Cancer, Retinoblastoma

Ijisho ryawe ni urwego rugoye kandi rurerure, rufite ubugari bwa santimetero 2.5 (inci imwe). Rwakira amakuru ayandi miliyoni yerekeye isi yo hanze, akaba akorwaho vuba na ubwonko bwawe.

Retinoblastoma ni ubwoko bwa kanseri y'amaso itangira nk'ukura kw'uturemangingo muri retina. Retina ni uruhu rwumva umucyo ruri imbere mu jisho.

Retina igizwe n'uturemangingo tw'imbere twumva umucyo uza imbere mu jisho. Umucyo utuma retina ituma ubwonko butanga amakuru. Ubwonko busobanura amakuru nk'amashusho.

Retinoblastoma ikunda kugaragara mu bana bato. Ikunze kuvurwa mbere y'imyaka 2. Ikunze kwibasira ijisho rimwe. Rimwe na rimwe iba mu maso yombi.

Hari uburyo bwinshi bwo kuvura retinoblastoma. Kubana benshi, kuvura ntibisaba gukuraho ijisho kugira ngo kanseri ikureho. Icyerekezo cy'abana bafite retinoblastoma ni cyiza cyane.

Ibimenyetso n'ibibonwa bya Retinoblastoma birimo:

• Ibara ryera hagati mu gihuru cy'ijisho iyo umucyo wamanuwe mu jisho. Bishobora kugaragara ku mafoto yafashwe hifashishijwe flash.
• Umuhondo w'ijisho.
• Kubyimba kw'ijisho.
• Amaso asa n'aho areba mu bice bitandukanye.
• Kubura ubushobozi bwo kubona.

Niba ubona impinduka iyo ari yo yose ku maso y'umwana wawe ikubangamiye, hamagara umuganga cyangwa undi muhanga mu buvuzi.

Retinoblastoma iterwa n'impinduka ziba mu miterere y'uturemangingo two mu jisho. Ntabwo buri gihe bimenyekana icyateza impinduka zitera kanseri y'ijisho.

Retinoblastoma itangira iyo uturemangingo two mu jisho tugize impinduka muri ADN yadwo. ADN y'uturemangingo ifite amabwiriza abwira utwo turemangingo icyo gukora. Mu turemangingo duzima, ADN itanga amabwiriza yo gukura no kwiyongera ku muvuduko runaka. Amabwiriza kandi abwira utwo turemangingo gupfa igihe runaka. Mu turemangingo twa kanseri, impinduka za ADN zitanga amabwiriza atandukanye. Impinduka zibwira utwo turemangingo twa kanseri gukora utundi turemangingo twinshi vuba. Uturemangingo twa kanseri dushobora gukomeza kubaho mu gihe utwo turemangingo duzima twapfa. Ibi bituma habaho uturemangingo twinshi cyane.

Muri retinoblastoma, ubwo gukura kw'uturemangingo bibaho muri retina. Retina ni uruhu rwumva umucyo ruri imbere mu jisho. Retina igizwe n'uturemangingo tw'imvune twumva umucyo ugana imbere mu jisho. Umucyo utera retina kohereza ibimenyetso ku bwonko. Ubwonko busobanura ibyo bimenyetso nk'amashusho.

Uko utwo turemangingo twa kanseri twiyongera muri retina, dushobora gushinga ikibyimba, cyitwa igituntu. Igituntu gishobora gukura kigatera no kwangiza imyanya y'umubiri izima. Mu gihe, utwo turemangingo twa kanseri dushobora gutandukana no gukwirakwira mu bindi bice by'umubiri. Iyo kanseri ikwirakwira, byitwa kanseri yiyambuye. Retinoblastoma ntiyiyamabye kenshi, cyane cyane iyo iboneka hakiri kare.

Ku bwinshi bw'ibibazo bya retinoblastoma, ntibiramenyekana icyateza impinduka za ADN zitera kanseri. Ariko rero, bishoboka ko abana bashobora kurakomoka impinduka za ADN ku babyeyi babo. Izo mpinduka zishobora kongera ibyago bya retinoblastoma.

