Dyslexia ni iki? Ibimenyetso, Intandaro, & Ubuvuzi

Dyslexia ni ubumuga bwo kwiga buzigamira uburyo ubwonko bwawe butunganya ururimi rwanditse, bigatuma gusoma, kwandika no kwandika inyuguti bigorana kurusha uko bigenda ku bantu benshi. Si ikimenyetso cy’ubushishozi buke cyangwa kubura ubushake – ubwonko bwawe gusa bukora mu buryo butandukanye iyo bigeze ku guhuza inyuguti n’amajwi.

Iyi ndwara y’imikorere y’ubwonko igaragara ku kigero cya 10-15% cy’abaturage, igatuma iba imwe mu mpinduka zo kwiga zikunze kugaragara. Abantu bafite dyslexia bakunze kugira ubwenge buringaniye cyangwa burenga urugero, kandi bashobora kuryoha mu bice byinshi, ariko bakeneye uburyo butandukanye bwo guteza imbere ubumenyi bwo gusoma no kwandika.

Dyslexia ni iki?

Dyslexia ni ubumuga bwihariye bwo kwiga bugira ingaruka ahanini ku bushobozi bwo gusoma neza no gusobanukirwa ibyasomwe. Ubwonko bwawe bugira ikibazo cyo guhuza ibimenyetso by’amaso tubona duhamagara inyuguti n’amajwi bisobanura, bigatuma gusesengura amagambo bigorana cyane.

Tekereza ko ari nko kugira sisitemu itandukanye yo gukora mu bwonko bwawe. Mu gihe ubwonko bw’abantu benshi buhuza inyuguti n’amajwi byikora, abantu bafite dyslexia bagomba gukora cyane kugira ngo bakore aya mahuza. Ibi ntibisobanura ko hari ikintu kibaye “kibi” kuri wowe – bisobanura gusa ko ubwonko bwawe butunganya amakuru y’ururimi mu buryo butandukanye.

Iyi ndwara ibaho ubuzima bwose, ariko ubufasha n’ingamba bikwiye, abantu bafite dyslexia bashobora kuba abasoma n’abanditsi b’abahanga. Abahanga benshi, abahanzi n’abahanga bafite dyslexia kandi basanze uburyo bwo gukorana n’imikorere y’ubwonko bwabo idasanzwe.

Ibimenyetso bya dyslexia ni ibihe?

Ibimenyetso bya dyslexia bishobora gutandukana cyane ukurikije umuntu, kandi bikunze guhinduka uko ukura. Kumenya ibi bimenyetso hakiri kare bishobora kugufasha kubona ubufasha ukeneye kugira ngo ugende neza mu mashuri no mu buzima bwawe.

Mu bwana bwa mbere (imyaka yo mu mashuri y’incuke), ushobora kubona:

• Kugorana kwigira imirongo cyangwa kumenya imiterere y’imirongo ihuza
• Kugorana kwibuka amazina y’inyuguti cyangwa kuvanga inyuguti zisa
• Gutinda gutera imbere mu kuvuga cyangwa kugorana gutangaza amagambo neza
• Ibibazo byo gukurikira amabwiriza menshi cyangwa kwibuka ukurikira kw’ibintu
• Kugorana kumenya izina ryabo mu nyandiko

Mu myaka y’amashuri abanza, ibimenyetso bigaragara cyane uko ibyo gusoma bisabwa byiyongera:

• Gusoma buhoro cyane kurusha bagenzi babo bari mu kiciro kimwe
• Amakosa menshi yo kwandika, ndetse n’amagambo asanzwe
• Kwirinda ibikorwa byo gusoma cyangwa gucika intege mu gihe cyo gusoma
• Kugorana gutangaza amagambo atazwi cyangwa kwiringira cyane ibimenyetso by’ibintu
• Ibibazo byo gusobanukirwa ibyasomwe, cyane cyane iyo usoma nta jwi
• Kuvanga ukurikira kw’inyuguti mu magambo (nko gusoma “saw” nk’“was”)
• Kugorana kwiga imibare cyangwa gukurikira amabwiriza yanditswe

Mu bangavu n’abakuze, ibimenyetso bya disileksiya akenshi bihinduka:

• Gusoma buhoro kandi kumva unaniwe mu mutwe nyuma yo gusoma
• Kugorana gupfupfika inkuru cyangwa gukuramo ibitekerezo by’ingenzi mu nyandiko
• Ibibazo byo gucunga igihe no gutegura
• Kugorana kwiga indimi z’amahanga
• Kwirinda imirimo yo kwandika cyangwa gukora imirimo yanditswe migufi kurusha ibyari biteganijwe
• Kugorana mu bipimo bisanzwe, cyane cyane ibice by’igihe

Wibuke ko kugira bimwe muri ibi bimenyetso ntibivuze ko ufite disileksiya. Ibintu byinshi bishobora kugira ingaruka ku iterambere ryo gusoma, kandi umuhanga uhagaze neza agomba gusuzuma impungenge zose ziramba.

