Pneumonia

Pneumonia itera ibaho iyo ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri wawe butakaje imbaraga, bigatuma mikorobe zinjira kandi zikwirakwira mu bihaha byawe. Kugira ngo zisenywe, uturindagira umubiri (globule blanche) twokwirakwira vuba. Kimwe na bagiteri na fungi, zuzuza utwo tubari two mu bihaha (alveoles). Ufite ikibazo cyo guhumeka. Ikimenyetso cy'indwara ya pneumonia iterwa na bagiteri ni inkorora itanga ibicurane by'amabara y'umuhondo cyangwa icyatsi kibisi, bifite amaraso.

Pneumonia ni indwara y'ubwandu itera ububabare mu tubari two mu bihaha byombi cyangwa kimwe. Utubari two mu bihaha dushobora kuzura amazi cyangwa ibicurane (ibintu byanduye), bigatera inkorora ifite ibicurane cyangwa ibicurane, umuriro, guhinda umuriro, no kugorana guhumeka. Ibinyabuzima bitandukanye, birimo bagiteri, virusi na fungi, bishobora guteza pneumonia.

Pneumonia ishobora kugira uburemere butandukanye kuva ku gito kugeza ku kiremereye cyane. Ikaze cyane ku bana bato n'abana bakiri bato, abantu barengeje imyaka 65, n'abantu bafite ibibazo by'ubuzima cyangwa bafite ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri buke.

Kora gahunda yawe bwite yo gukingira.

Ibimenyetso n'iby'indwara ya pneumonia bitandukanye, kuva ku bito kugeza ku bikomeye, bitewe n'ibintu bitandukanye nka ubwoko bw'ubwandu butera iyi ndwara, n'imyaka yawe n'ubuzima bwawe muri rusange. Ibimenyetso n'iby'indwara bidakomeye bikunze kumera nk'iby'umwijima cyangwa igicurane, ariko bikamara igihe kirekire. Ibimenyetso n'iby'indwara ya pneumonia bishobora kuba birimo:

• Kubabara mu gituza iyo uhumeka cyangwa ugiye gukorora
• Kudashishoza cyangwa guhinduka mu bwenge (mu bantu bakuru bafite imyaka 65 n'irenga)
• Ukorora, bishobora gutuma ucikura iminyonyo
• Kwishima
• Guhindagurika, gucana ibyuya no guhinda umuriro
• Ubushyuhe buke bw'umubiri (mu bantu bakuru bafite imyaka irenga 65 n'abafite ubudahangarwa buke bw'umubiri)
• Isesemi, kuruka cyangwa guhitwa
• Guhumeka nabi Abana bashya n'abana bato bashobora kutagaragaza ikimenyetso icyo ari cyo cyose cy'iyi ndwara. Cyangwa bashobora kuruka, kugira umuriro no gukorora, bagaragara batuje cyangwa bananiwe kandi badafite imbaraga, cyangwa bagahura n'ikibazo cyo guhumeka no kurya. Reba muganga niba ugira ikibazo cyo guhumeka, kubabara mu gituza, umuriro uhoraho wa 102 F (39 C) cyangwa urenga, cyangwa ukorora uhoraho, cyane cyane niba uri gukorora iminyonyo. Birakomeye cyane ko abantu bari muri ibyo byiciro by'ibyago byinshi babona muganga:
• Abantu bakuru bafite imyaka irenga 65
• Abana bafite imyaka iri munsi y'imyaka 2 bafite ibimenyetso n'iby'indwara
• Abantu bafite uburwayi bw'imbere cyangwa ubudahangarwa buke bw'umubiri Kuri bamwe mu bantu bakuru n'abafite ibibazo by'umutima cyangwa ibibazo by'ibihaha, pneumonia ishobora kwihutira kuba ikibazo gishobora guhitana ubuzima.

Mikorobe nyinshi zishobora gutera pneumonia. Izisanzwe cyane ni bagiteri na virusi biri mu kirere duhumeka. Ubusanzwe umubiri wawe ubuza izo mikorobe kwanduza ibihumekero byawe. Ariko rimwe na rimwe izo mikorobe zishobora gutsinda ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri wawe, nubwo ubuzima bwawe busanzwe bwiza.

Pneumonia irondwa hakurikijwe ubwoko bw'imikorobe iyiteye n'aho yayanduye.

