Indwara Z'Umunyuraguti

Macula iherere inyuma y'ijisho hagati ya retina. Macula nzima ituma ubona neza ibintu biri hagati. Macula igizwe n'uturemangingo twinshi tw'amaso twumva umucyo, twitwa cones na rods. Cones zituma ijisho ribona amabara, naho rods zituma ijisho ribona ibara ry'umukara n'umweru.

Indwara z'amaso ya retina zitandukanye cyane, ariko ubusanzwe zose ziterwa n'ibimenyetso byo kubura ubwenge. Indwara z'amaso ya retina zishobora kwibasira igice icyo ari cyo cyose cya retina, uruhu rwo hanze rw'ijisho.

Retina irimo uturemangingo twinshi twumva umucyo, twitwa rods na cones, n'utundi turemangingo tw'imbere twakira kandi tugategura amakuru y'ibyabonetse. Retina ituma aya makuru ajya mu bwonko binyuze mu ntoki y'ijisho, bigatuma ubona.

Indwara za retina zisanzwe n'ibibazo birimo:

• Gusaduka kwa retina. Gusaduka kwa retina bibaho iyo ikintu kimeze nk'amazi kiri hagati mu jisho ryawe, kitwa vitreous, kigabanuka kikakurura uruhu rwo hanze rw'ijisho, kitwa retina. Ibi bishobora gutera gusaduka mu mubiri wa retina. Akenshi biherekejwe n'ibimenyetso byihuse nk'ibintu bimeze nk'ibyondo n'umucyo uca mu maso.
• Gutandukana kwa retina. Gutandukana kwa retina bivugwaho kubaho iyo hari amazi ari munsi ya retina. Ibi bikunda kubaho iyo amazi anyura mu gusaduka kwa retina, bigatuma retina ihaguruka ku ruhu ruri munsi yayo.
• Retinopathy ya diabete. Niba ufite diabete, imitsi mito yo mu maso y'inyuma y'ijisho ishobora kwangirika ikamanuka amazi mu nda no munsi ya retina. Ibi bituma retina ivumba, bishobora gutuma ubona nabi cyangwa ibintu bikagoramye. Cyangwa ushobora kugira imitsi mishya, idasanzwe, imenagurika kandi ikavuza amaraso. Ibi kandi birushaho kugutera kubura ubwenge.
• Imbarutso ya epiretinal. Imbarutso ya epiretinal ni igisebe cyoroshye cyangwa uruhu rumeze nk'ikirahure cyoroshye kiri hejuru ya retina. Uru ruhu rukurura retina, bigatuma ubona nabi. Ibintu bishobora kugaragara bituje cyangwa bigoramye.
• Umunyenyeka wa macula. Umunyenyeka wa macula ni ikibazo gito kiri hagati ya retina inyuma y'ijisho, kitwa macula. Umunyenyeka ushobora guterwa no gukurura bitasanzwe hagati ya retina na vitreous, cyangwa ushobora gukurikira imvune y'ijisho.
• Kwimangira kwa macula. Mu kwimangira kwa macula, hagati ya retina itangira kwangirika. Ibi bituma habaho ibimenyetso nk'ububabare bwo kubona hagati cyangwa agace katarabona hagati mu kibanza cyo kubona. Hari ubwoko bubiri — kwimangira kwa macula kwa wet na kwimangira kwa macula kwa dry. Abantu benshi bazabanza kugira ubwoko bwa dry, bushobora guhinduka ubwoko bwa wet mu jisho rimwe cyangwa mu yombi.
• Retinitis pigmentosa. Retinitis pigmentosa ni indwara y'umurage itera kwangirika. Buhoro buhoro igira ingaruka kuri retina kandi itera kubura ubwenge bwo mu ijoro no ku ruhande.