Ni izihe ubwoko bwa disileksiya?

Abashakashatsi bamenye ubwoko butandukanye bwa disileksiya bushingiye ku bushobozi bwo gusoma bukorwa cyane. Gusobanukirwa ubwoko bw’iyi ndwara bishobora gufasha gusobanura impamvu abantu batandukanye bafite disileksiya bahangana n’ibice bitandukanye byo gusoma no kwandika.

Dyslexie y’amajwi ni yo yiganje, igira ingaruka ku bantu bagera kuri 75% bafite dislexie. Niba ufite ubu bwoko, ubwonko bwawe bugira ikibazo cyo guhuza inyuguti n’amajwi azikurikira. Ushobora gusoma amagambo aziriwe neza ariko ukagorwa n’amagambo mashya cyangwa adafite ubusobanuro kuko utabasha kuyasoma vuba.

Dyslexie yo ku mugaragaro igira ingaruka ku bushobozi bwawe bwo kumenya amagambo yose ukoresheje amaso. Ubusanzwe ushobora gusoma amagambo ukurikije amajwi, ariko ugira ikibazo ku magambo adasanzwe adakurikiza amategeko y’inyuguti. Amagambo nka “yacht” cyangwa “colonel” ashobora kugorana cyane kuko adashobora gusoma ukurikije amajwi.

Dyslexie y’ibibazo bibiri ihuriza hamwe ibibazo byo gutunganya amajwi n’umuvuduko wo kwita ku mazina. Ibi bivuze ko ugira ikibazo cyo gusoma amagambo no kumenya vuba inyuguti, imibare, cyangwa ibintu bizwi. Ubu bwoko busaba ubufasha bukomeye.

Dyslexie y’amaso, nubwo idakunze kugaragara, igira ingaruka ku buryo ubwonko bwawe butunganya amakuru y’amaso aturuka ku nyandiko. Ushobora kubona inyuguti zigenda, zifunga, cyangwa zisa nkaho zirimo gusimbuka ku rupapuro. Ibi bishobora gutuma gusoma igihe kirekire bikunze guheraho kandi bikagorana.

Icyateye dislexie?

Dislexie iterwa n’itandukaniro mu buryo ibice bimwe by’ubwonko bwawe bikura kandi bikora, cyane cyane ibice bishinzwe gutunganya ururimi. Ibyo bitandukaniro by’imikorere y’ubwonko bihaba kuva ku ivuka kandi bigengwa cyane n’imiterere yawe ya gene.

Impamvu nyamukuru ni iy’imiterere ya gene, dislexie ikunze kugaragara mu miryango. Niba umubyeyi umwe afite dislexie, hari amahirwe agera kuri 40-60% ko umwana we na we azayigira. Iyo ababyeyi bombi bafite dislexie, amahirwe aragera kuri 70-80%. Abahanga mu bya siyansi bamenye imisemburo myinshi igira uruhare mu bibazo byo gusoma, nubwo nta misemburo imwe iteza dislexie.

Ubushakashatsi ku buryo ubwonko bukora bugaragaza ko abantu bafite disileksiya bafite itandukaniro mu buryo ubwonko bubakitse n’imikorere yabwo. Igice cy’ubwonko kiboneka ibumoso, gisanzwe gikora akazi ko gutunganya amagambo, gishobora kuba gifite uburyo butameze neza bwo guhuza ibice bikora akazi ko gutunganya amajwi, inyuguti, n’ubusobanuro. Aya mayeri y’ubwonko ntakora neza nk’uko akora ku bantu basoma neza.