Pneumonia iterwa n'umuryango (community-acquired pneumonia) ni yo pneumonia isanzwe cyane. Iba hanze y'ibitaro cyangwa ibindi bigo nderabuzima. Ishobora guterwa na:

• Bagiteri. Bagiteri isanzwe cyane itera pneumonia muri Amerika ni Streptococcus pneumoniae. Ubu bwoko bwa pneumonia bushobora kuba ubwa rwose cyangwa nyuma yo kurwara ibicurane cyangwa grippe. Ishobora kugira ingaruka ku gice kimwe (lobe) cy'ibihu, ikibazo cyitwa lobar pneumonia.
• Udukoko dumeze nk'abagiteri. Mycoplasma pneumoniae na yo ishobora gutera pneumonia. Isanzwe itera ibimenyetso bidakomeye kurusha ibindi bwoko bya pneumonia. Pneumonia y'abagenda ni izina ritavuga rumwe rihabwa ubu bwoko bwa pneumonia, busanzwe budakomeye ku buryo bukeneye kuruhuka mu buriri.
• Imyeyo. Ubu bwoko bwa pneumonia busanzwe cyane mu bantu bafite ibibazo by'ubuzima bya karande cyangwa bafite ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri buke, no mu bantu bahumekeye umwanya munini w'ibinyabuzima. Imyeyo iyiteye ishobora kuboneka mu butaka cyangwa mu mwanda w'inyoni kandi ihinduka bitewe n'aho umuntu atuye.
• Virusi, harimo COVID-19. Zimwe mu virusi ziterwa n'ibicurane na grippe zishobora gutera pneumonia. Virusi ni zo zisanzwe cyane ziterwa pneumonia mu bana bari munsi y'imyaka 5. Pneumonia iterwa na virusi isanzwe iba ntoya. Ariko mu bihe bimwe na bimwe ishobora kuba ikomeye cyane. Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) ishobora gutera pneumonia, ishobora kuba ikomeye.

Bamwe mu bantu barwara pneumonia mu gihe bari mu bitaro kubera ubundi burwayi. Pneumonia iterwa n'ibitaro ishobora kuba ikomeye kuko bagiteri iyiteye ishobora kurwanya imiti ya antibiyotike kandi kuko abantu bayirwaye baba barwaye. Abantu bakoresha imashini zo guhumeka (ventilateurs), zikunze gukoreshwa mu byumba by'ubuvuzi bwo kuvura abarwaye cyane, bafite ibyago byinshi byo kurwara ubu bwoko bwa pneumonia.

Pneumonia iterwa n'ubuvuzi ni ubwandu bw'abagiteri buva ku bantu baba mu bigo byita ku bantu mu gihe kirekire cyangwa bahabwa ubuvuzi mu bigo nderabuzima, harimo n'ibigo byita ku ndwara z'impyiko. Kimwe na pneumonia iterwa n'ibitaro, pneumonia iterwa n'ubuvuzi ishobora guterwa na bagiteri zirwanya imiti ya antibiyotike.

Pneumonia iterwa no kwishima (Aspiration pneumonia) ibaho iyo uhumeka ibiryo, ibinyobwa, ikivomere cyangwa amacandwe mu bihumekero byawe. Kwishima bishoboka cyane iyo hari ikintu kibangamira uburyo bwawe busanzwe bwo kuruka, nko gukomeretsa ubwonko cyangwa ikibazo cyo kwishima, cyangwa gukoresha inzoga cyangwa ibiyobyabwenge cyane.

Pneumonia ishobora kwibasira umuntu uwo ari we wese. Ariko amatsinda abiri y'abantu bafite ibyago byinshi ni: Abana bari munsi y'imyaka ibiri Abantu bafite imyaka 65 cyangwa irenga Ibindi bintu byongera ibyago birimo: Kuryamishwa mu bitaro. Ufite ibyago byinshi byo kwibasirwa na Pneumonia niba uri mu cyumba cy'ubuvuzi bw'ibanze mu bitaro, cyane cyane niba ukoresha imashini igufasha guhumeka (imashini y'ubuhumekero). Indwara zidakira. Ufite ibyago byinshi byo kwibasirwa na Pneumonia niba ufite indwara y'ubuhumekero, indwara ya COPD cyangwa indwara y'umutima. Umuco. Umuco wangiza ubwugarizi bw'umubiri wawe ku bakteria na virusi bitera Pneumonia. Ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri buke cyangwa buhagaritswe. Abantu bafite virusi itera SIDA, abakorewe ikuzimirwa ry'ingingo, cyangwa abakoresha imiti yo kuvura kanseri cyangwa imiti ya steroide igihe kirekire bafite ibyago.

Nubwo hari ubuvuzi, bamwe mu bantu barwaye pneumonia, cyane cyane abari mu matsinda afite ibyago byinshi, bashobora kugira ingaruka, zirimo:

