SARS ni iki? Ibimenyetso, Intandaro, n'Ubuvuzi

SARS bivuga Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, indwara ikomeye iterwa na virusi ikunda kwibasira ibihaha n'uburyo bwo guhumeka. Iyi ndwara yadutse mu 2003 ikwirakwira mu bihugu byinshi mbere yuko ihagarikwa n'ubufasha bw'isi yose mu bijyanye n'ubuzima.

Nubwo SARS ishobora gutera ubwoba, kumva icyo ari cyo n'uko ikora bishobora kugufasha kumva utekanye kandi witeguye. Inkuru nziza ni uko nta ndwara ya SARS yigeze igaragara kuva mu 2004, bityo ikaba ari nke cyane muri iki gihe.

SARS ni iki?

SARS ni indwara yo mu myanya y'ubuhumekero iterwa na coronavirus yitwa SARS-CoV. Iyi virusi itera ikibazo mu myanya y'ubuhumekero, itangira n'ibimenyetso bisa n'iby'umururumba, ishobora no gutera ubugoye bwo guhumeka.

Iyi ndwara yiswe uko kuko ishobora gutera ibibazo bikomeye kandi byihuse mu bihaha. Iyo umuntu arwaye SARS, ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri bwe burakora cyane kugira ngo burwanye iyi virusi, ariko rimwe na rimwe ubwo buhangarwa bushobora gutera ubugoye bwo guhumeka.

SARS ikwirakwira ahanini binyuze mu matonyanga ava mu myanya y'ubuhumekero iyo umuntu arwaye akose cyangwa agasama. Ushobora kuyifata no gukora ku bintu byanduye iyi virusi hanyuma ukakora ku maso yawe, nubwo ibi bidahagaragara cyane.

Ibimenyetso bya SARS ni ibihe?

Ibimenyetso bya SARS bisanzwe bigaragara mu byiciro, bitangira ari bike hanyuma bigakomeza uko iminsi igenda ishira. Ibimenyetso bya mbere bikunda kumera nk'iby'umururumba, ibyo bishobora gutuma bigorana kubimenya mu ntangiriro.

Reka turebe icyo ushobora kumva ufite SARS, tuzirikana ko ibimenyetso bishobora gutandukana ukurikije umuntu:

• Ubushyuhe bukabije (busanzwe hejuru ya 38°C)
• Kubabara umutwe n'umubiri
• Kumva utameze neza
• Impiswi mu bamwe
• Inkorora yumye igaragara nyuma y'iminsi 2-7
• Guhumeka nabi
• Kubabara mu kifuba

Ibibazo byo guhumeka bisanzwe bigaragara nyuma gato, iyo umuriro umaze iminsi myinshi. Abantu benshi barwaye SARS barwara pneumonia, ari yo kwangirika kw'ibihaha bituma guhumeka bigorana.

Mu bihe bidahagaragara, bamwe bashobora kugira ibibazo bikomeye nko kudahumeka neza, aho ibihaha bidatanga umwuka uhagije umubiri. Niyo mpamvu ubufasha bw'abaganga bukomeye cyane iyo hakekwa SARS.

Intandaro ya SARS ni iyihe?

SARS iterwa na coronavirus yitwa SARS-CoV. Iyi virusi ishobora kuba yaravuye ku nyamaswa mbere yo kwanduza abantu, icyo abahanga mu bya siyansi bita “zoonotic transmission”.

Abahanga bemeza ko iyi virusi yavuye kuri bat, ikajya ku zindi nyamaswa, ishobora kuba ari izi civet cats, mbere yo kwanduza abantu. Ibyo byabaye mu majyepfo y'Ubushinwa mu mpera z'umwaka wa 2002, ari bwo SARS yatangiye.

Iyi virusi ikwirakwira hagati y'abantu mu buryo butandukanye:

• Guhumeka amatonyanga iyo umuntu arwaye SARS akose cyangwa agasama hafi yawe
• Gukora ku bintu byanduye hanyuma ukakora ku kanwa, izuru cyangwa amaso yawe
• Kuba hafi y'abarwaye, cyane cyane abaganga cyangwa abo mu muryango

Icyo cyatumye SARS iba ikibazo gikomeye ni uko abantu bashoboraga kuyikwirakwiza mbere yuko bumva barwaye. Ariko kandi, abantu banduraga cyane iyo ibimenyetso byabo byari bikomeye.