Ibintu byongera ibyago byo kurwara retinoblastoma birimo:

• Ubwana. Retinoblastoma igaragara cyane mu bana bato cyane. Ikunze kuvurwa mbere y'imyaka 2. Retinoblastoma iba nyuma y'imyaka y'ubukure iba nke cyane.
• Impinduka za ADN zikomoka mu muryango. Impinduka za ADN zikubira ibyago byo kurwara retinoblastoma zishobora guherwa ababyeyi ku bana. Abana bafite izi mpinduka za ADN baherwe bagira retinoblastoma bakiri bato. Nanone bakunze kugira retinoblastoma mu maso yombi.

Abana bafite retinoblastoma bashobora kugira ingaruka. Nyuma yo kuvurwa, hari ibyago byo kugaruka kwa kanseri mu jisho cyangwa hafi yaryo. Kubw'ibyo, itsinda ry'abaganga bita ku mwana wawe rizategura gahunda yo gukurikirana. Gahunda yo gukurikirana umwana wawe izaterwa n'ubuvuzi umwana wawe yakiriye. Gahunda isanzwe ishobora kuba irimo isuzuma ry'amaso buri mezi make mu myaka mike ya mbere nyuma yo kuvurwa.

Abana bafite ubwoko bwa retinoblastoma bushobora gukwirakwira mu muryango bashobora kugira ibyago byinshi byo kurwara kanseri zindi.

Ibyago by'izo kanseri byiyongera:

• Kanseri y'amagufwa.
• Kanseri y'umwijima.
• Kanseri y'amabere.
• Hodgkin lymphoma.
• Kanseri y'ibihaha.
• Melanoma.
• Pineoblastoma.
• Soft tissue sarcoma.

Itsinda ry'abaganga bita ku mwana wawe rishobora kugutegeka ibizamini kugira ngo harebwe izindi kanseri.

Nta buryo bwo gukumira indwara ya retinoblastoma buhari. Hari zimwe muri retinoblastoma ziterwa n'impinduka za ADN zikomoka mu miryango. Niba retinoblastoma iboneka mu muryango wanyu, mubwire umuganga wawe. Hamwe mushobora gutekereza gupima ADN kugira ngo murebe impinduka muri ADN yanyu zongera ibyago byo kurwara retinoblastoma. Umuhanga wawe mu buvuzi ashobora kukwerekeza ku mujyanama mu by'umuzuko cyangwa undi muhanga mu buvuzi wahuguwe mu by'umuzuko. Uyu muntu ashobora kugufasha gufata umwanzuro wo gupima ADN cyangwa oya. Niba abana banyu bafite ibyago byiyongereye byo kurwara retinoblastoma, ubuvuzi bushobora gutegurwa kugira ngo bugenzure ubwo bugingo. Urugero, ibizamini by'amaso bishobora gutangira vuba nyuma yo kuvuka. Ubwo buryo, retinoblastoma ishobora kuvurwa hakiri kare cyane. Ibi bipimo byo gusuzuma bishobora kubona kanseri iyo ari ntoya kandi ifite amahirwe menshi yo gukira. Niba utarabyara, ariko ugiye kubyara, uganire n'itsinda ry'abaganga bawe ku mateka y'umuryango wanyu wa retinoblastoma. Gupima ADN bishobora kugufasha wowe n'uwo mwashakanye kumva niba hari ibyago byo kohereza impinduka za ADN ku bana banyu b'ejo hazaza. Itsinda ry'abaganga bawe rishobora kugira amahitamo yo kugufasha gucunga ubwo bugingo.

Ubwoko bwa retinoblastoma buganisha ku isuzuma ry'amaso. Ibipimo byo kubona amashusho bishobora gufasha kugaragaza ubunini bwa kanseri.

Umuhanga mu buvuzi atekereza amaso y'umwana wawe neza mu gihe cyo gusuzuma amaso. Ibi bishobora kuba birimo gupima uko umwana wawe abona ndetse no gukoresha umucyo udasanzwe kugira ngo urebe imbere mu jisho. Rimwe na rimwe abana bato cyane babona bigoye kwihangana kugira ngo isuzuma ry'amaso rikorwe neza. Itsinda ryanyu ry'ubuvuzi rishobora kugusaba imiti kugira ngo ushyire umwana mu bihe nk'ibyo kuryama kugira ngo isuzuma ribashe kurangira. Ibyavuye mu isuzuma ry'amaso biha itsinda ryanyu ry'ubuvuzi ibimenyetso ku cyateye ibimenyetso by'umwana wawe.

