Diabete ni iki? Ibimenyetso, Intandaro, n’Ubuvuzi

Diabete ni uburwayi aho umubiri wawe udashobora kugenzura neza urwego rw’isukari mu maraso. Tekereza ko ari nk’aho sisitemu y’ingufu z’umubiri wawe ikeneye ubufasha bwiyongereye kugira ngo ikore neza.

Iyo urya, umubiri wawe uhindura ibyo kurya bikaba glucose (isukari) kugira ngo ubone imbaraga. Ubusanzwe, hormone yitwa insuline ifasha iyi sukari kwinjira mu mitsi yawe. Mu gihe ufite diabete, umubiri wawe ntabwo ukora insuline ihagije cyangwa ntushobora kuyikoresha neza, bityo isukari ikarushaho kwiyongera mu maraso aho kuba imbaraga z’imisemburo yawe.

Diabete ni iki?

Diabete ibaho iyo glucose mu maraso yawe igumye hejuru cyane igihe kirekire. Pancreas yawe, umusemburo muto uri inyuma y’igifu, ubusanzwe ikora insuline ifasha glucose kwinjira mu mitsi yawe kugira ngo ubone imbaraga.

Hari ubwoko butandukanye bwa diabete, ariko byose bifite ikibazo kimwe cyo kugenzura isukari mu maraso. Inkuru nziza ni uko, ubufasha bukwiye n’impinduka mu mibereho, abantu bafite diabete bashobora kubaho ubuzima burebure kandi bwiza.

Abanyamerika barenga miliyoni 37 bafite diabete, rero nturi wenyine niba ufite iki kibazo. Byarushijeho kuba ibintu bisanzwe, ariko ubumenyi bw’abaganga n’uburyo bwo kuvura byarushijeho gutera imbere cyane mu myaka yashize.

Ni ibihe bwoko bwa Diabete?

Diabete yo mu bwoko bwa mbere ibaho iyo sisitemu y’ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri wawe itera ibitero ku mitsi yo muri pancreas yawe ikora insuline. Ibi bivuze ko umubiri wawe ukora insuline nke cyangwa nta yo ukora, bikaba ngombwa ko uhabwa inshinge za insuline buri munsi kugira ngo ubashe kubaho.

Diabete yo mu bwoko bwa kabiri itera iyo umubiri wawe ubaye intambamyi kuri insuline cyangwa ntukore ihagije. Ni bwoko bwinshi, bugera kuri 90-95% by’abantu bafite diabete, kandi akenshi itera buhoro buhoro mu myaka myinshi.

Diabete yo mu gihe cyo gutwita iba mu gihe cyo gutwita iyo impinduka z’imisemburo zigoye insuline gukora neza. Akenshi iracika nyuma yo kubyara, ariko yongera ibyago byo kurwara diabete yo mu bwoko bwa kabiri mu myaka y’ubuzima.

Hari kandi andi moko ya diabete adakunze kugaragara nka MODY (Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young), iterwa n’impinduka mu mbaraga, na diabete y’ubundi burwayi iterwa n’izindi ndwara cyangwa imiti igira ingaruka kuri pancreas.

Ni ibihe bimenyetso bya Diabete?

Ibimenyetso bya mbere bya diabete bishobora kuba bito kandi byoroshye kubyitiranya n’umunaniro wa buri munsi cyangwa umunaniro uterwa n’akaga. Umubiri wawe ukora cyane kugira ngo ugenzure isukari nyinshi mu maraso, ibyo bikaba bishobora gutuma wumva unaniwe kandi udameze neza.