Ni ryari ukwiye kujya kwa muganga ufite SARS?

Kuko SARS itakijyanye kuva mu 2004, amahirwe yo kuyibona muri iki gihe ni make cyane. Ariko rero, iyo ugize ibibazo bikomeye byo guhumeka, cyane cyane nyuma yo kujya mu turere aho indwara nk'izo zabaye, gushaka ubufasha bw'abaganga buhora ari byiza.

Wagomba kuvugana n'abaganga iyo ugize:

• Ubushyuhe bukabije buherekejwe n'inkorora ikomeye no guhumeka nabi
• Ibimenyetso bikomeza kwiyongera mu minsi mike
• Guhumeka nabi cyangwa kubabara mu kifuba
• Uherutse kujya mu turere hagaragaye indwara zo mu myanya y'ubuhumekero

Niba uhangayikishijwe n'indwara yo mu myanya y'ubuhumekero, ntutinye kuvugana n'umuganga wawe. Bashobora kugufasha kumenya icyateye ibimenyetso byawe no kugufasha.

Ibyago bya SARS ni ibihe?

Mu gihe cy'icyorezo cya 2003, ibintu bimwe byatumye bamwe bafata SARS cyangwa bagira ibimenyetso bikomeye. Kubyumva bishobora kugufasha kubona neza iyi ndwara.

Ibyago by'ingenzi birimo:

• Kuba hafi y'abarwaye SARS, cyane cyane abo mu muryango cyangwa abaganga
• Kuba utuye cyangwa ugiye mu turere SARS ikwirakwiramo
• Gukora mu bigo nderabuzima mu gihe cy'icyorezo
• Kuba umukuru, cyane cyane abarengeje imyaka 60
• Kugira ibibazo by'ubuzima nk'igisukari cyangwa indwara z'umutima
• Ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri buke

Abaganga bari mu kaga kuko bitaga ku barwaye SARS mbere yuko uburyo bwo kwirinda buhamye neza. Abo mu muryango nabo bari mu kaga kubera kuba hafi y'abarwaye igihe kirekire.

Ni ngombwa kwibuka ko ibyo byago byari mu gihe cy'icyorezo cya 2003. Ubu, SARS itakijyanye, ibyo byago ni amateka.

Ingaruka zishoboka za SARS ni izihe?

Nubwo abantu benshi barwaye SARS mu 2003 bakize, bamwe bagize ingaruka zikomeye. Kubyumva bigufasha kumva impamvu abaganga bafashe SARS nk'ikibazo gikomeye.

Ingaruka zisanzwe zirimo:

• Pneumonia ikwirakwira mu bihaha byombi
• Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), aho ibihaha byuzuzwa n'amazi
• Kudahumeka neza bisaba imashini yo guhumeka
• Ibibazo by'umutima, harimo no guhumeka nabi
• Kwibasira umwijima mu bamwe

Mu bihe bidahagaragara, SARS ishobora gutera kwangirika kw'imigabane myinshi y'umubiri, aho ibice byinshi by'umubiri bihagarara gukora neza. Ibyo byari bisanzwe bibaho ku bantu bakuze cyangwa abarwaye izindi ndwara.

Ubwinshi bw'abapfa bazize SARS bwari hafi 10%, nubwo byahindagurikaga bitewe n'imyaka n'ubuzima bw'umuntu. Abakiri bato kandi bafite ubuzima bwiza bari bafite amahirwe yo gukira kurusha abakuru cyangwa abarwaye izindi ndwara.

SARS yamenyekanaga gute?

Mu gihe cy'icyorezo cya 2003, kumenya SARS byasabaga guhuza ibimenyetso n'ibizamini byo muri laboratwari n'ibizamini byo kubona ishusho y'ibihaha. Abaganga bagombaga gukusanya ibimenyetso byinshi kugira ngo bamenye neza.