Ibipimo byo kubona amashusho bifata amashusho y'imbere mu mubiri. Kuri retinoblastoma, ibipimo byo kubona amashusho bikoreshwa kugira ngo barebe ijisho n'agace kari hafi yacyo. Amashusho ashobora kugaragaza ubunini bwa kanseri niba yararenze ijisho. Ibipimo byo kubona amashusho bishobora kuba birimo ultrasound na MRI, mu bindi.

Isuzuma rya gene rifata igice cy'amaraso cyangwa amacandwe kugira ngo harebwe impinduka muri ADN. Isuzuma rya gene rya retinoblastoma rirebana n'impinduka mu gice cya ADN cyitwa gene RB1.

Buri wese ufite retinoblastoma afite impinduka muri gene RB1 mu turere two mu mubiri twanduye kanseri. Ariko bamwe mu bana bafite retinoblastoma bafite impinduka za gene RB1 muri buri ture tw'umubiri wabo. Ibi bishobora kubaho niba ababyeyi batanze impinduka za ADN ku mwana wabo. Impinduka zishobora kandi kubaho niba hari ikintu cyahinduye gene RB1 uko umwana akura mu nda.

Niba isuzuma rya gene ryerekana ko umwana wawe afite impinduka muri gene RB1 muri buri ture tw'umubiri, ibi bifasha itsinda ry'ubuvuzi gutegura uburyo bwo kuvura umwana wawe. Kugira impinduka muri gene RB1 muri buri ture byongera kandi ibyago byo kurwara kanseri zindi. Ibipimo byo gusuzuma bishobora gufasha kureba izo kanseri zindi.

Ubuvuzi busanzwe bwa retinoblastoma burimo chemotherapy, ubuvuzi bw'ubukonje n'ubuzi bw'ikirahure. Ubuvuzi bwa radiation bushobora kuba undi muti. Kugira ibyago byo gukura amaso bishobora kuvura retinoblastoma, ariko bikorerwa gusa mu mimerere runaka.

Umuti ubereye umwana wawe wa retinoblastoma uterwa n'ibintu byinshi. Ibi bintu birimo ubunini n'aho kanseri iri, niba kanseri yadutse irenze ijisho. Ikipe yawe y'ubuvuzi irashobora kandi gutekereza ku buzima rusange bw'umwana wawe n'ibyo ukunda.

Chemotherapy ivura kanseri ikoresheje imiti ikomeye. Akenshi ni bwo buvuzi bwa mbere bwa retinoblastoma. Ubundi buvuzi bushobora kuba bukenewe nyuma ya chemotherapy kugira ngo ubuhe imiti yose ya kanseri isigaye.

Ubwoko bwa chemotherapy bukoreshwa mu kuvura retinoblastoma burimo:

• Chemotherapy itembera umubiri wose. Imiti ya chemotherapy ishobora gutangwa mu mutsi cyangwa mu buryo bw'ipilule. Iyi miti itembera umubiri wose kugira ngo irice imiti ya kanseri. Gutanga imiti muri ubu buryo bita systemic chemotherapy. Ubuvuzi busanzwe butangwa buri kwezi mu mezi menshi.
• Chemotherapy ishyirwa mu mutsi hafi ya kanseri. Imiti ya chemotherapy ishobora gushyirwa mu mutsi hafi y'ijisho. Kugira ngo umuti ugerere aho ukwiriye, umuyoboro muto ushyirwa mu ruhu hanyuma mu mutsi wo mu kirenge. Umuyoboro ugendera mu mubiri kugeza hafi y'ijisho. Hanyuma umuti urebwa binyuze mu muyoboro. Gutanga umuti muri ubu buryo bita intra-arterial chemotherapy. Bituma ikipe y'ubuvuzi itanga umuti ku jisho. Ubuvuzi busanzwe bukorwa buri kwezi mu mezi make.
• Chemotherapy iterwa mu jisho. Rimwe na rimwe imiti ya chemotherapy iterwa mu jisho ikoresheje igishishwa. Ubu buryo bwo gutanga imiti bwitwa intravitreal chemotherapy. Akenshi ikoreshwa nyuma y'ubundi bwoko bwa chemotherapy. Ishobora gukoreshwa iyo hari kanseri isigaye nyuma y'ubundi buvuzi cyangwa iyo kanseri isubiye.