Ibimenyetso bisanzwe ushobora kubona birimo:

• Umukama mwinshi no kenshi kujya kwinnya, cyane cyane nijoro
• Umunaniro udakunze kugaragara udatakaza n’aho waruhuka
• Kubura ubwenge buza bukajya
• Ibyago bikira buhoro cyangwa indwara zikunze kugaragara
• Gutakaza ibiro bitasobanuwe nubwo urya uko bisanzwe
• Kubabara cyangwa kubabara mu ntoki cyangwa mu birenge
• Inzara nyinshi nubwo umaze kurya

Ibimenyetso bya diabete yo mu bwoko bwa mbere akenshi bigaragara vuba, rimwe na rimwe mu byumweru bike. Ibimenyetso bya diabete yo mu bwoko bwa kabiri biterwa buhoro buhoro, niyo mpamvu abantu benshi batazi ko bayifite igihe kirekire cyangwa imyaka.

Bamwe mu bantu nta bimenyetso bagira na gato mu ntangiriro, cyane cyane kuri diabete yo mu bwoko bwa kabiri. Niyo mpamvu ibizamini by’ubuzima bisanzwe birimo gupima isukari mu maraso ari ingenzi cyane mu gufata diabete hakiri kare.

Ni iki giterwa na Diabete?

Intandaro nyayo itandukanye bitewe n’ubwoko bwa diabete ufite. Kuri diabete yo mu bwoko bwa mbere, ni uburwayi bw’ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri aho sisitemu y’ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri wawe yangiza imisemburo ikora insuline muri pancreas.

Diabete yo mu bwoko bwa kabiri itera kubera ibintu byinshi bigira ingaruka ku buryo umubiri wawe utunganya insuline:

• Ubudahangarwa bwa insuline, aho imisemburo yawe idasubiza neza kuri insuline
• Kugabanuka buhoro buhoro mu gukora insuline na pancreas yawe
• Gukomoka ku muryango binyuze mu miryango
• Ibintu by’imibereho nka gukoresha ibiryo, imyitozo ngororamubiri, n’uburemere
• Impinduka ziterwa n’imyaka mu buryo umubiri wawe utunganya glucose

Diabete yo mu gihe cyo gutwita ibaho iyo imisemburo yo mu gihe cyo gutwita ihungabanya imikorere ya insuline. Placenta yawe ikora imisemburo ishobora gutuma imisemburo yawe irushaho kuba intambamyi kuri insuline, kandi rimwe na rimwe pancreas yawe ishobora kudakora neza uko bikwiye.

Mu bihe bidasanzwe, diabete ishobora guterwa n’indwara za pancreas, imiti imwe nka steroids, cyangwa indwara ziterwa n’imbaraga. Indwara ziterwa na virusi zishobora kandi gutera diabete yo mu bwoko bwa mbere mu bantu bafite ubushobozi bwo kuyirwara.

Ni ryari ukwiye kubona muganga kubera Diabete?

Ukwiye kubona umuganga niba ufite ibimenyetso bya diabete, cyane cyane inyota nyinshi, kenshi kujya kwinnya, no kunanirwa bitasobanuwe. Ibi bimenyetso ntibikwiye kwirengagizwa, nubwo bigaragara ko ari bito.

Shaka ubufasha bw’abaganga vuba niba ufite ibimenyetso bikomeye nko kuruka, kugira ikibazo cyo guhumeka, impumuro y’imbuto mu miheto, cyangwa uburwayi bukabije. Ibi bishobora kugaragaza ketoacidosis ya diabete, ikibazo gikomeye gisaba ubuvuzi bwihuse.

Gupima bisanzwe ni ingenzi nubwo nta bimenyetso ufite. Abantu bakuru barengeje imyaka 35 bagomba gupimwa buri myaka itatu, kandi hakiri kare cyangwa kenshi niba ufite ibyago nka gukomoka ku muryango, umubyibuho ukabije, cyangwa umuvuduko w’amaraso mwinshi.

Niba utwite, gupima glucose bisanzwe biba hagati y’icyumweru cya 24-28. Abagore bamwe bafite ibyago byinshi bashobora gukenera gupimwa hakiri kare mu gihe cyo gutwita.

Ni ibihe bintu byongera ibyago bya Diabete?

