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Kanser ya mwijima ibaho iyo uturemangingo two mu mwijima twakura birenze urugero bikaba imiborere. Ni kimwe mu bwoko bwa kanseri busanzwe cyane ku isi, ariko kuyumva neza bishobora kugufasha kumenya ibimenyetso hakiri kare ukagira ubwenge mu gufata ibyemezo bijyanye n’ubuzima bwawe.
Iyi ndwara igira ingaruka ku mubiri upfundikira inzira z’umwuka n’utubuto duto aho umwuka winjira mu maraso yawe. Nubwo kuvura bishobora kuguha ikibazo, iterambere mu buvuzi ryateje imbere cyane uburyo bwo kuvura n’ibyavuye mu kuvura abantu benshi bafite kanseri ya mwijima.
Kanser ya mwijima ibaho iyo uturemangingo dusanzwe tw’umwijima duhinduka tukavuka birenze urugero, bigatuma habaho imiborere. Aya turemangingo adasanzwe ashobora kubangamira ubushobozi bw’umwijima bwo gutanga umwuka mubiri kandi bishobora gukwirakwira mu bindi bice by’umubiri niba bitavuwe.
Mwijima wawe ni ingingo zimeze nk’esponji ziri mu kifuba cyawe zinjiza umwuka iyo uhumeka kandi zikarekura gaze ya karubone iyo uhumeka. Kanseri ishobora gukura aho ari ho hose mu mwijima wawe, ariko ikunze gutangirira mu turemangingo dupfundikira inzira z’umwuka.
Iyi ndwara itera imbere mu buryo butandukanye kuri buri muntu. Zimwe mu kanseri z’umwijima zikura buhoro buhoro mu mezi cyangwa imyaka, izindi zikaba zishobora gukura no gukwirakwira vuba. Kumenya hakiri kare no kuvura birashobora gutuma habaho impinduka ikomeye mu byavuye mu kuvura.
Abaganga basobanura kanseri ya mwijima mu bwoko bubiri bushingiye ku buryo uturemangingo twa kanseri bigaragara munsi y’ikirahure. Kumenya ubwoko bwawe bwihariye bifasha itsinda ryawe ry’abaganga guhitamo uburyo bwiza bwo kuvura bujyanye n’imimerere yawe.
Kanser ya mwijima idakwirakwira vuba (NSCLC) igize hafi 85% by’ibibazo byose bya kanseri ya mwijima. Ubu bwoko busanzwe bukura kandi bukwiriye buhoro kurusha kanseri ya mwijima ikwirakwira vuba. Ubwoko butatu nyamukuru burimo adenokarsinoma (busanzwe), karisinoma ya squamous, na karisinoma nini.
Kanser ya mwijima ikwirakwira vuba (SCLC) igize hafi 15% by’ibibazo bya kanseri ya mwijima. Ubu bwoko busanzwe bukura kandi bukwiriye vuba kurusha NSCLC. Ikunze guhuzwa no kunywa itabi kandi ikunze gukwirakwira mu bindi bice by’umubiri mbere y’uko ibimenyetso bigaragara.
Hari kandi andi moko ya kanseri ya mwijima adasanzwe, harimo imiborere ya karisinoide, ikura buhoro buhoro, na mezoteliyome, igira ingaruka ku mubiri upfundikira mwijima kandi ikunze guhuzwa no kwandura asbesto.
Kanser ya mwijima itangira akenshi ntabimenyetso bigaragara, niyo mpamvu ibyinshi mu bibazo bitaboneka kugeza igihe iyi ndwara imaze gutera imbere. Ariko rero, kumenya ibimenyetso bishobora kuburira bishobora kugufasha gushaka ubuvuzi igihe bikenewe.
Reka turebe ibimenyetso bishobora kuvuka uko kanseri ya mwijima itera imbere. Ibuka ko ibi bimenyetso bishobora kandi guterwa n’izindi ndwara nyinshi, zitari zikomeye:
Bamwe mu bantu bagira ibimenyetso bidafite akamaro iyo kanseri ikwirakwira mu bindi bice by’umubiri. Ibi bishobora kuba ububabare bw’amagufa, kubabara umutwe, guhindagurika, guhinduka kw’uruhu n’amaso, cyangwa kubyimbagira mu maso cyangwa mu ijosi.