Bimwe mu bintu by’ibidukikije mu gihe cyo gutwita cyangwa mu ntangiriro z’iterambere bishobora kongera ibyago, nubwo bitateza disileksiya ubwabyo. Ibi birimo kubyara imburagihe, kuvuka ufite ibiro bike, cyangwa kwandura itabi, inzoga, cyangwa indwara zimwe na zimwe mu gihe cyo gutwita. Ariko rero, abana benshi bahuye n’ibi bintu ntibabona disileksiya.

Ni ngombwa kumva ko disileksiya iterwa no kubura ubushobozi bwo kubona, kubura ubwenge, kudakurikirana amasomo, cyangwa ibibazo by’amarangamutima. Ibi bitekerezo bikomeza kubaho ariko byaranyomojwe burundu n’ubushakashatsi. Disileksiya iba mu bantu bose, uko baba bameze kose mu bukungu n’umuco.

Ni ryari ukwiye kujya kwa muganga kubera disileksiya?

Wagombye gutekereza gushaka isuzuma ry’umwuga niba ibibazo byo gusoma bikomeza nubwo waba warahawe inyigisho n’ubufasha bihagije. Kumenya hakiri kare no gufata ingamba bishobora gutanga impinduka ikomeye mu bizava mu gihe kirekire, nuko ntuzategereze niba ufite impungenge.

Ku bana bato, tegura isuzuma niba umwana wawe agorwa no gusoma ibintu byoroshye mu mpera z’umwaka wa mbere w’amashuri cyangwa agaragaza ibimenyetso byinshi by’uburwayi buhoraho. Ibimenyetso by’uburwayi birimo kugorwa no kumenya amagambo asanzwe, kudashaka gusoma amagambo yoroshye, cyangwa kwiheba cyane mu gihe cyo gusoma.

Abanyeshuri bakuru n’abakuze bagomba gushaka isuzuma niba gusoma bigira ingaruka ku mibereho yabo y’ishuri cyangwa imirimo. Ibi bishobora kuba birimo gukoresha igihe kinini kurusha bagenzi babo kugirango basome ibyo basabwa gusoma, kwirinda gusoma uko bishoboka, cyangwa kugira ibibazo byo kwandika igihe kirekire nubwo bamaze imyaka myinshi biga.

Tangira kwa muganga wawe usanzwe cyangwa umuganga wita ku bana, bashobora gupima ibibazo by'ububasha bw'amaso cyangwa amatwi, bakakwerekeza ku baganga babishinzwe. Abana bari mu mashuri nabo bashobora gupimwa nitsinda ryishuri ryita ku burezi bwihariye, nubwo rimwe na rimwe gupimwa ku giti cyawe bitanga isuzuma rirambuye.

Uburyo bwo gupima busanzwe burimo umuhanga mu bya sikoloyi, umuhanga mu byigisho, cyangwa umuhanga mu by'ubwonko, uzapima ubuhanga bwo gusoma, ubushobozi bwo gutekereza, n'intsinzi mu mashuri. Ubu buryo burambuye bufasha gutandukanya disileksiya n'ibindi bibazo byo kwiga, kandi bugatuma igenamigambi ry'ubuvuzi rikorwa.

Ni ibihe bintu bishobora gutera disileksiya?

Kumva ibintu bishobora gutera disileksiya bifasha mu kumenya abana bashobora kugira akamaro ko gukurikiranwa hakiri kare no gufashwa. Nubwo kugira ibintu bishobora gutera disileksiya bitavuze ko umuntu azayirwara, kumenya ibyo bintu bishobora gutuma habaho ubufasha hakiri kare igihe bikenewe.

Amateka y'umuryango niyo ntandaro ikomeye ya disileksiya. Niba ufite umubyeyi, umuvandimwe, cyangwa umuntu wa hafi ufite disileksiya cyangwa ibindi bibazo byo gusoma, ibyago byawe byiyongera cyane. Igice cy'ibyaremwe ni gikomeye ku buryo imiryango imwe ibona disileksiya mu bizarukuru byinshi.

Ibintu bimwe na bimwe byabaye mbere y'uko umwana avuka n'ibyabaye igihe avuka bishobora kongera ibyago, nubwo abana benshi bafite ibyo bintu batarwara disileksiya:

• Kuvuka imburagihe cyangwa kuvuka ufite ibiro bike
• Nyina kunywa itabi, inzoga, cyangwa ibiyobyabwenge mu gihe atwite
• Kwandura indwara mu gihe atwite, nka rubella
• Ibibazo byabaye mu gihe cy'ivuka byagize ingaruka ku mpuha igera mu bwonko

Uburyo bw'iterambere ry'ururimi hakiri kare bushobora kandi kugaragaza ibyago byiyongereye. Abana batinda kuvuga, bafite amakosa akomeye mu ijwi, cyangwa bahangayikishwa no kuririmba no gukina imikino y'amagambo bashobora kuba bafite ibyago byinshi byo kugira ibibazo byo gusoma nyuma yaho.

