana n’izindi ndwara, umwana wawe ashobora gukorana n’itsinda ry’abahanga barimo abavura indwara z’amagambo, abavura indwara z’imitsi, cyangwa abaganga b’abana.

Igihe cyo kuvurwa gitandukana cyane ukurikije umwana. Bamwe mu bana bagaragaza iterambere ryihuse, abandi bakeneye ubufasha buhoraho mu myaka yabo y’ishuri. Icy’ingenzi ni ugukomeza ubuvuzi buhoraho, bufite ireme buhuye n’ibyo umwana wawe akeneye.

Uko watanga ubufasha mu rugo mu gihe cyo kuvura uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza mu bana

Uruhare rwawe nk’umubyeyi mu gushyigikira iterambere ry’umwana wawe ry’imvugo ni ingenzi cyane. Nubwo ubuvuzi bw’umwuga ari ingenzi, ibyo ukora mu rugo bishobora kongera cyane iterambere n’icyizere cy’umwana wawe.

Dore uburyo bwiza bwo gushyigikira umwana wawe mu rugo:

• Kumenyereza ibikorwa byategetswe n’umuhanga mu kuvura indwara z’amagambo buri gihe
• Kurema ibidukikije byiza aho umwana wawe yumva afite umutekano wo kugerageza amajwi mashya
• Koresha ibimenyetso by’amaso, imitoma, cyangwa amafoto mu gushyigikira imvugo
• Guha umwana wawe igihe cyinshi cyo kwivuga utamukubise
• Kishima ibyiza n’iterambere, uko byaba bito kose
• Gusoma hamwe buri munsi, kwerekana amagambo n’amajwi
• Kwereka imvugo isobanutse kandi ihuta kugira ngo umwana wawe ayigane

Ni ngombwa kandi gukorana n’itsinda ry’ishuri ry’umwana wawe kugira ngo habeho ubumwe hagati y’urugo, ubuvuzi, n’ishuri. Abana benshi bungukirwa no gukoresha ingamba zisa mu turere twose.

Zirikana ko iterambere rishobora kuba ridafite umuvuduko kandi rimwe na rimwe rigatuma umuntu ahangayika. Umurimo wawe wo gufasha, gushyigikira, no guharanira umwana wawe ugira uruhare rukomeye mu rugendo rwe rwo kuvuga neza.

Uko wakwitegura kujya kwa muganga

Kwitoza kujya kwa muganga bishobora gufasha mu kubona amakuru n’ubufasha byiza ku mwana wawe. Gufata umwanya wo gutegura ibitekerezo byawe n’ibyo wabonye mbere bizatuma uruzinduko rwawe ruba rwiza.

Mbere y’uruzinduko rwawe, ni byiza kwandika impungenge zawe ku mvugo n’imvugo y’umwana wawe. Andika igihe watangiye guhangayika n’impinduka wabonye uko igihe gihita.

Teganya kuzana ibi bintu by’ingenzi:

• Urutonde rw’amagambo n’imigani umwana wawe akoresha buri gihe
• Inyandiko ku mateka y’umuryango afite ibibazo byo kuvuga, imvugo, cyangwa kwiga
• Ibibazo ku iterambere, uburyo bwo kuvura, n’icyo witeze
• Raporo z’isuzuma ryabanje cyangwa inyandiko z’ubuvuzi
• Ingero z’imvugo y’umwana wawe, nka videwo
• Amakuru ku mateka y’ivuka ry’umwana wawe n’iterambere rye rya mbere

Ntugatinye kubabaza ibyo utazi. Ibibazo byiza bishobora kuba birimo kubabaza ibyerekeye uburyo bwo kuvura, igihe witeze, uko ushyigikira umwana wawe mu rugo, n’ibikoresho biri mu karere kawe.

Niba bishoboka, gerageza gutegura gahunda mu gihe umwana wawe asanzwe ari maso kandi afite ubushake, kuko bizatanga ishusho nyayo y’ubushobozi bwe.

Icy’ingenzi ku burwayi bwo kutavuga neza mu bana

Uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza mu bana ni uburwayi bugoye ariko buvurwa bugira ingaruka ku buryo abana bahuza imitsi yabo y’amagambo kugira ngo bavuge amagambo neza. Nubwo bishobora kuba bibi ku bana n’imiryango, icyizere ni cyiza hamwe n’ubuvuzi bukwiye n’ubufasha.