Niba ubona ibyo bimenyetso bikomeza ibyumweru birenga bibiri, birakwiye kubivugana n’umuganga wawe. Akenshi, ibi bimenyetso bifite ibindi bisobanuro, ariko kubigenzura biguha amahoro yo mu mutima.
Kanser ya mwijima itera iyo ikintu cyangiza uturemangingo two mu mwijima kenshi uko iminsi igenda ishira. Aya turemangingo yangiritse hanyuma akura nabi kandi ashobora gukora imiborere. Kumenya impamvu nyamukuru bishobora kugufasha gufata ibyemezo byiza bijyanye n’ubuzima bwawe.
Kunywisha itabi niyo mpamvu nyamukuru itera kanseri ya mwijima, igize hafi 85% by’ibibazo. Ibinyabutabire bibangirika biri mu itabi ry’isigareti birangiza uturemangingo tw’umwijima buri gihe uhumeka. Uko umara igihe kinini unywa itabi n’uko unywa isigareti nyinshi buri munsi, ibyago byawe birushaho kwiyongera.
Ndetse nubwo utanywa itabi, urashobora kugira kanseri ya mwijima iterwa n’izindi mpamvu:
Zimwe mu mpamvu zidasanzwe harimo kwambara imyanda ya dizel, imyanda imwe n’imwe ikoreshwa mu mirimo y’inganda, no guhinduka kw’imiterere y’umurage. Ariko rero, ni ngombwa kumenya ko hafi 10-15% by’abantu bagira kanseri ya mwijima nta mpamvu zizwi zibitera.
Kugira ikintu kimwe cyangwa ibindi byago ntibisobanura ko uzagira kanseri ya mwijima. Abantu benshi bafite ibyago ntibabona iyi ndwara, abandi bafite ibyago bike bizwi barayibona.
Ugomba guhamagara umuganga wawe niba ufite ibimenyetso byo mu myanya y’ubuhumekero bikomeza ibyumweru bibiri cyangwa bitatu. Kumenya hakiri kare bishobora gufasha gufata ibibazo igihe bishobora kuvurwa.
Ntugatege amatwi gushaka ubuvuzi niba ukonka amaraso, ufite ububabare bukomeye mu kifuba, cyangwa ugira ikibazo gikomeye cyo guhumeka. Ibi bimenyetso bisaba ko ubuvuzi bwihuse, nubwo akenshi biterwa n’izindi ndwara zitarimo kanseri.
Niba uri umunywi wa itabi cyangwa wari umunywi wa itabi, tekereza kuvugana n’umuganga wawe ku bijyanye no gusuzuma kanseri ya mwijima. Gusuzuma buri gihe biba byiza cyane niba ufite ibindi byago cyangwa niba ibimenyetso byo mu myanya y’ubuhumekero bigaragara.
Izera icyo umubiri wawe ukubwira. Niba hari ikintu kiguha ikibazo, birakwiye kubivugana n’umuganga wawe. Bashobora kugufasha kumenya niba hari ibizamini bikenewe.
Ibyago ni ibintu byongera amahirwe yo kugira kanseri ya mwijima, ariko kubigira ntibihamya ko uzayibona. Kumenya ibi bintu bishobora kugufasha gufata ibyemezo byiza bijyanye n’ubuzima bwawe n’imibereho yawe.
Dore ibintu by’ingenzi bishobora kongera ibyago byo kugira kanseri ya mwijima:
Zimwe mu ngamba zidasanzwe ziterwa na kanseri ya mwijima harimo kwambara imyanda imwe n’imwe nka chromium na nickel, imyanda ya dizel, no guhinduka kw’imiterere y’umurage. Byongeye kandi, indyo ikennye mu mboga n’imbuto ishobora kongera gato ibyago.