• Udukoko mu maraso (bacteremia). Udukoko twinjira mu maraso uva mu mwijima wawe dushobora gukwirakwiza ubwandu mu zindi nzego z'umubiri, bigashobora gutera gucika intege kw'imirimo y'ingingo.
• Gukomerwa guhumeka. Niba pneumonia yawe ari mbi cyangwa ufite indwara z'ibihaha zidakira, ushobora kugira ikibazo cyo guhumeka umwuka uhagije. Ushobora gukenera kujyanwa mu bitaro no gukoresha imashini yo guhumeka (ventilator) mu gihe ibihaha byawe bikira.
• Kuvumba amazi hafi y'ibihaha (pleural effusion). Pneumonia ishobora gutera amazi gukusanyiriza ahantu gato hagati y'udushashi dukingira ibihaha n'igice cy'ibituza (pleura). Niba amazi yanduye, ushobora gukenera kuyakuramo ukoresheje umuyoboro ugana mu gituza cyangwa ukayakuramo ukoresheje ubuvuzi.
• Ububyimba mu mwijima w'ibihaha. Ububyimba buvaho iyo ibyuya bikusanyirijwe mu kibaya kiri mu mwijima w'ibihaha. Ububyimba bukunze kuvurwa n'antibiyotike. Rimwe na rimwe, kubaga cyangwa gukuramo ibyuya hakoreshejwe umugozi muremure cyangwa umuyoboro ushyirwa mu bubyimba birakenewe kugira ngo ibyuya bikurwe.

Kugira ngo dukumire pneumonia:

• Fata inkingo. Hari inkingo zifasha gukumira ubwoko bumwe na bumwe bwa pneumonia na grippe. Ganira na muganga wawe kubyerekeye gufata izi nkingo. Amabwiriza y'inkingo yagiye ahinduka uko igihe gihita, bityo menya neza ko usubiramo uko wakorewe inkingo na muganga wawe, naho waba wibuka ko warigeze guhabwa inkingo za pneumonia.
• Kora uko ushoboye kugira ngo abana bawe babone inkingo. Abaganga batanga inama y'inkingo itandukanye ya pneumonia ku bana bari munsi y'imyaka 2 n'abana bafite imyaka iri hagati ya 2 na 5, bafite ibyago byihariye byo kwandura indwara ya pneumococcal. Abana bajya mu kigo cyita ku bana bagomba kandi guhabwa inkingo. Abaganga bagira inama kandi ko abana bafite imyaka irenga 6 bagomba guhabwa inkingo za grippe.
• Kora isuku nziza. Kugira ngo wirinde kwandura indwara z'ubuhumekero zimwe na zimwe ziterwa na pneumonia, kora isuku y'intoki kenshi cyangwa ukoreshe umuti w'intoki ukozwe na alcool.
• Ntukore. Itabi yangiza ubwugarizi bw'ibihaha byawe ku ndwara z'ubuhumekero.
• Komeza ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri wawe. Ryama bihagije, ikora imyitozo ngororamubiri buri gihe kandi urye indyo yuzuye.

Iyi X-ray y'amabere igaragaza igice cy'umwenda w'ibitotsi kigaragaza ubwandu bwa pneumonia.

Muganga wawe azatangira akubaza amateka yawe y'ubuzima akakora isuzuma ngaruka mbere, harimo gutega amatwi mu bihaha byawe akoresheje stethoscope kugira ngo arebe amajwi adasanzwe cyangwa amaguru asa n'amajwi y'umuriro agaragaza pneumonia.

Niba bakeka ko ufite pneumonia, muganga wawe ashobora kugutegurira ibizamini bikurikira:

• Ibizamini by'amaraso. Ibizamini by'amaraso bikoreshwa mu kwemeza ubwandu no kugerageza kumenya ubwoko bw'ikiremwa gitera ubwandu. Ariko, kumenya neza ntibishoboka buri gihe.
• X-ray y'amabere. Ibi bifasha muganga wawe kuvura pneumonia no kumenya uko ubwandu bwakwirakwiye n'aho buherereye. Ariko, ntibishobora kubwira muganga wawe ubwoko bw'ubuzima butera pneumonia.
• Pulse oximetry. Ibi bipima urwego rw'umwuka mu maraso yawe. Pneumonia ishobora kubuza ibihaha byawe kwimura umwuka uhagije mu maraso yawe.
• Isuzuma rya sputum. Igice cy'umusemburo ukomoka mu bihaha byawe (sputum) gifatwa nyuma yo guhumeka cyane kandi kigasuzumwa kugira ngo bigufashe kumenya icyateye ubwandu.

Muganga wawe ashobora gutegeka ibizamini by'inyongera niba ufite imyaka irenga 65, uri mu bitaro, cyangwa ufite ibimenyetso bikomeye cyangwa ubuzima bugoye. Ibi bishobora kuba:

• CT scan. Niba pneumonia yawe idakira vuba nkuko byari biteganijwe, muganga wawe ashobora kugutegurira CT scan y'amabere kugira ngo abone ishusho ihamye y'ibihaha byawe.
• Umuco w'amazi ya pleural. Igice cy'amazi gifatwa hakoreshejwe umugozi hagati y'amagongo yawe ukomoka mu gice cya pleural kandi kigasuzumwa kugira ngo bigufashe kumenya ubwoko bw'ubwandu.

Tegura gahunda yawe bwite yo gukingira.