Ibintu byinshi bishobora kongera amahirwe yo kurwara diabete, nubwo ufite ibyago ntibisobanura ko uzayirwara. Gusobanukirwa ibyago byawe bigufasha gufata ibyemezo byiza bijyanye n’ubuzima bwawe.

Ibyago bya diabete yo mu bwoko bwa kabiri birimo:

• Kuba urebye cyangwa ukaba ufite umubyibuho ukabije, cyane cyane ufite umubyibuho ukabije mu nda
• Gukomoka ku muryango wa diabete mu babyeyi cyangwa bene wanyu
• Kuba ufite imyaka 35 cyangwa hejuru, nubwo ishobora kubaho mu myaka yose
• Kudakora imyitozo ngororamubiri cyangwa imibereho yo kwicara
• Amateka ya diabete yo mu gihe cyo gutwita cyangwa kubyara umwana urebye ibiro 9
• Umuvuduko w’amaraso mwinshi cyangwa urwego rw’ikolesterol rudasanzwe
• Indwara ya polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) mu bagore
• Uruhererekane rw’amoko harimo Abanyamerika b’Abirabura, Abahispanike, Abanyamerika bakomoka mu bwoko bw’Abanyamerika, cyangwa Abanyamerika b’Abayasiya

Ibyago bya diabete yo mu bwoko bwa mbere birambuye ariko bishobora kuba harimo gukomoka ku muryango, ibimenyetso bimwe by’imbaraga, kandi bishobora kuba ibintu by’ibidukikije nka virusi. Ishobora kubaho mu myaka yose ariko ikunze kugaragara mu bwana cyangwa mu bupfumuzi.

Bimwe mu bintu byongera ibyago nka gukomoka ku muryango n’imyaka ntibishobora guhinduka, ariko ibindi nka ibiro, ibiryo, n’imyitozo ngororamubiri biri mu bubasha bwawe. Nubwo ari impinduka nto mu mibereho, zishobora kugabanya cyane ibyago byo kurwara diabete yo mu bwoko bwa kabiri.

Ni ibihe bibazo bishobora guterwa na Diabete?

Isukari nyinshi mu maraso igihe kirekire ishobora kwangiza imiyoboro y’amaraso n’imisemburo mu mubiri wawe wose, bigatera ibibazo bitandukanye. Inkuru nziza ni uko kugumana isukari mu maraso neza bigabanya cyane ibyago byo kugira ibi bibazo.

Ibibazo bisanzwe bishobora kubaho buhoro buhoro birimo:

• Indwara z’umutima n’umwijima kubera imiyoboro y’amaraso yangiritse
• Indwara z’impyiko (diabetic nephropathy) zishobora gutera gucika intege kw’impyiko
• Ibibazo by’amaso harimo diabetic retinopathy, ishobora gutera ubuhumyi
• Kwibasira imisemburo (diabetic neuropathy) biterwa n’ububabare, kubabara, cyangwa kubabara
• Ibibazo by’ibirenge no gukira buhoro kw’ibyago bishobora gutera indwara
• Indwara z’uruhu no kwiyongera kw’amahirwe yo kurwara
• Ibibazo by’amenyo harimo indwara z’umunwa

Ibibazo bikomeye bisaba ubuvuzi bwihuse kandi birimo ketoacidosis ya diabete (cyane cyane muri Type 1), hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (cyane cyane muri Type 2), n’ibibazo bikomeye byo kugira isukari nke mu maraso.

Nubwo ibi bibazo byumvikana biteye ubwoba, ibuka ko kugira isukari mu maraso neza, kwitabwaho n’abaganga buri gihe, n’imibereho myiza bishobora kubikumira cyangwa kubitinda cyane. Abantu benshi bafite diabete babaho ubuzima butagira ibibazo.

Diabete ishobora gukumirwa gute?