Inkuru nziza ni uko ushobora kugenzura bimwe muri ibyo byago. Kureka kunywa itabi mu myaka yose bigabanya ibyago byawe cyane, kandi gusuzuma amazu yawe kuri gaze ya radoni ni intambwe yoroshye ushobora gufata kugira ngo urinde umuryango wawe.
Kanser ya mwijima ishobora gutera ingaruka zitandukanye, zikomoka kuri kanseri ubwayo rimwe na rimwe zikomoka ku buvuzi. Kumenya ibyo bishoboka bigufasha gukorana n’itsinda ryawe ry’abaganga kugira ngo ubirinde cyangwa ubigenzure neza.
Ingaruka zikomoka kuri kanseri ubwayo zishobora kuvuka uko iyi ndwara itera imbere. Ibi bibaho kuko imiborere ishobora kubangamira imikorere isanzwe y’umwijima cyangwa ikwirakwira mu bindi bice:
Ingaruka ziterwa n’ubuvuzi zishobora kubaho ariko zisanzwe zigengwa neza hamwe n’ubuvuzi bukwiye. Ibi bishobora kuba umunaniro ukomoka kuri chimiothérapie, guhindagurika kw’uruhu ukomoka kuri radiothérapie, cyangwa ibyago byo kwandura bikomeza mu gihe cy’ubuvuzi.
Itsinda ryawe ry’abaganga rikurikirana hafi izi ngaruka kandi rifite ingamba zo kubikumira cyangwa kuzivura. Ingaruka nyinshi zishobora gucungwa neza, bigatuma ubasha kugira ubuzima bwiza mu gihe cy’ubuvuzi.
Nubwo utabuza ibibazo byose bya kanseri ya mwijima, ushobora kugabanya cyane ibyago byayo binyuze mu gufata ibyemezo byiza by’imibereho no kwirinda ibyago bizwi. Intambwe y’ingenzi ni ukwirinda itabi ryose mu buryo bwayo.
Niba unywa itabi, kureka ni cyo kintu cy’ingenzi cyane ushobora gukora ku buzima bw’umwijima wawe. Ibyago bya kanseri ya mwijima bitangira kugabanuka mu mezi make uretse kunywa, kandi bikomeza kugabanuka uko iminsi igenda ishira. Nubwo umaze imyaka myinshi unywa itabi, kureka biguha inyungu zikomeye.
Dore ingamba z’ingenzi zo gukumira ushobora gushyira mu bikorwa:
Niba ukeneye ubufasha bwo kureka kunywa itabi, hari uburyo bwinshi buhari harimo imiti, inama, n’amatsinda y’ubufasha. Umuganga wawe ashobora kugufasha gushyiraho gahunda yo kureka ikubereye.
Kumenya kanseri ya mwijima bisaba intambwe nyinshi n’ibizamini kugira ngo hamenyekane niba kanseri iriho, kandi niba iriho, ubwoko bwayo n’icyiciro kirimo. Umuganga wawe azatangira amateka yawe y’ubuzima n’ibimenyetso, hanyuma ajye ku bizamini byihariye uko bikenewe.
Uburyo bwo kuvura busanzwe butangira hamwe n’ibizamini by’amashusho. X-ray y’ikifuba ishobora kwerekana ibice bishidikanywaho, ariko CT scan itanga amashusho arambuye cyane y’umwijima wawe kandi ishobora kumenya imiborere mito itagaragara kuri X-ray.
Niba amashusho agaragaza kanseri, umuganga wawe azakenera kubona ibice by’umubiri kugira ngo yemeze ubuvuzi. Ibi bishobora kuba:
Iyo kanseri yemewe, ibindi bizamini bimenya aho ikwirakwiriye. Ibyo bizamini byo kumenya icyiciro bishobora kuba PET scans, MRI y’ubwonko, scans y’amagufa, cyangwa ibizamini by’amaraso. Kumenya icyiciro bifasha itsinda ryawe ry’abaganga gutegura uburyo bwiza bwo kuvura.
Uburyo bwose bwo kuvura bushobora kumara ibyumweru byinshi, bishobora kuguha ikibazo. Ibuka ko itsinda ryawe ry’abaganga rikorana ubwitonzi kugira ngo babone amakuru nyayo azayobora ibyemezo byawe byo kuvura.