Uburyo bwo kuvura busanzwe burimo:

• Amateka y'ubuzima, harimo n'ingendo uherutse gukora n'aho ushobora kuba waranduye
• Kusuzuma umubiri harebwa uburyo bwo guhumeka
• Amashusho y'ibihaha kugira ngo barebe pneumonia
• Ibizamini by'amaraso kugira ngo barebe niba hari ubwandu
• Ibizamini byihariye kugira ngo bamenye virusi ya SARS

Ikibazo cyari uko ibimenyetso bya SARS byari bisa cyane n'iby'izindi ndwara zo mu myanya y'ubuhumekero nk'umururumba cyangwa pneumonia. Ibyo byatumye bigorana kubona abarwaye vuba, cyane cyane mu ntangiriro z'icyorezo.

Abaganga kandi bashakaga amakuru y'aho indwara yavuye, nko kureba niba abarwaye bari bahuye n'abarwaye SARS cyangwa bagiye mu turere twanduye. Iyo mikorere yo gushakisha amakuru yari ingenzi mu kumenya no guhagarika ikwirakwira ry'indwara.

Ubuvuzi bwa SARS bwari bumeze bute?

Mu gihe cy'icyorezo cya 2003, nta muti wari uhari wagaragaye ko ukora kuri SARS. Ubuvuzi bwari bugamije gufasha umubiri mu gihe ubudahangarwa bwarwanye ubwandu.

Uburyo bwo kuvura bwari burimo:

• O2 kugira ngo bifashe guhumeka
• Imashini yo guhumeka ku barwaye cyane
• Imiti yo kugabanya umuriro no guhangana n'ibimenyetso
• Steroids kugira ngo zigabanye kubyimbagira kw'ibihaha mu bamwe
• Antibiotics iyo hari izindi ndwara ziterwa na bagiteri

Abarwayi benshi bakeneye kwitabwaho cyane, cyane cyane abagize ibibazo bikomeye byo guhumeka. Intego y'abaganga yari ukomeza abarwaye mu gihe imibiri yabo ikira.

Hari uburyo bwo kuvura bwari bugeragezwa, harimo imiti yo kurwanya virusi n'iyongera ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri, ariko nta numwe wagaragaye ko ukora neza. Gukira byaterwaga ahanini n'ubuzima bw'umuntu n'ubushobozi bw'umubiri we bwo kurwanya ubwandu.

SARS yirindwaga gute?

Icyorezo cya SARS cya 2003 cyagabanyijwe n'ingamba zikomeye zo kubungabunga ubuzima rusange aho kuba inkingo cyangwa imiti yihariye. Izo ngamba zo kwirinda zagaragaye ko zikora cyane mu guhagarika ikwirakwira ry'indwara.

Ingamba z'ingenzi zo kwirinda zirimo:

• Kwita ku barwaye SARS
• Gusiba abantu bahuye na SARS
• Kumenya abantu bashobora kuba barwaye
• Kubuza ingendo no gusuzuma ubuzima ku bibuga by'indege
• Kongera uburyo bwo kwirinda ubwandu mu bitaro
• Kwigisha abaturage ibimenyetso n'uburyo bwo kwirinda

Abaganga bakoreshaga ibikoresho byo kwirinda, harimo n'udupfukamaso twa N95, uturango n'imyenda, mu gihe bitaga ku barwaye SARS. Ibyo byagabanije cyane ikwirakwira ry'indwara mu bigo nderabuzima.

Ubufasha bw'isi yose bwari bufite ubufatanye bukomeye, ibihugu byasangiye amakuru vuba kandi bikoresha ingamba zisa. Ubwo bufatanye mpuzamahanga bwari ingenzi mu guhagarika SARS mu mezi make.

Wategura ute uruzinduko kwa muganga kubera ibibazo byo guhumeka?

Niba uhangayikishijwe n'indwara yo mu myanya y'ubuhumekero, kwitegura uruzinduko kwa muganga bishobora kugufasha kubona ubufasha bwiza. Nubwo SARS atari ikibazo muri iki gihe, iyi nama ikora ku bibazo byose byo guhumeka.

