Difiteri

Difiteriya (dif-THEER-e-uh) ni indwara ikomeye iterwa na bagiteri, ikunda kwibasira imyanya y'umusemburo mu mazuru no mu muhogo. Difiteriya irarara cyane muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika n'ibindi bihugu byateye imbere kubera gukingira iyi ndwara byakozwe ku rwego rwagutse. Ariko rero, ibihugu byinshi bifite uburyo buke bwo kwita ku buzima cyangwa gukingira, bikigaragaramo umubare munini w'abarwaye difiteriya.

Difiteriya ishobora kuvurwa hakoreshejwe imiti. Ariko mu bihe bya nyuma, difiteriya ishobora kwangiza umutima, impyiko n'ubwonko. Nubwo yavurwa, difiteriya ishobora kwica, cyane cyane ku bana.

Ibimenyetso n'ibibonwa bya Diphtheria bikunze gutangira nyuma y'iminsi 2 kugeza kuri 5 umuntu amaze kwandura. Ibimenyetso n'ibibonwa bishobora kuba birimo:

• Akadomo gakomeye, k'umweru w'ibara ry'ivu gafata umunwa n'itonsile
• Kubabara umunwa no gucika ijwi
• Kubyimba kw'ibice by'umubiri (ibice by'umubiri by'amaraso byagutse) mu ijosi
• Kugorana guhumeka cyangwa guhumeka vuba
• Amazuru arimo ibintu
• Umuhango n'igikomere
• Uburwayi

Mu bamwe, kwandura bakteria itera Diphtheria biterwa gusa n'uburwayi buke cyangwa nta bimenyetso n'ibibonwa byagaragaye. Abantu banduye batazi uburwayi bwabo bazwi nka ba batwaye Diphtheria. Bita ba batwaye kuko bashobora gukwirakwiza ubwandu batarwara ubwabo.

Hamagara muganga wawe wa buri munsi ako kanya niba wowe cyangwa umwana wawe yahuriye n'umuntu urwaye difiteri. Niba utari uzi neza niba umwana wawe yarakingiwe difiteri, tegura gahunda yo kumusura. Kora uko ushoboye kugira ngo inkingo zawe zihora zigezweho.

Difiteri iterwa na bakteriya yitwa Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Iyi bakteriya isanzwe ikwirakwira cyangwa ikaguma ku mpuzandengo y'umutwe cyangwa ku ruhu. C. diphtheriae ikwirakwira binyuze muri:

• Udusebe two mu kirere. Iyo umuntu urwaye akinisha cyangwa akakorora akarekura imyotsi yanduye, abantu bari hafi bashobora guhumeka C. diphtheriae. Difiteri ikwirakwira byoroshye muri ubu buryo, cyane cyane mu hantu hahuriye abantu benshi.
• Ibintu byanduye bya buri muntu cyangwa ibintu byo mu rugo. Abantu rimwe na rimwe barwara difiteri bafashe ibintu by'umuntu urwaye, nka tissue zakoreshejwe cyangwa ibikoresho byo gukuraho umwanda, bishobora kuba byanduye iyi bakteriya.

No gukora ku kibyimba cyanduye bishobora kwanduza bakteriya itera difiteri.

Abantu banduye bakteriya ya difiteri kandi bataravurwa bashobora kwanduza abantu batarakingiwe difiteri — ndetse n'iyo batagaragaza ibimenyetso.

Abantu bafite ibyago byinshi byo kwandura difiteri harimo:

• Abana n'abakuze badafite inkingo zigezweho
• Abantu batuye ahantu hacuze cyangwa hadakwiriye
• Umuntu wese ujya mu karere indwara ya difiteri ikunze kugaragara

Difiteri ntiboneka kenshi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika no mu Burayi bw'Iburengerazuba, aho abana barakingiwe iyi ndwara mu myaka myinshi. Ariko, difiteri iracyakwirakwira mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere aho urugero rw'abakingiwe ari ruto.

Mu turere inkingo za difiteri ari ngombwa, iyi ndwara itera ikibazo ahanini ku bantu batakingiwe cyangwa batakingiwe bihagije bajya mu mahanga cyangwa bahura n'abantu baturuka mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere.

Nta kwitabwaho, difiteriya ishobora gutera:

• Ibibazo byo guhumeka. Udukoko dutera difiteriya dushobora gukora uburozi. Ubwo burozi bwangiza ingingo z’umubiri hafi aho kwanduye — akenshi, mu mazuru no mu muhogo. Muri icyo gice, ubwandu butera uruhu rukomeye, rwera, rukozwe n’uturemangingo twapfuye, udukoko n’ibindi bintu. Uru ruhu rushobora kubangamira guhumeka.