Kugira ibindi bibazo byo kwiga cyangwa ibibazo byo kwitonda byongera ibyago byo kugira disileksiya. Ibintu nka ADHD, ikibazo cyo gutinda kwiga ururimi, cyangwa ibibazo byo kwiga imibare bikunze kugaragara hamwe na disileksiya, nubwo buri kibazo gisaba isuzuma n'ubuvuzi bitandukanye.

Abahungu babona disileksiya kenshi kurusha abakobwa, nubwo ubushakashatsi bwa vuba aha buvuga ko bishobora guterwa no guhamagara nabi aho kuba itandukaniro nyaryo ry'igitsina. Abakobwa bafite disileksiya bashobora kwirengagizwa kuko bakunze guteza imbere ingamba zo guhangana cyangwa bakihisha ibibazo byabo aho kugira ibikorwa.

Ni iki gishobora guterwa na disileksiya?

Utabonye ubufasha n'ubuvuzi bikwiye, disileksiya ishobora gutera ibibazo bitandukanye by'ishuri, iby'amarangamutima n'iby'imibanire y'abantu, bikarenga kure ibibazo byo gusoma. Gusobanukirwa ibyo bibazo bishobora kubaho bifasha gushimangira akamaro ko kumenya hakiri kare no gufashwa uko bikwiye.

Ibibazo by'ishuri bikunze kuvuka uko ibyo gusoma bisabwa byiyongera mu myaka y'ishuri:

• Gusubira inyuma mu masomo menshi asaba gusobanukirwa ibyasomwe
• Kugorana mu bizamini bisanzwe, ibyo bishobora kugira ingaruka ku kwinjira muri kaminuza
• Ibibazo mu kwiga indimi z'amahanga
• Ibibazo mu bibazo by'imibare byanditse nubwo ufite ubumenyi bwiza bw'imibare
• Igipimo rusange cy'amanota kiri hasi nubwo ufite ubwenge n'imbaraga

Ibibazo by'amarangamutima n'iby'imitekerereze bishobora kuba bigoye cyane kandi bikamara igihe kirekire. Abantu benshi bafite disileksiya batamenyekanye cyangwa badafashwa uko bikwiye, bagira icyizere gito, bakeka ko batabasha kwitwara neza mu ishuri. Ibi bishobora gutera imihangayiko mu mirimo yo gusoma, kwirinda ishuri, cyangwa se agahinda.

Ingorane zo mu mibanire zishobora kuvuka iyo abana batabasha gukurikirana bagenzi babo mu bijyanye n’amasomo. Bashobora gutukwa kubera gusoma buhoro cyangwa gukora amakosa menshi, bigatuma birinzana cyangwa bakanga kwitabira ibikorwa byo mu ishuri. Bamwe mu bana bahura n’ibibazo by’imyitwarire nk’uburyo bwo kwirinda akazi gakomeye ko gusoma.

Mu bukure, disileksiya idakurikiranwe ishobora kugabanya amahirwe y’akazi, cyane cyane mu mirimo isaba gusoma no kwandika cyane. Ariko rero, ni ingenzi kuzirikana ko, hakoreshejwe ubufasha bukwiye, abantu bafite disileksiya bakunda guteza imbere ubuhanga bwo gukemura ibibazo n’ubuhanga buhambaye bibafasha cyane mu kazi.

Inkuru nziza ni uko ibyinshi muri ibyo bibazo bishobora kwirindwa hakiri kare, hakoreshejwe ubufasha bw’uburezi bukwiye, no kumva neza kw’umuryango n’abarimu. Abanyamwuga benshi bafite disileksiya kandi bize gukorana n’imbaraga zidasanzwe z’ubwonko bwabo.

Disileksiya ishobora kwirindwa gute?

Kubera ko disileksiya ari indwara y’ubwonko ifite ibice byinshi by’umurage, ntishobora kwirindwa mu buryo busanzwe. Ariko rero, ushobora gufata ingamba zo gushyigikira iterambere ry’ubwonko buzima no kugabanya ibibazo byo gusoma binyuze mu gutangira hakiri kare no mu bintu by’ibidukikije.