Uburyo bwo kuvura kanseri ya mwijima biterwa n’ubwoko bwa kanseri, icyiciro kirimo, n’ubuzima bwawe muri rusange. Itsinda ryawe ry’abaganga rizakorana nawe kugira ngo bashyireho gahunda y’ubuvuzi ikubereye itanga ibyavuye byiza bishoboka mu gihe utekereza ku byifuzo byawe n’ubuzima bwiza.
Kubaga akenshi ni uburyo bwiza bwo kuvura kanseri ya mwijima itangiye igihe imiborere itararenga mwijima. Bitewe no ku kureba imiborere n’aho iri, ababaganga bashobora gukuramo igice cy’umwijima, umwijima wose, cyangwa imiborere gusa hamwe n’imiterere yayo.
Ubundi buryo nyamukuru bwo kuvura burimo:
Ku kanseri ya mwijima ikomeye, uburyo bwo kuvura bugamije kugenzura iyi ndwara, kugabanya ibimenyetso, no kubungabunga ubuzima bwiza. Abantu benshi bafite kanseri ya mwijima ikomeye babaho amezi cyangwa imyaka bafite uburyo bwiza bwo kugenzura ibimenyetso.
Itsinda ryawe ry’abaganga rishobora kuba ririmo abaganga b’indwara za kanseri, ababaganga, abahanga mu kuvura amiradiyo, abaforomo, n’abandi bakozi bo mu buvuzi. Bazakurikirana amajyambere yawe kandi bagorore uburyo bwo kuvura uko bikenewe bitewe n’uko ubisubiza.
Guhangana na kanseri ya mwijima murugo bisobanura kwita ku buzima bwawe muri rusange, gucunga ingaruka z’ubuvuzi, no kuguma wishimye hagati y’ibitaro. Kwita ku buzima bwiza bishobora kugufasha kumva uhagaze neza kandi bishobora kunoza ibyavuye mu kuvura.
Fata umwanya wo kurya neza nubwo utumva ufite inzara. Ibyo kurya bike, bikunze kuba byinshi birimo ibiryo byuzuye poroteyine bishobora kugufasha kugumana imbaraga. Kora amazi menshi ukoresha amazi menshi umunsi wose, kandi ubaze umuganga wawe ku bijyanye n’ibinyabutabire by’imirire niba bikenewe.
Dore ingamba z’ingenzi zo kwita ku buzima bwiza wakoresha:
Ntugatinye kuvugana n’itsinda ryawe ry’abaganga ufite ibibazo cyangwa impungenge. Bashobora kugufasha mu gucunga ibimenyetso byihariye no kukumenyesha igihe ibimenyetso bisaba ko uhabwa ubuvuzi bwihuse.
Gutegura uruzinduko rwawe kwa muganga bigufasha kugira ngo ubone inyungu nyinshi mu gihe cyanyu hamwe. Kwitonda no kubaza ibibazo bikwiye bishobora kugufasha kumva ufite icyizere mu gufata ibyemezo byawe byo kuvura.
Mbere y’uruzinduko rwawe, andika ibimenyetso byawe byose, harimo igihe byatangiye n’icyo bibafasha cyangwa kibibangamira. Zana urutonde rwuzuye rw’imiti yose, amavitamini, n’ibinyabutabire ufata, harimo n’umwanya.
Tekereza kuzana ibi bintu by’ingenzi:
Ntugatinye kubaza ibibazo ku kintu cyose utumva. Ibibazo byiza bishobora kuba kubaza ku bijyanye n’ubuvuzi bwawe, uburyo bwo kuvura, ingaruka zikurikira, n’uburyo uburyo bwo kuvura bushobora kugira ingaruka ku buzima bwawe bwa buri munsi.
Kwandika amakuru mu gihe cy’uruzinduko rwawe cyangwa kubaza niba ushobora kwandika ikiganiro bishobora kugufasha kwibuka amakuru y’ingenzi nyuma yaho. Itsinda ryawe ry’abaganga rishaka ko usobanukirwa uburwayi bwawe kandi ukumva utekanye mu gufata ibyemezo byo kuvura.