Mbere y'uruzinduko rwawe, kora ibi bikurikira:

• Igihe ibimenyetso byatangiye n'uko byahindutse
• Urutonde rw'imiti n'ibindi ukoresha
• Amateka y'ingendo zawe, cyane cyane iz'amahanga
• Abantu wahuye na bo barwaye
• Amateka yawe y'ubuzima, harimo n'ibibazo by'ubuzima ufite

Andika ibibazo wifuza kubabaza muganga. Bishobora kuba ibibazo ku bimenyetso byawe, ibizamini bishobora gukorwa, cyangwa uburyo bwo kwita ku buzima bwawe.

Ntucikwe no kuvuga niba uhangayikishijwe n'ibimenyetso byawe. Muganga ashobora kugufasha kumenya icyo ufite no kugufasha guhangana n'ubwoba ufite.

Icyo ukwiye kumenya kuri SARS

SARS yari indwara ikomeye yo mu myanya y'ubuhumekero yateye impungenge mu 2003, ariko ni ngombwa kwibuka ko yagabanyijwe kandi ikazimira. Nta ndwara yigeze igaragara kuva mu 2004.

Icyorezo cya SARS cyatwigishije amasomo y'ingenzi ku bijyanye no guhangana n'indwara nshya. Cyagaragaje uburyo gahunda z'ubuzima ku isi zishobora gukora vuba iyo hari ikibazo n'uburyo ingamba zihuriweho zo kubungabunga ubuzima zishobora gukora.

Nubwo SARS itakijyanye, icyo cyorezo cyateguye abaganga ku bijyanye n'izindi ndwara zo mu myanya y'ubuhumekero. Amasomo yavuye muri icyo cyorezo akomeza gutuma duhangana n'ibibazo by'ubuzima muri iki gihe.

Iyo ugize ikibazo cyo guhumeka, ntutinye kuvugana n'abaganga. Bahari kugufasha kumva utekanye no kugufasha.

Ibibazo byakunda kubaho kuri SARS

Q1: Urashobora kugira SARS muri iki gihe?

Oya, ntushobora kugira SARS muri iki gihe. Urubanza rwa nyuma rwa SARS rwabaye mu 2004, kandi OMS yemeje ko icyorezo cyarangiye. Virusi ntikiri mu bantu ku isi.

Q2: SARS isa na COVID-19?

Oya, SARS na COVID-19 ni indwara zitandukanye ziterwa na virusi zitandukanye, nubwo zombi ari coronavirusi. SARS yaterwaga na SARS-CoV, naho COVID-19 iterwa na SARS-CoV-2. Nubwo zifitanye isano, zitandukanye mu mikorere, ibimenyetso n'ingaruka.

Q3: Icyorezo cya SARS cyarambye igihe kingana iki?

Icyorezo cya SARS cyarambye kuva mu Ugushyingo 2002 kugeza muri Nyakanga 2003, ubwo OMS yemeje ko cyarangiye. Cyageze ku rwego rwo hejuru mu mpeshyi ya 2003 kandi cyagabanyijwe n'ingamba zihuriweho z'isi yose mu mezi agera ku munani.

Q4: Abantu bangahe SARS yibasiye?

Nk'uko OMS ibivuga, SARS yanduye abantu bagera ku 8,098 ku isi kandi yica abantu 774 mu gihe cy'icyorezo cya 2003. Icyorezo cyibasiye ibihugu 26, abenshi barwaye bari mu Bushinwa, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore na Canada.

Q5: Ni iki cyatumye SARS itandukanye n'umururumba usanzwe?

SARS yari ikomeye kurusha umururumba usanzwe, ifite ubwandu bwinshi bwa pneumonia n'ibibazo byo guhumeka. Nanone yari ifite umubare munini w'abapfa (hafi 10% ugereranije na munsi ya 1% ku mururumba usanzwe) kandi byari bisanzwe ko abarwaye bajyanwa mu bitaro. Bitandukanye n'umururumba, SARS nta muti cyangwa inkingo yari ifite mu gihe cy'icyorezo.