Diabete yo mu bwoko bwa mbere ntishobora gukumirwa kuko ari uburwayi bw’ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri. Ariko, diabete yo mu bwoko bwa kabiri irashobora gukumirwa cyane binyuze mu guhindura imibereho, nubwo ufite ibyago by’imiryango.

Ingamba zikomeye zo gukumira zirimo kugumana ibiro byiza binyuze mu kurya indyo yuzuye no gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri buri gihe. Nubwo ari ugabanya ibiro bike bya 5-10% bishobora kugabanya cyane ibyago byawe niba urebye.

Fata ibiryo byuzuye nka imboga, imbuto, ibiryo byuzuye, n’ibinyampeke byuzuye mugihe ugabanya ibiryo byakorewe, ibinyobwa byinshi by’isukari, n’ibinyampeke byakorewe.

Gerageza kugira byibuze iminota 150 y’imyitozo ngororamubiri yo hagati mu cyumweru, nko kugenda vuba, koga, cyangwa kugenda ku igare. Gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri kabiri mu cyumweru bigira kandi akamaro ku mitsi yawe mu gukoresha glucose neza.

Ibindi bintu byafasha birimo gucunga umunaniro, gusinzira bihagije, kwirinda itabi, no kugabanya kunywa inzoga. Ibi bintu byose by’imibereho bigira ingaruka ku buryo umubiri wawe utunganya glucose kandi usubiza kuri insuline.

Diabete imenyekanwa gute?

Kumenya diabete bikubiyemo ibizamini by’amaraso byoroshye bipima urwego rwa glucose yawe. Muganga wawe azakoresha ikizamini kimwe cyangwa birenga kugira ngo yemeze uburwayi kandi amenye ubwoko bwa diabete ufite.

Ibizamini bisanzwe byo gupima birimo ikizamini cya A1C, kigaragaza isukari yawe y’amaraso mu mezi 2-3 ashize. A1C ya 6.5% cyangwa hejuru igaragaza diabete, naho 5.7-6.4% igaragaza prediabetes.

Ibizamini bya fasting plasma glucose bipima isukari yawe mu maraso nyuma yo kudarya byibuze amasaha 8. Ibyavuye muri 126 mg/dL cyangwa hejuru bigaragaza diabete, naho 100-125 mg/dL bigaragaza prediabetes.

Ibizamini bya random plasma glucose bishobora gukorwa igihe icyo ari cyo cyose udatagize inzara. Ibyavuye muri 200 mg/dL cyangwa hejuru, hamwe n’ibimenyetso bya diabete, bigaragaza diabete.

Muganga wawe ashobora kandi gutegeka ibindi bizamini nka C-peptide levels cyangwa autoantibody tests kugira ngo atandukanye diabete yo mu bwoko bwa mbere n’iya kabiri, cyane cyane mu bantu bakuru barwaye iyi ndwara.

Ni iki kivura Diabete?

Ubuvuzi bwa diabete bugamije kugumana urwego rw’isukari mu maraso hafi ya busanzwe ufasha kumva umeze neza. Uburyo bwihariye biterwa n’ubwoko bwa diabete ufite n’imimerere yawe.

Diabete yo mu bwoko bwa mbere irasaba buri gihe kuvurwa kwa insuline kuko umubiri wawe utakora insuline mu buryo bw’umwimerere. Uzakorana n’itsinda ry’abaganga kugira ngo umenye ubwoko bwiza n’igihe cyo guhabwa inshinge za insuline cyangwa kuvurwa kwa pompe ya insuline.

Ubuvuzi bwa diabete yo mu bwoko bwa kabiri akenshi butangira guhindura imibereho harimo kurya indyo yuzuye, gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri, no gucunga ibiro. Niba ibi bitahagije, muganga wawe ashobora kwandika imiti nka metformin, ifasha umubiri wawe gukoresha insuline neza.

Ibindi miti yo kuvura diabete yo mu bwoko bwa kabiri ikora mu buryo butandukanye, nko gufasha pancreas yawe gukora insuline nyinshi, kugabanya isukari, cyangwa gufasha impyiko zawe gukuraho isukari nyinshi binyuze mu mpiswi.