Mu gihe cyo gutwita, kugira ubuzima bwiza bw’umubyeyi utwite bishobora gushyigikira iterambere ryiza ry’ubwonko. Ibi birimo kwirinda inzoga, itabi n’ibiyobyabwenge, kurya indyo yuzuye, no gucunga uburwayi burambye ubufatanyije n’abaganga bawe.

Kumenyera ururimi hakiri kare ni ingenzi kuri buri mwana, cyane cyane abafite ibyago byo kurwara disileksiya. Gusoma ku bana bato n’abana bato, kuganira nabo, kuririmba indirimbo, no gukina imikino y’amagambo byose bifasha kubaka ubumenyi bw’ibanze bukenewe kugira ngo umwana asoze gusoma neza.

Niba disileksiya iri mu muryango wanyu, gupima hakiri kare no gukurikirana bishobora gufasha kumenya ibimenyetso mbere y’uko ibibazo byo kwiga bigaragara. Abahanga benshi mu bijyanye no gusoma bagira inama ibikorwa byo kumenya amajwi ku bana bato bari mu kaga, nko gukina imikino yo guhuza amagambo n’imikino yo kumenya amajwi.

Nubwo utazi gukumira disileksiya ubwayo, gutabara hakiri kare bishobora gukumira ingaruka nyinshi zikomoka kuri yo. Abana bahabwa inyigisho zo gusoma n’ubufasha bikwiye kuva mu ntangiriro bakunda gutera imbere uburyo bwo guhangana kandi bagumana icyizere cyabo mu myigire yabo.

Disileksiya ipima gute?

Gupima disileksiya bisaba isuzuma rirambuye rireba ibice byinshi byo kwiga n’imikorere y’ubwonko. Nta kizami kimwe cyo gupima disileksiya, bityo abahanga babifite mu buhanga bakoresha isuzuma rinyuranye kugira ngo bamenye uburyo bwawe bw’imbaraga n’imbogamizi.

Uburyo bwo gupima busanzwe butangira n’amateka arambuye y’iterambere ryawe mu gusoma, amateka y’umuryango wawe, n’ibibazo uhanganye na byo ubu. Umuntu uzakupima azashaka kumenya ibijyanye n’ibimenyetso by’uruhererekane rw’imvugo hakiri kare, uburambe bw’ishuri, n’ubundi bufasha cyangwa uburyo bwo gufasha wari warahawe.

Isuzuma ry’ubwenge n’ibyo umuntu ashoboye bigize igice gikomeye cyo gupima disileksiya. Ibi bipimo bipima ubushobozi bwawe bwo gutekereza, ubuhanga bwawe mu gusoma, ukwandika, kwandika, no gutunganya amajwi. Umuntu uzakupima areba icyuho kinini kiri hagati y’ubushobozi bwawe n’uko usoma ubu.

Isuzuma rya buri gihe rishobora kuba irimo:

• Isuzuma ry’ubwenge kugira ngo hamenyekane urwego rw’ubwenge
• Isuzuma ry’ubumenyi bw’amajwi kugira ngo hamenyekane uburyo amajwi ahurirana n’ibimenyetso
• Uburyo bwo gupima ubuhanga mu gusoma hakoreshejwe amagambo nyayo n’atavugwa
• Ibyeretswe byo kwandika no kwandika
• Ibikorwa byo kuvuga vuba kugira ngo hamenyekane umuvuduko wo gutunganya amakuru
• Isuzuma ry’ubwibutso, ubwibutso bugufi n’ubwibutso buhoraho

Umuntu ugenzura azakururaho kandi izindi mpamvu zishobora gutera ibibazo byo gusoma, nko kubura ubwenge cyangwa ibibazo byo kumva, ibibazo byo kwitabira, cyangwa inyigisho zidahagije. Ubu buryo burambuye bwo kugenzura buzatuma hamenyekana neza indwara kandi habeho igenamigambi ry’ubuvuzi bukwiye.

Isuzuma rirambuye risanzwe rimara amasaha 4-6 kandi rishobora gukorwa mu byiciro bitandukanye. Raporo ya nyuma igomba gusobanura neza ubwoko bwa dislekisi ufite, uburyo bw’imbaraga zawe n’intege nke, n’ibyifuzo birambuye byo gufashwa mu myigire no guhabwa ubufasha.