• Kwangirika k’umutima. Uburozi bwa difiteriya bushobora gukwirakwira mu maraso bugakomeretsa izindi ngingo z’umubiri. Urugero, bushobora kwangiza umutima, bikaba byatera ibibazo nko kwangirika kw’umutima (myocarditis). Kwongirika kw’umutima biterwa na myocarditis bishobora kuba bike cyangwa bikabije. Mu gihe kibi cyane, myocarditis ishobora gutera gucika intege kw’umutima no gupfa k’umuntu giturumbuka.

• Kwongirika kw’imitsi y’imbere. Ubwo burozi bushobora kandi kwangiza imitsi y’imbere. Ibice byibasirwa cyane ni imitsi y’imbere y’umugongo, aho gutakaza imbaraga z’imitsi y’imbere bishobora gutera ugukoma mu gutya. Imitsi y’imbere y’amaboko n’amaguru na yo ishobora kwangirika, ikaba yatera intege z’imitsi.

  Niba uburozi bwa difiteriya bwangije imitsi y’imbere ifasha mu kugenzura imitsi ikoreshwa mu guhumeka, izo mitsi ishobora gucika intege. Muri icyo gihe, ushobora kuba ukeneye ubufasha bwa mashini kugira ngo uhumeke.

Hamwe n’ubuvuzi, abantu benshi barwaye difiteriya barakira ibyo bibazo, ariko gukira kenshi biba bigenda buhoro. Difiteriya ihitana abantu bagera kuri 5% kugeza kuri 10%. Igipimo cy’abapfa kiri hejuru mu bana bari munsi y’imyaka 5 cyangwa mu bakuru barengeje imyaka 40.

Mbere y’uko inkingo z’antibiyotike ziboneka, difiteriya yari indwara ikunze kugaragara mu bana bato. Ubu, iyi ndwara si uko gusa ishobora kuvurwa ahubwo inarindwa n’inkingo. Inkingo ya difiteriya isanzwe ihurizwa hamwe n’inkingo za tetanusi n’inkorora y’abana (pertussis). Urukingo rw’ibintu bitatu rufatwa nk’urukingo rwa difiteriya, tetanusi na pertussis. Urwo rukingo rugezweho rwitwa urukingo rwa DTaP ku bana n’urukingo rwa Tdap ku bangavu n’abakuze. Urukingo rwa difiteriya, tetanusi na pertussis ni rumwe mu nkingo z’abana abaganga muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika basaba guhabwa abana bakiri bato. Inkingo zigizwe n’urukingo rutanu, rusanzwe rutangirwa mu kuboko cyangwa mu gatuza, ruhabwa abana muri iyi myaka:

• Amezi 2
• Amezi 4
• Amezi 6
• Amezi 15 kugeza kuri 18
• Imvura 4 kugeza kuri 6 Urukingo rwa difiteriya rugira umumaro mu gukumira difiteriya. Ariko hashobora kubaho ingaruka mbi. Bamwe mu bana bashobora kugira umuriro muke, guhora basakuza, ubunebwe cyangwa kubabara aho bakubiswe inkingo nyuma yo guhabwa urukingo rwa difiteriya, tetanusi na pertussis (DTaP). Baza muganga wawe icyo wakora ku mwana wawe kugira ngo ugabanye cyangwa ukureho izi ngaruka. Ingaruka zikomeye ni nke cyane. Mu bihe bitoroshye, urukingo rwa DTaP rutera ingaruka zikomeye ariko zishobora kuvurwa ku mwana, nko kugira allergie (ububabare cyangwa ibibyimba bigaragara mu minota mike nyuma yo guterwa inkingo). Bamwe mu bana — nka barwaye indwara y’uburwayi cyangwa izindi ndwara z’imitsi — bashobora kudakira urukingo rwa DTaP.

Abaganga bashobora guketereza difiteri ku mwana arwaye ufite ububabare mu mazuru hamwe n'urukuta rw'umweru rw'ibara ry'igiceri rupfuka amaguru n'umunwa. Gukura kwa C. diphtheriae mu buhanga bwo muri laboratwari bw'ibintu bivuye mu rukuta rw'umunwa byemeza uburwayi. Abaganga bashobora kandi gufata igice cy'umubiri kivuye mu kibyimba cyanduye bakagipima muri laboratwari kugira ngo barebe ubwoko bwa difiteri bugira ingaruka ku ruhu (difiteri yo ku ruhu).