Gupima isukari mu maraso ni ingenzi kuri buri bwoko bwa diabete. Muganga wawe azakugira inama y’uko kenshi ukwiye gupima urwego rwawe n’ibipimo byo kugerageza ukurikije imimerere yawe.

Ibizamini by’abaganga buri gihe bifasha gukurikirana amajyambere yawe no gupima ibibazo. Ibi bisanzwe birimo ibizamini bya A1C buri mezi 3-6, ibizamini by’amaso buri mwaka, ibizamini by’imikorere y’impyiko, n’ibizamini by’ibirenge.

Uko wakwitaho iwawe muri Diabete

Kwita kuri diabete iwawe bikubiyemo gukora gahunda ya buri munsi ishyigikira urwego rw’isukari mu maraso ruhamye. Ikintu nyamukuru ni ugukomeza gukoresha ibiryo, imiti, n’imikorere yawe mugihe ugumana uburyo bwo guhangana n’ibintu byiza n’ibibi by’ubuzima.

Kora igenzura ry’isukari yawe mu maraso nk’uko itsinda ry’abaganga ryawe ryabigutegetse, ukande amakuru hamwe n’ibitekerezo bijyanye n’ibiryo, imyitozo ngororamubiri, umunaniro, n’uko wumva. Aya makuru afasha wowe na muganga wawe gukora impinduka mu buvuzi.

Fata imiti uko yagutegetswe, nubwo wumva umeze neza. Shyiraho ibyibutso kuri telefoni yawe cyangwa ukoreshe umuteguro w’imiti kugira ngo ufashe gukomeza gukora ibintu neza. Ntuzigere urekura imiti cyangwa uhagarika imiti utabanje kubiganiraho na muganga wawe.

Tegura ibiryo n’ibiceri byuzuye birimo imvange ya poroteyine, amavuta meza, n’ibinyampeke byuzuye. Kwiga kubara ibinyampeke bishobora kugufasha kumenya neza uburyo ibiryo bizagira ingaruka kuri isukari yawe mu maraso.

Komeza ukore imyitozo ngororamubiri ukunda, ariko witegure guhindura gahunda yawe ukurikije urwego rw’isukari yawe mu maraso. Komereza ibiceri byihuse bya glucose cyangwa ibiryo biri hafi niba ufite ikibazo cyo kugira isukari nke mu maraso.

Kora itsinda ry’abantu bagufasha, abo mu muryango, inshuti, cyangwa amatsinda y’abantu barwaye diabete. Kwita ku burwayi buhoraho biroroshye iyo utumva ko uri wenyine.

Uko wakwitegura kuza kwa muganga

Kwita ku gahunda yawe yo kujya kwa muganga bifasha gukoresha neza igihe cyawe n’itsinda ry’abaganga. Zana ibitabo byawe by’isukari mu maraso, urutonde rw’imiti, n’ibibazo cyangwa impungenge ufite.

Andika ibimenyetso wabonye kuva ku gusura kwawe kwa nyuma, harimo igihe byabaye n’icyo bishobora kuba byarateye. Ntukabe umuntu uhangayitse cyane – aya makuru afasha muganga wawe gusobanukirwa uko usubiza ku buvuzi.

Tegura urutonde rw’imiti yose ukoresha, harimo imiti yo mu maduka n’ibindi. Zana amacupa nyayo niba bishoboka, kuko umunaniro n’igihe bishobora kuba ingenzi mu gucunga diabete yawe.

Tekereza ku ntego zawe n’impungenge zijyanye no kwita kuri diabete yawe. Uhanganye n’ibintu bimwe byo kuyicunga? Ushaka kuganira ku bundi buryo bushya bwo kuvura cyangwa guhindura imibereho?