Ubuvuzi bwa dislekisi ni bwoki?

Ubuvuzi bwiza bwa dislekisi bugendera ku nyigisho zihariye zo gusoma zigisha ubwonko bwawe inzira nshya zo gutunganya ururimi rwanditse. Uburyo bwiza cyane ni ubwubatse, bufite uburyo, kandi buhuye n’ibyo ukeneye n’uburyo bwawe bwo kwiga.

Gahunda z’indimi zifite imiterere myinshi zishingiye ku buryo bwinshi zigira uruhare rukomeye mu buvuzi bwa dislekisi. Izi gahunda zigisha gusoma hakoreshejwe inzira z’amaso, amatwi, n’ibikorwa by’umubiri. Ushobora gukora imiterere y’inyuguti mu gihe uvugira amajwi, cyangwa gukoresha ibikoresho bya karindwi kugira ngo uhindure amagambo mu gihe uyavuga.

Inyigisho zishingiye kuri fonike ni ingenzi kuri benshi bafite dislekisi. Ubu buryo burambuye bugisha imibanire iri hagati y’inyuguti n’amajwi mu buryo buri ku rwego rwo hejuru, uhereye ku ngingo z’ibanze hanyuma ukajya ku ngingo zikomeye. Gahunda nka Orton-Gillingham, Wilson Reading System, cyangwa Lindamood-Bell zateguwe cyane cyane ku bantu bafite dislekisi.

Ibice by’ingenzi by’ubuvuzi bwiza birimo:

• Amabwiriza y’amajwi yumvikana neza yigisha uburyo bw’amajwi n’ibimenyetso byayo
• Ibisomo biteguye kandi byubakira ku bumenyi bwa mbere
• Uburyo bwa benshi bumvikanisha inzira nyinshi zo kwiga
• Imikoro ihagije no gusubiramo kugira ngo habeho ubushobozi bwo gusubiza byihuse
• Amabwiriza yihariye mu buryo bwo kwandika no mu buryo bw’amagambo
• Imikoro yo gusoma neza hifashishijwe ibitabo bifite urwego rukwiye

Umuvuduko wo kuvura uba ufite akamaro gakomeye mu iterambere. Abahanga benshi batanga inama yo kugira byibuze amasaha 3-4 y’amasomo yihariye buri cyumweru, nubwo bamwe bakeneye amasomo ya buri munsi mu ntangiriro. Igihe cyo kuvura gitandukanye, ariko abantu benshi bakeneye imyaka 2-3 y’ubuvuzi buhoraho kugira ngo babone ubumenyi buhamye bwo gusoma.

Ikoranabuhanga rishobora gufasha amasomo asanzwe neza. Porogaramu zivuga ibitabo, ibitabo byumvikana, na porogaramu zihariye zo gusoma zishobora gutanga imyitozo n’inkunga yinyongera mugihe urimo kubaka ubumenyi bw’ibanze. Ariko kandi, ikoranabuhanga rigomba kongera imbaraga, atari ukugira icyo rihindura, amasomo yateguwe.

Nigute wakwita kuri dislekisiya murugo?

Gushaka ubufasha bw’umuntu ufite dislekisiya murugo bituma habaho ishingiro ry’intsinzi mu ishuri kandi bikongerera icyizere mu rugendo rwe rwo kwiga. Inkunga yawe n’ingamba zifatika zishobora gutanga itandukaniro rikomeye mu buzima bwe bwa buri munsi mu mirimo yo gusoma no kwandika.

Shyiraho ahantu heza ho gusoma hagamijwe gushyigikira hagamijwe gushyiraho igihe cyo gusoma buri gihe, nta kwitwara nabi. Hitamo ibitabo biri munsi gato y’urwego rwabo rwo gusoma kugira ngo bongere ubumenyi no kugira icyizere. Hindura paragarafu cyangwa amapaji usoma, kandi ntutinye gufasha mu magambo agoye kugira ngo ugume ubwumvikane bw’inkuru n’ubumenyi.

Ibitabo byumvikanyirizo n’ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga bishobora guhindura uburyo bwo gufasha mu rugo. Bibliotheque zitanga amatsinda menshi y’ibitabo byumvikanyirizo, kandi byinshi muri byo bikwemerera gukurikirana n’inyandiko ifatika. Iyi mbaraga ifasha mu gusobanukirwa mugihe igaragaza umuntu wigira amagambo menshi n’inkuru zikomeye ashobora kutageraho binyuze mu gusoma gusa.