Kumenya hakiri kare no kuvurwa byihuse by’amagambo ni byo bintu by’ingenzi mu gufasha abana bafite uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza guteza imbere ubushobozi bwo kuvuga neza. Buri mwana atera imbere mu buryo bwe, kandi hamwe n’ubwihangane n’ubufasha buhoraho, abana benshi bashobora kwiga kuvuga neza.

Zirikana ko kugira uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza ntibigaragaza ubwenge bw’umwana wawe cyangwa ubushobozi bwe. Abana benshi bafite uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza bagira iterambere ryiza mu ishuri no mu mibanire n’abandi hamwe n’ubufasha bukwiye.

Uruhare rwawe nk’umuvugizi, umushyigikiye, n’umufatanyabikorwa mu rugendo rw’umwana wawe rwo kuvurwa ni ingenzi cyane. Gira icyo wizeye,ishima ibyiza bito, kandi wibuke ko iterambere mu kuvura uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza busanzwe buza mu buryo butandukanye aho kuba mu buryo bumwe.

Ibibazo byakunze kubazwa ku burwayi bwo kutavuga neza mu bana

Ese umwana wanjye ufite uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza azavuga neza?

Abana benshi bafite uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza bashobora guteza imbere ubushobozi bwo kuvuga neza hamwe n’ubuvuzi bukwiye n’ubufasha. Nubwo bamwe mu bana bashobora kugira ibibazo bike mu buryo bwabo bwo kuvuga, abenshi bashobora kuvuga neza mu buzima bwa buri munsi. Ibintu by’ingenzi ni kuvurwa hakiri kare, ubuvuzi buhoraho, n’ubufasha bw’umuryango mu gihe cyose.

Uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza butandukaniye he n’izindi ndwara zituma abana batavuga neza?

Uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza bugira ingaruka ku bushobozi bw’ubwonko bwo gutegura no guhuza imitsi ikoreshwa mu kuvuga, bigatuma habaho amakosa adahwitse n’ikibazo cyo kuvuga mu buryo budasanzwe. Izindi ndwara zituma abana batavuga neza zishobora kuba zirimo gusimbuza amajwi cyangwa gutinda guteza imbere imvugo, ariko abana bafite uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza bazi icyo bashaka kuvuga ariko bagira ikibazo cyo kubitegura neza.

Ese abana bafite uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza bashobora kugira amanota meza mu ishuri?

Yego, abana benshi bafite uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza bashobora kugira amanota meza mu mashuri asanzwe hamwe n’ubufasha bukwiye. Bashobora kuba bakeneye ubuvuzi bw’amagambo, ubufasha mu bibazo byo kuvuga, kandi rimwe na rimwe uburyo bwo kuvuga butandukanye. Abana benshi bafite uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza bafite ubwenge busanzwe kandi bashobora kugira amanota meza mu ishuri hamwe n’ubufasha bukwiye.

Ubuvuzi bw’amagambo bw’uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza busanzwe buramara igihe kingana iki?

Igihe cyo kuvurwa gitandukana cyane bitewe n’uburemere bw’uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza n’uko umwana asubiza neza ku buvuzi. Bamwe mu bana bashobora kuba bakeneye ubuvuzi bukomeye imyaka myinshi, abandi bakeneye ubufasha mu myaka yabo y’ishuri. Umuvuduko usanzwe utangira ukaba mwinshi kandi ushobora kugabanuka uko umwana ateza imbere uburyo bwo kuyobora imitsi.

Ese nkwiye gukoresha ururimi rw’amarembo cyangwa ibikoresho byo kuvuga hamwe n’umwana wanjye?

Uburyo bwo kuvuga butandukanye bushobora gufasha cyane abana bafite uburwayi bwo kutavuga neza, cyane cyane mu ntangiriro z’ubuvuzi. Gukoresha amarembo, amafoto, cyangwa ibikoresho byo kuvuga ntibyabuza iterambere ry’imvugo ahubwo bibishyigikira bituma umwana adahangayika kandi bimuha uburyo bwo kuvuga mu gihe akora ku bushobozi bwe bwo kuvuga. Umuhanga mu kuvura indwara z’amagambo ashobora gufasha mu kumenya uburyo bwaba bwiza ku mwana wawe.