Kanser ya mwijima ni indwara ikomeye, ariko kuyumva biguha ubushobozi bwo gufata ibyemezo byiza bijyanye n’ubuzima bwawe. Kumenya hakiri kare no gutera imbere mu buvuzi byateje imbere cyane ibyavuye mu kuvura abantu benshi bavuwe kanseri ya mwijima.
Ikintu cy’ingenzi cyo kwibuka ni uko uburambe bwa buri muntu kuri kanseri ya mwijima butandukanye. Ibyo uzasiga biterwa n’ibintu byinshi birimo ubwoko n’icyiciro cya kanseri, ubuzima bwawe muri rusange, n’uko usubiza ubuvuzi.
Niba uri mu kaga cyangwa ufite ibimenyetso, ntutinde kuvugana n’umuganga wawe. Yaba ari ku gukumira, gusuzuma, cyangwa uburyo bwo kuvura, kugira ibiganiro byumvikanisha n’itsinda ryawe ry’abaganga bigufasha kugira ngo ubone ubuvuzi bwiza.
Ibuka ko nturi wenyine muri uru rugendo. Inkunga iboneka mu itsinda ryawe ry’abaganga, umuryango, inshuti, n’imiryango ishyigikira kanseri ishobora gutanga uburyo n’amahirwe yo guhuza n’abandi bumva ibyo ucamo.
Yego, hafi 10-15% by’abantu bavuwe kanseri ya mwijima ntibigeze banywa itabi. Abantu batanywa itabi bashobora kugira kanseri ya mwijima iterwa no kwambara itabi ry’abandi, kwambara radoni, umwanda w’ikirere, ibintu by’umurage, cyangwa rimwe na rimwe impamvu zitazwi. Nubwo kunywa itabi byongera cyane ibyago, kanseri ya mwijima ishobora kugira ingaruka kuri buri wese.
Umuvuduko wa kanseri ya mwijima ikwirakwira utandukanye cyane bitewe n’ubwoko. Kanser ya mwijima ikwirakwira vuba ikunze gukura no gukwirakwira vuba, rimwe na rimwe mu byumweru cyangwa amezi. Kanser ya mwijima idakwirakwira vuba isanzwe ikura buhoro buhoro, akenshi mu mezi cyangwa imyaka. Kumenya hakiri kare no kuvura birashobora gufasha kugenzura ikwirakwira bitari ubwoko.
COPD (indwara y’ubuhumekero buzira umwuka) ni indwara y’ubuhumekero itera guhumeka nabi kubera inzira z’umwuka zangiritse, naho kanseri ya mwijima ikubiyemo ukura kw’uturemangingo tudasanzwe dukora imiborere. Ariko kandi, izo ndwara zombi zigira ibimenyetso bisa nka korora idashira no guhumeka nabi. Kugira COPD bishobora kongera ibyago byo kugira kanseri ya mwijima, kandi bamwe mu bantu bagira izo ndwara zombi.
Oya, kanseri ya mwijima ntihora ipfana. Ibyavuye mu kuvura byateye imbere cyane hamwe n’iterambere mu buvuzi. Iyo ifashwe hakiri kare, abantu benshi bafite kanseri ya mwijima bashobora gukira cyangwa kubaho imyaka myinshi. Nubwo ufite kanseri ya mwijima ikomeye, uburyo bwo kuvura bushobora kenshi kugenzura iyi ndwara no gufasha abantu kugira ubuzima bwiza igihe kirekire.
Gusuzuma bishobora kugufasha niba uri hagati y’imyaka 50-80, ufite amateka akomeye yo kunywa itabi (akenshi imyaka 20 “pack-years” cyangwa irenga), kandi ukinywa itabi cyangwa wabirekeye mu myaka 15 ishize. Pack-years bisobanura umubare w’amapaki buri munsi byinshi ku myaka yanywewe. Vugana n’umuganga wawe niba gusuzuma bikubereye.