Guhindura ibintu bya buri munsi bishobora kugabanya umujinya no gufasha kwiga:

• Gabanya imirimo y’ishuri mu bice bito ufite ibiruhuko byinshi
• Koresha amasaha kugirango uhindure ibihe by’akazi bishoboka
• Tegura ahantu h’akazi hatuje kandi hakozwe neza hatagira ikintu kibangamira
• Teganya igihe cyongeyeho gusoma no kwandika
• Shishikariza gukoresha uburyo bwo kugenzura imyandikire n’izindi teknolojia zifasha
• Hashima imihati n’iterambere, atari ukuri kw’ibintu gusa

Itumanaho n’abarimu ni ingenzi kugira ngo habeho ubumwe hagati y’urugo n’ishuri. Menyesha icyakoranye neza murugo, kandi ubaze uburyo bwihariye bwo gufasha kwiga mwishuri. Kuganira buri gihe bituma buri wese agera ku ntego imwe.

Funga imbaraga n’inyungu kugira ngo ugume ufite ishyaka. Abantu benshi bafite dislexi bakora neza mu gutekereza kure, gukemura ibibazo, cyangwa ibikorwa by’amaboko. Kurera ibihembo bifasha kubaka icyizere rusange kandi bibibutsa ko dislexi ari kimwe mu bintu by’uburyo bwabo bwo kwiga.

Wategura gute uruzinduko rwawe kwa muganga?

Gutegura neza inama yo gusuzuma dislexi yawe bifasha kwemeza ko ubonye isuzuma ryuzuye uko bishoboka. Gutegura neza bishobora kandi kugabanya imihangayiko no kugufasha kumva ufite icyizere cyinshi muri uyu muhango.

Kora inyandiko n’ibyemezo bifatika mbere y’inama yawe. Kora raporo z’ishuri, amanota y’ibizamini, isuzuma ryabanje, n’ibipimo byose by’akazi kwandikishijwe bigaragaza ibibazo biriho. Niba ushaka isuzuma ry’umwana, harimo ibimenyetso by’iterambere rya mbere n’ibitekerezo byose by’abarimu cyangwa abarimu.

Tekereza kuri amateka arambuye y’amasomo yo gusoma no kwiga. Andika igihe wabonye bwa mbere ibibazo, ibibazo byihariye bibaho kenshi, n’ingamba zagereweho. Fata mo amakuru yerekeye amateka y’umuryango w’ibibazo byo kwiga, kuko uyu muryango wa genetique ari ingenzi mu gupima.

Tegura ibibazo byihariye uzabaza mu gihe cy’inama:

• Ni ubwoko ki bwa disileksiya mfite/umwana wanjye afite?
• Ni ibihe bice by’ingenzi byo kwibandaho kugira ngo hagerwe ku iterambere?
• Ni izihe gahunda cyangwa uburyo bw’uburezi bw’umwihariko ugereranya?
• Ingamba zigomba kuba kenshi kangana iki, kandi igihe kingana iki?
• Ni izihe mpanuro zafasha cyane cyane mu ishuri cyangwa mu kazi?
• Abagize umuryango bashobora gutanga ubufasha gute mu rugo?

Plan for the appointment logistics, as evaluations can be lengthy and mentally tiring. Bring snacks and water, arrive well-rested, and schedule the evaluation for your best time of day. For children, explain what will happen in age-appropriate terms to reduce anxiety.

Zaza witeguye kuganira ku ntego n’impungenge uko biri. Umugenzuzi agomba gusobanukirwa uko disileksiya igira ingaruka ku buzima bwa buri munsi, imikorere y’ishuri, n’imimerere y’amarangamutima kugira ngo atange ibitekerezo bifasha cyane.

Ni iki cyingenzi cyo kuzirikana kuri disileksiya?

Ikintu cy’ingenzi cyo gusobanukirwa kuri disileksiya ni uko ari itandukaniro mu buryo ubwonko bwawe butunganya ururimi, atari ikimenyetso cy’ubwenge bwawe cyangwa ubushobozi bwawe bwo kugira icyo ugeraho. Hamwe n’inkunga ikwiye, uburyo bw’inyigisho, n’impanuro, abantu bafite disileksiya bashobora kuba abasoma beza kandi bagera ku ntego zabo mu ishuri no mu kazi.