Ubuvuzi bw'ubukonje, buzwi kandi nka cryotherapy, bukoresha ubushyuhe bukabije kugira ngo bongere imiti ya kanseri. Akenshi ikoreshwa nyuma ya chemotherapy kugira ngo ubuhe imiti yose ya kanseri isigaye. Ku birenge bito cyane bya retinoblastoma, cryotherapy ishobora kuba ari bwo buvuzi bwonyine bukenewe.

Muri cryotherapy, igikoresho gikabije gishyirwa ku jisho. Ibi bituma uturemangingo turi hafi yacyo bikonjesha. Iyo uturemangingo bikonje, igikoresho gikurwaho. Ibi bituma uturemangingo dusubira mu buryo busanzwe. Uyu mukino wo gukonjesha no gusubira mu buryo busanzwe usubirwamo inshuro nke muri buri cyiciro cya cryotherapy.

Ubuvuzi bw'ikirahure bukoresha umucyo w'ikirahure kugira ngo bushyuhe kandi bwangize imiti ya kanseri. Izina ry'ubuvuzi ry'ubu buryo ni transpupillary thermotherapy. Akenshi ikoreshwa nyuma ya chemotherapy kugira ngo ubuhe imiti yose ya kanseri isigaye. Ku birenge bito cyane bya retinoblastoma, ubuvuzi bw'ikirahure bushobora kuba ari bwo buvuzi bwonyine bukenewe. Ubuvuzi busanzwe busubirwamo buri byumweru bike kugeza igihe nta kimenyetso cy'imiti ya kanseri ikora mu jisho.

Ubuvuzi bwa radiation buvura kanseri hakoreshejwe ingufu nyinshi. Ubwoko bw'ubuzi bwa radiation bukoreshwa mu kuvura retinoblastoma burimo:

• Gushyira igikoresho cya radiation ku jisho. Igikoresho gitanga radiation gishobora gushyirwa ku jisho. Ubwoko bwa radiation bwitwa plaque radiotherapy. Ikoresha disiki nto ifite ibintu bya radioactive. Disiki ihambirwa ku jisho kandi isigara iminsi mike mu gihe itanga radiation ku kanseri buhoro buhoro.

Gushyira radiation hafi ya kanseri bigabanya amahirwe yuko ubuvuzi buzagira ingaruka ku mitsi y'umubiri itari mu jisho. Ubwoko bw'ubu buvuzi bwa radiation busanzwe bukoreshwa ku kanseri zitagira igisubizo kuri chemotherapy.

• Gukoresha imashini kugira ngo ujyane radiation ku jisho. Radiation ishobora gutangwa kuri retinoblastoma ikoresheje imashini ijyana imirasire y'ingufu ku kanseri. Imirasire y'ingufu ishobora gukorwa na X-rays, protons cyangwa ubundi bwoko bwa radiation. Umuntu aryamye ku meza, imashini igenda hafi y'umwana, itanga radiation. Ubwoko bw'ubu buvuzi bwitwa external beam radiation. Ubuvuzi busanzwe bukorwa buri munsi mu byumweru bike.

External beam radiation ishobora gutera ingaruka mbi niba imirasire ya radiation igera mu bice byoroheje biri hafi y'ijisho, nko mu bwonko. Kubw'ibyo, external beam radiation isanzwe igenewe abana bafite retinoblastoma irenze ijisho.

Gushyira igikoresho cya radiation ku jisho. Igikoresho gitanga radiation gishobora gushyirwa ku jisho. Ubwoko bwa radiation bwitwa plaque radiotherapy. Ikoresha disiki nto ifite ibintu bya radioactive. Disiki ihambirwa ku jisho kandi isigara iminsi mike mu gihe itanga radiation ku kanseri buhoro buhoro.