Iyo muganga akekereza difiteri, kuvura gutangira ako kanya, mbere y'uko ibisubizo by'ibizamini bya bagiteri biboneka.

Difiteriya ni indwara ikomeye. Abaganga bayivura ako kanya kandi bakoresheje uburyo bukomeye. Mbere na mbere, abaganga bagomba kugenzura ko inzira y'ubuhumekero idafunze cyangwa idahungabanye. Mu mubare w'ibindi bihe, bashobora gushyiramo umuyoboro w'ubuhumekero mu muhogo kugira ngo inzira y'ubuhumekero ikomeze gufunguka kugeza ubwo ikozwe n'uburaka bucye. Ubuvuzi burimo:

Umuti w'amavunja. Niba umuganga akekako ari difiteriya, azasaba umuti uhangana n'uburozi bwa difiteriya mu mubiri. Uyu muti uturuka mu Kigo Gishinzwe Kurwanya Indwara n'Ibiyobyabwenge. Uyu muti witwa antitoxin, uterwa mu mutsi cyangwa mu gikomere.

Mbere yo gutanga antitoxin, abaganga bashobora gukora ibizamini by'ubuziranenge bw'uruhu. Ibi bikorwa kugira ngo hamenyekane niba umuntu warwaye adafite uburwayi bwa antitoxin. Niba umuntu afite uburwayi, umuganga azasaba ko atabona antitoxin.

Abana n'abakuze barwaye difiteriya bakeneye kuba mu bitaro kuvurwa. Bashobora gushyirwa mu cyumba cyihariye cy'ubuvuzi bwo kuvura abarwayi bakomeye kuko difiteriya ishobora gukwirakwira ku muntu wese utarakingiwe iyi ndwara.

Niba wahuye n'umuntu warwaye difiteriya, reba umuganga kugira ngo akore ibizamini kandi ashobore kuvura. Umuganga wawe ashobora kuguha imiti yo kurwanya udukoko kugira ngo akurinde kwandura iyi ndwara. Ushobora kandi gukenera urukingo rwa difiteriya.

Abantu basanzwe bafite difiteriya baravurwa imiti yo kurwanya udukoko kugira ngo bakureho udukoko mu mubiri wabo.

• Imiti yo kurwanya udukoko. Imiti yo kurwanya udukoko, nka peniciline cyangwa erythromycin, ifasha kwica udukoko mu mubiri, ikuraho ubwandu. Imiti yo kurwanya udukoko igabanya igihe umuntu arwaye difiteriya aba ari mu gihe cyo kwanduza abandi.

• Umuti w'amavunja. Niba umuganga akekako ari difiteriya, azasaba umuti uhangana n'uburozi bwa difiteriya mu mubiri. Uyu muti uturuka mu Kigo Gishinzwe Kurwanya Indwara n'Ibiyobyabwenge. Uyu muti witwa antitoxin, uterwa mu mutsi cyangwa mu gikomere.

  Mbere yo gutanga antitoxin, abaganga bashobora gukora ibizamini by'ubuziranenge bw'uruhu. Ibi bikorwa kugira ngo hamenyekane niba umuntu warwaye adafite uburwayi bwa antitoxin. Niba umuntu afite uburwayi, umuganga azasaba ko atabona antitoxin.

Kuvura indwara ya difiteri bisaba kuruhuka igihe kinini. Kwirinda imyitozo ngororamubiri ni ingenzi cyane cyane niba umutima wawe warahungabanyijwe. Ushobora gukenera kubona amafunguro yawe binyuze mu binyobwa n'ibiribwa byoroshye igihe runaka kubera ububabare no kugorana kwishima.

Kwirinda abantu mu gihe uri kwandura birafasha gukumira ikwirakwira ry'ubwandu. Gukaraba intoki neza na buri wese mu rugo rwawe ni ingenzi mu kugabanya ikwirakwira ry'ubwandu.

Iyo uvuye kuri difiteri, uzakenera urukingo rwa difiteri rwuzuye kugira ngo wirinde kongera kuyirwara. Bitandukanye n'izindi ndwara, kuba warwaye difiteri ntibiha gihamya ubudahangarwa bw'ubuzima bwose. Ushobora kongera kurwara difiteri niba utarakingiwe neza.