Kumenya hakiri kare no gutabara ni byo bigira uruhare runini mu mibereho myiza y’igihe kirekire. Niba ukeka ko wowe ubwawe cyangwa umuntu ukunda ufite disileksiya, ntuzategereze gushaka ubuvuzi. Uko ubufasha bukwiye butangira hakiri kare, ni ko uzabasha kurinda neza ingaruka mbi zishobora kuza nyuma kandi ukubaka uburyo bwiza bwo kwiga.

Wibuke ko disileksiya ikunze kuza hamwe n’imbaraga zidasanzwe, harimo gutekereza kure, ubushobozi bwo gukemura ibibazo, n’ubushobozi bukomeye bwo gutekereza ibintu mu buryo bw’umwanya. Abikorera benshi, abahanzi, abahanga, n’abayobozi bafite disileksiya kandi bemeza ko uburyo butandukanye bwo gutekereza ari bwo bwabafashije kugera ku byo bagezeho.

Ubufasha bwa famiye, abarimu, na bagenzi ni ingenzi kugira ngo ugere ku ntsinzi. Iyo abantu bakomeye mu buzima bwawe bumva disileksiya kandi baguha inkunga ikwiye, ni byo bizakurinda kugira icyizere n’ubudahangarwa hamwe n’ubushobozi bwo gusoma.

Ibibazo bikunze kubaho kuri disileksiya

Disileksiya irashobora gukira?

Disileksiya ntishobora ‘gukira’ kuko ari uburwayi bw’ubwonko butuma ubwonko budasobanura neza ururimi. Ariko kandi, hamwe n’ubuvuzi bukwiye n’ubufasha, abantu bafite disileksiya bashobora kwiga gusoma neza kandi bakubaka uburyo bwiza bwo guhangana n’ibibazo byabo. Abantu benshi baba abasomyi beza ku buryo disileksiya yabo itaboneka mu buzima bwa buri munsi.

Disileksiya ni kimwe no gusubira inyuma inyuguti?

Oya, disileksiya iraruta cyane gusubira inyuma inyuguti cyangwa gusoma amagambo inyuma. Nubwo bamwe mu bantu bafite disileksiya bagira ibibazo byo gusubira inyuma inyuguti, ikibazo nyamukuru kiri mu guhuza amajwi n’ibimenyetso no gutunganya amakuru y’amajwi. Abana benshi basubiza inyuguti inyuma iyo biga gusoma, ariko ibi ntibyerekana disileksiya.

Abantu bakuru bashobora kurwara disileksiya nyuma y’imyaka?

Abantu bakuru ntibabona disilekisiya nyuma y’imyaka yabo, kuko ibaho kuva bavutse. Ariko kandi, abantu bakuru benshi basanga bafite disilekisiya iyo bapimwe nyuma y’uko abana babo babimenyeshejwe, cyangwa iyo bahuye n’ibibazo bishya by’amasomo nko kujya muri kaminuza. Icyo kigaragara nk’“iterambere” rya disilekisiya mu by’ukuri ni ukumenya ibimenyetso byari bihari ariko bishobora kuba byarakingiwe cyangwa bitarebweho mbere.

Ese umwana wanjye azakira disilekisiya?

Abana ntibakira disilekisiya, ariko bashobora kwiga gusoma neza bafite inyigisho n’ubufasha bikwiye. Itandukaniro mu bwonko ritera disilekisiya rigumaho ubuzima bwose, ariko abantu bashobora kugira ubumenyi buhambaye bwo gusoma n’uburyo bwo guhangana buhamye. Abantu bakuru benshi bafite disilekisiya ni abasoma beza cyane bize gukorana n’imikorere y’ubwonko bwabo idasanzwe.

Ese abantu bafite disilekisiya bashobora kwiga indimi z’amahanga?

Abantu bafite disilekisiya bashobora kwiga indimi z’amahanga, nubwo bashobora guhura n’ibibazo byiyongereye ku ndimi zifite uburyo bwo kwandika bugoranye cyangwa imiterere y’amajwi itandukanye. Indimi zifite uburyo bwo kwandika buhuje cyane, nka Esipanyoli cyangwa Itayali, bishobora kuba byoroshye kurusha icyongereza. Hamwe n’uburyo bwiza bw’inyigisho n’ubufasha, abantu benshi bafite disilekisiya baba abavuga indimi nyinshi.