Gushyira radiation hafi ya kanseri bigabanya amahirwe yuko ubuvuzi buzagira ingaruka ku mitsi y'umubiri itari mu jisho. Ubwoko bw'ubu buvuzi bwa radiation busanzwe bukoreshwa ku kanseri zitagira igisubizo kuri chemotherapy.

Gukoresha imashini kugira ngo ujyane radiation ku jisho. Radiation ishobora gutangwa kuri retinoblastoma ikoresheje imashini ijyana imirasire y'ingufu ku kanseri. Imirasire y'ingufu ishobora gukorwa na X-rays, protons cyangwa ubundi bwoko bwa radiation. Umuntu aryamye ku meza, imashini igenda hafi y'umwana, itanga radiation. Ubwoko bw'ubu buvuzi bwitwa external beam radiation. Ubuvuzi busanzwe bukorwa buri munsi mu byumweru bike.

External beam radiation ishobora gutera ingaruka mbi niba imirasire ya radiation igera mu bice byoroheje biri hafi y'ijisho, nko mu bwonko. Kubw'ibyo, external beam radiation isanzwe igenewe abana bafite retinoblastoma irenze ijisho.

Iyo ubundi buvuzi butakora cyangwa iyo retinoblastoma ari nini cyane ku buryo itabasha kuvurwa n'ubundi buryo, kubaga kugira ngo bakure amaso bishobora gukoreshwa. Muri ibyo bihe, gukura amaso bishobora gufasha gukumira ikwirakwira rya kanseri mu bindi bice by'umubiri. Kubaga kugira ngo bakure amaso kuri retinoblastoma birimo:

• Kubaga kugira ngo bakure ijisho ryanduye. Kubaga kugira ngo bakure amaso bwitwa enucleation. Ababagisha batandukanya imikaya n'imiterere iri hafi y'ijisho hanyuma bakura umupira w'ijisho. Igice cy'umutsi wa optique, uvana inyuma y'ijisho ujya mu bwonko, na cyo gikurwaho.
• Kubaga kugira ngo bashyiremo igikoresho cy'ijisho. Nyuma y'aho umupira w'ijisho ukurwaho, umubagisha ashyira umupira wihariye mu mwobo w'ijisho. Uwo mupira bita implant. Imikaya igenzura imiterere y'ijisho rimwe na rimwe ihurizwa kuri implant.

Nyuma y'aho umwana wawe akize, imikaya y'amaso izahindura implant. Ishobora kugenda nk'ijisho risanzwe. Ariko, implant ntabwo ishobora kubona.

• Gushyiramo ijisho ry'ikinyoma. Nyuma y'ibyumweru bike nyuma y'ubuvuzi, ijisho ry'ikinyoma ryakozwe ku giti cye rishobora gushyirwa hejuru ya implant. Ijisho ry'ikinyoma rishobora gukorwa kugira ngo rihuze n'ishusho y'ijisho ryiza ry'umwana wawe.

Ijisho ry'ikinyoma riba inyuma y'amajuru. Uko imikaya y'amaso y'umwana wawe igenda igenda implant, bizasa nkaho umwana wawe ari kugenda ijisho ry'ikinyoma.

Kubaga kugira ngo bashyiremo igikoresho cy'ijisho. Nyuma y'aho umupira w'ijisho ukurwaho, umubagisha ashyira umupira wihariye mu mwobo w'ijisho. Uwo mupira bita implant. Imikaya igenzura imiterere y'ijisho rimwe na rimwe ihurizwa kuri implant.

Nyuma y'aho umwana wawe akize, imikaya y'amaso izahindura implant. Ishobora kugenda nk'ijisho risanzwe. Ariko, implant ntabwo ishobora kubona.

Gushyiramo ijisho ry'ikinyoma. Nyuma y'ibyumweru bike nyuma y'ubuvuzi, ijisho ry'ikinyoma ryakozwe ku giti cye rishobora gushyirwa hejuru ya implant. Ijisho ry'ikinyoma rishobora gukorwa kugira ngo rihuze n'ishusho y'ijisho ryiza ry'umwana wawe.