Zana umuntu wo mu muryango cyangwa inshuti niba ushaka ubufasha, cyane cyane ku gahunda y’ingenzi aho impinduka mu buvuzi zishobora kuganirwaho. Bashobora kugufasha kwibuka amakuru no kubaza ibibazo ushobora kwibagirwa.

Icyo ukwiye kumenya cyane kuri Diabete

Diabete ni uburwayi bushobora gucungwa neza budakwiye kugaragaza ubuzima bwawe cyangwa kugabanya inzozi zawe. Nubwo bisaba kwitabwaho buri munsi, abantu benshi bafite diabete babaho ubuzima burebure, bukora, kandi bwiza.

Ikintu cy’ingenzi cyane ushobora gukora ni ugukorana bya hafi n’itsinda ry’abaganga kugira ngo utegure gahunda yo kuyicunga ihuye n’imibereho yawe n’intego zawe. Ubu bufatanye buguha amahirwe meza yo kugumana isukari mu maraso neza no gukumira ibibazo.

Ibukira ko gucunga diabete ari marato, atari umukino w’amaguru. Iminsi imwe izaba myiza kurusha iyindi, kandi ibyo ni ibisanzwe. Fata umwanya wo gutera imbere aho kuba ubugwaneza, kandi hizihiza intsinzi nto mu nzira.

Komeza umenye ibyerekeye uburwayi bwawe, ariko ntukareke bikagutera ubwoba. Ikoranabuhanga n’uburyo bwo kuvura bikomeza gutera imbere, bigatuma gucunga diabete birushaho koroshye kandi bikagira akamaro kurusha ikindi gihe.

Ibibazo Bikunze Kubahwa kuri Diabete

Diabete ishobora gukira?

Ubu, nta muti wa diabete, ariko ishobora gucungwa neza cyane. Diabete yo mu bwoko bwa kabiri ishobora kuba mu gihe cyo kuruhuka binyuze mu guhindura imibereho, ariko igikeneye gukurikiranwa buri gihe. Diabete yo mu bwoko bwa mbere irasaba buri gihe kuvurwa kwa insuline, nubwo ubushakashatsi ku miti ishobora gukira bukomeza.

Nzakenera kureka ibiryo byose nkunda?

Ntukeneye kureka ibiryo byose ukunda, ariko uzakenera kwiga kubirya mu rugero kandi ukabishyira hamwe n’ibindi biryo byiza. Gukorana n’umuhanga mu mirire bishobora kugufasha gutegura gahunda y’ibiryo irimo ibiryo ukunda mugihe ugumana isukari yawe mu maraso ihamye.

Diabete yandura?

Oya, diabete ntiyandura. Ntushobora kuyifata mu wundi muntu binyuze mu guhuza, gusangira ibiryo, cyangwa kuba hafi y’abantu bafite diabete. Type 1 ni uburwayi bw’ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri, na Type 2 itera kubera ibintu by’imiryango n’imibereho.

Nshobora gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri mfite diabete?

Yego, imyitozo ngororamubiri ni kimwe mu bintu byiza ushobora gukora kugira ngo ugenzure diabete. Imyitozo ngororamubiri ifasha umubiri wawe gukoresha insuline neza kandi ishobora kugabanya urwego rw’isukari mu maraso. Ushobora kuba ukeneye gukurikirana isukari yawe mu maraso neza kandi uhindura imiti yawe cyangwa ibiryo, ariko imyitozo myinshi ni myiza.

Ni iki kibaho niba isukari yanjye mu maraso igabanutse cyane?

Isukari nke mu maraso (hypoglycemia) ishobora gutera ibimenyetso nko guhindagurika, gucana ibyuya, gucika intege, cyangwa guhindagurika. Ivura vuba ukoresheje garama 15 z’ibinyampeke byihuse nka glucose tablets, umutobe, cyangwa amakara. Pima isukari yawe mu maraso nyuma y’iminota 15 kandi usubiremo niba bikenewe. Buri gihe ujye witwaza isoko yihuse ya glucose.