Indwara nyinshi z'umunyaryo zigira ibimenyetso bimwe bisanzwe. Ibi bishobora kuba birimo: Kubona ibintu bito bito bimeze nk'utudomo cyangwa imigozi y'intare. Kubura neza kw'amaso cyangwa kubona ibintu bidafite imiterere. Uburwayi bw'ububone bw'uruhande. Kubura ubushobozi bwo kubona. Ushobora kugerageza kureba buri jisho ukirinda irindi kugira ngo ubimenye. Ni ngombwa kwitondera impinduka iyo ari yo yose mu maso yawe kandi ubone ubufasha vuba. Shaka ubufasha bwa muganga ako kanya niba utunguwe no kubona ibintu bito bito bimeze nk'utudomo, umucyo udasanzwe cyangwa kugabanuka kw'ububone. Ibi ni ibimenyetso by'uburwayi bukomeye bw'umunyaryo.

Ni byiza kwita ku mpinduka iyo ari yo yose mu maso yawe kandi ugakurikirana ubuvuzi vuba. Shaka ubuvuzi bw’ihutirwa niba utunguwe n’ibintu bimeze nk’uducecece mu maso, umucyo udasanzwe cyangwa ubona nabi. Ibi ni ibimenyetso by’uburwayi bukomeye bwa retina.

Ibintu bishobora guteza indwara z'umunyuramyenge harimo:

• Gusaza.
• Kunywa itabi.
• Kubyibuha.
• Kurwara diyabete cyangwa izindi ndwara.
• Gukomereka mu jisho.
• Amateka y'indwara z'umunyuramyenge mu muryango.

Kugira ngo umuganga w'amaso akore ubuvuzi, akora isuzuma ry'amaso ryuzuye kandi areba amakosa aho ari hose mu jisho.

Ibizamini bikurikira bishobora gukorwa kugira ngo hamenyekane aho indwara iherereye n'ingano yayo:

• Isuzuma rya Amsler grid. Umuganga w'amaso ashobora gukoresha Amsler grid kugira ngo apime uburyo ubona neza hagati. Uzabazwa niba imiterere y'umurongo wa gridi isa nkaho yaciwe, cyangwa yahindutse. Kumenya aho iyo mpinduka iri kuri gridi bishobora gufasha kumva ingano y'akaga k'umunyuramyenge. Niba ufite macular degeneration, ushobora gusabwa gukoresha iki kizami kugira ngo wigenzure wenyine murugo.
• Optical coherence tomography (OCT). Iki kizami ni uburyo bwiza cyane bwo gufata amashusho yuzuye y'umunyuramyenge. Ibi bishobora gufasha kuvura epiretinal membranes, ibibyimba bya macular na macular edema. Bishobora kandi gukurikirana ingano ya macular degeneration yo mu bundi bwoko kandi uko igenda ivurwa.
• Fundus autofluorescence (FAF). FAF ishobora gukoreshwa kugira ngo hamenyekane ibyiciro by'indwara z'umunyuramyenge, harimo macular degeneration. FAF igaragaza pigment y'umunyuramyenge, yitwa lipofuscin, izamuka hamwe n'akaga k'umunyuramyenge cyangwa kudakora neza.
• Fluorescein angiography. Iki kizami gikoreshwa ibara ritera imitsi y'amaraso mu munyuramyenge kugaragara neza munsi y'umucyo wihariye. Ibi bifasha kumenya neza imitsi y'amaraso ifunze, imitsi y'amaraso isohora amaraso, imitsi mishya y'amaraso idahwitse n'impinduka nto inyuma y'ijisho.
• Indocyanine green angiography. Iki kizami gikoreshwa ibara rigaragara iyo rigaragariye umucyo wa infrared. Amashusho avuyemo agaragaza imitsi y'amaraso y'umunyuramyenge n'imitsi y'amaraso iri kure, ikomeye kubona inyuma y'umunyuramyenge mu mubiri witwa choroid.
• Ultrasound. Iki kizami gikoreshwa amajwi y'umuvuduko mwinshi, yitwa ultrasonography, kugira ngo afashe kubona umunyuramyenge n'ibindi bice by'ijisho. Ishobora kandi kumenya imico y'umubiri ishobora gufasha mu kuvura no kuvura ibibyimba by'amaso.
• CT na MRI. Mu bihe bitoroshye, ubu buryo bwo kubona amashusho bushobora gukoreshwa kugira ngo hagenzurwe imvune z'amaso cyangwa ibibyimba.