Ijisho ry'ikinyoma riba inyuma y'amajuru. Uko imikaya y'amaso y'umwana wawe igenda igenda implant, bizasa nkaho umwana wawe ari kugenda ijisho ry'ikinyoma.

Ibyago byo kubaga birimo kwandura amaraso. Gukura amaso bizagira ingaruka ku kubona kw'umwana wawe. Abana benshi bahindura impinduka zo kubona igihe kinini. Umuntu azakenera kwitonda cyane kugira ngo arinde ijisho ryiza. Urugero, nyuma y'ubuvuzi, abana bagomba kwambara ibicupa byo kurinda cyangwa amagorofa yo gukina imikino.

Ibiso by'ubuvuzi ni ibyigisho bigerageza ubuvuzi bushya n'uburyo bushya bwo gukoresha ubuvuzi bumazeho. Mu gihe ibyigisho by'ubuvuzi bitanga umwana wawe amahirwe yo kugerageza ibintu bishya mu buvuzi bwa retinoblastoma, ntibishobora guhamya gukira.

Baza muganga w'umwana wawe niba umwana wawe aboneka kugira ngo agire uruhare mu biso by'ubuvuzi. Muganga w'umwana wawe ashobora kuganira ku nyungu n'ibyago byo kwinjira mu cyegeranyo cy'ubuvuzi.

Iyo umwana wawe abonye kanseri, biramenyerewe kumva ibyiyumvo bitandukanye. Ababyeyi rimwe na rimwe bavuga ko bumvise ubwoba, kutizera, icyaha cyangwa uburakari nyuma y'aho umwana wabo abonye kanseri. Buri wese ashaka uburyo bwe bwo guhangana n'ibintu bikaze. Kuva ubonye icyakora kuri wewe, ushobora kugerageza:

Menya ibyerekeye retinoblastoma bihagije kugira ngo wumve utekanye ufata ibyemezo bijyanye no kwita ku mwana wawe. Ganira n'ikipe y'ubuvuzi y'umwana wawe. Komereza urutonde rw'ibibazo byo kubabaza mu nama ikurikiyeho.

Baza ikipe yawe y'ubuvuzi aho ushobora kumenya byinshi kuri retinoblastoma. Ahantu heza ho gutangirira harimo imbuga za interineti za National Cancer Institute na American Cancer Society.

Shaka inshuti n'umuryango bashobora kugufasha nk'umurinzi. Abakunzi bashobora kujyana umwana wawe mu nama cyangwa kwicara iruhande rw'igitanda mu bitaro igihe utabasha kuba uri aho.

Iyo uri kumwe n'umwana wawe, inshuti zawe n'umuryango bashobora kugufasha bamaze igihe n'abandi bana bawe cyangwa bagufasha mu rugo rwawe.

Shaka ibikoresho byihariye by'imiryango y'abana bafite kanseri. Baza abakozi b'imibereho muri kliniki yawe ibyaboneka.

Amatsinda y'ababyeyi n'abavandimwe araguhuza n'abantu bashobora kumva ibyo wumva. Umuryango wawe ushobora kubona amahirwe yo kujya mu bigo by'impeshyi, amacumbi y'igihe gito n'ubundi bufasha.

Abana bato ntibasobanukirwa ibibabaho mu gihe bakurikira ubuvuzi bwa kanseri. Kugira ngo ufashe umwana wawe guhangana, gerageza kugumishaho gahunda isanzwe uko bishoboka kose.

Gerageza gutegura gahunda kugira ngo umwana wawe abone igihe cyo kuryama buri munsi. Mugire igihe cyo kurya. Reka umwanya wo gukina igihe umwana wawe yumva abishoboye. Niba umwana wawe agomba kumara igihe mu bitaro, uzane ibintu byo mu rugo bizafasha umwana wawe kumva aruhutse.

Baza ikipe yawe y'ubuvuzi uburyo bundi bwo guhumuriza umwana wawe mu gihe cy'ubuvuzi. Amwe mu bitaro afite abaganga b'imyidagaduro cyangwa abahanga mu buzima bw'abana bashobora gusangira inama n'ibikoresho.