Ibya Virusi bya Igituntu: Ibimenyetso, Intandaro, n’Umuti

Igituntu ni indwara ikomeye yanduraga yahitanye abantu babarirwa muri za miriyoni ku isi hose, ariko yakuweho burundu binyuze mu gukingira mu mwaka wa 1980. Iyi ndwara iterwa na virusi yatezaga ibibyimba bikomeye ku ruhu kandi yari ifite umubare munini w’abapfa, bigatuma iba imwe mu ndwara zateye ubwoba cyane mu mateka y’abantu.

Uyu munsi, igituntu kiba gusa mu bigo bibiri by’ubushakashatsi by’ibanga. Ishami ry’umuryango w’abibumbye ryita ku buzima (OMS) ryatangaje ko ari yo ndwara ya mbere y’abantu imaze gukurwaho binyuze mu bikorwa byo gukingira ku isi hose.

Igituntu ni iki?

Igituntu cyari indwara yanduraga cyane iterwa na virusi ya variola. Iyi ndwara yanduraga byoroshye kuva ku muntu umwe ajya ku wundi binyuze mu matembabuzi yo mu myanya y’ubuhumekero no guhura n’ibintu byanduye.

Iyi ndwara yarahawe iri zina kubera ibibyimba bito byuzuye ubusembwa byaranga umubiri wose. Aya bibyimba byababaga byararangira byumye bikagwa, bikunze gusiga inkovu ku barokotse.

Hari ubwoko bubiri nyamukuru bw’igituntu. Variola major yari ubwoko bukomeye cyane bufite umubare w’abapfa ugera kuri 20-40%, mu gihe variola minor yari ifite umubare w’abapfa uri munsi ya 1%.

Ibimenyetso by’igituntu byari ibihe?

Ibimenyetso by’igituntu byagaragaraga mu byiciro, bitangira n’ibyago nk’iby’umururumba mbere y’uko ibibyimba biranga iyi ndwara bigaragara. Ibimenyetso by’ibanze byakundaga guhuzagurika abantu kuko byasa n’indwara zisanzwe.

Ibimenyetso by’ibanze byari birimo:

• Umuriro mwinshi (101-104°F)
• Kubabara cyane mu mutwe no mu mubiri
• Umunaniro ukabije n’intege nke
• Kubabara mu mugongo, cyane cyane mu mugongo wo hasi
• Isesemi no kuruka

Nyuma y’iminsi 2-4, ibibyimba byaranga iyi ndwara byagaragaraga. Aya bibyimba byacaga mu byiciro byihariye abaganga bakoreshaga mu kumenya iyi ndwara.

Uburyo ibibyimba byagaragaraga byakurikiraga ubu buryo:

1. Ibibyimba bito bitukura byagaragaraga bwa mbere ku rurimi no mu kanwa
2. Ibibyimba bitukura byakwirakwiraga ku maso, amaboko n’amaguru mu gihe cy’amasaha 24
3. Ibibyimba byuzuzaga amazi, bigahinduka ibibyimba bibabaza
4. Ibibyimba byakorerwagaho ibyondo bikomeye
5. Ibyondo byagwaga nyuma y’ibyumweru 2-4, bikunze gusiga inkovu zikomeye

Ibibyimba byaranga umubiri wose, birimo n’amaboko n’ibirenge. Ibi byatandukanyaga igituntu n’igicurane, aho ibibyimba bigaragara mu matsinda kandi bikunze kugira ingaruka ku maboko n’ibirenge.

Intandaro y’igituntu yari iki?

Virusi ya variola yatezaga igituntu, ikaba iri mu muryango wa virusi zitwa orthopoxviruses. Iyi virusi yari ihariye abantu kandi ntishobora kubaho mu bindi bisigisigi cyangwa mu kirere igihe kirekire.

Virusi yanduraga mu buryo butandukanye:

• Guhumeka amatembabuzi iyo abantu banduye bakoraga inkorora cyangwa bafite ibicurane
• Guhura n’ibibyimba byanduye cyangwa ibyondo
• Guhuza imyenda yanduye, ibitanda cyangwa ibindi bintu
• Guhura hafi mu maso mu gihe cy’ibiganiro

Abantu banduraga cyane mu cyumweru cya mbere ibibyimba bigaragara. Ariko kandi, bashoboraga gukwirakwiza virusi kuva igihe ibimenyetso byatangira kugeza ibyondo byose biguye.

Virusi yari ikomeye cyane kuko yashoboraga kubaho ku biti igihe kirekire. Ibintu byanduye byashoboraga gukomeza kwanduza amezi menshi mu gihe cyiza.

Ni ryari umuntu akwiye kujya kwa muganga kubera igituntu?

Umuntu wese ufite ibimenyetso bikekwa ko ari iby’igituntu yagombaga guhita ahabwa ubuvuzi no gushyirwa mu kato. Ihuriro ry’umuriro mwinshi wakurikiwe n’ibibyimba biranga iyi ndwara byasabaga isuzuma ry’ubuvuzi ryihuse.

Abantu bagombaga gushaka ubuvuzi bwihuse niba bagize:

• Umuriro mwinshi ufite ububabare bukabije mu mutwe no mu mugongo
• Ibibyimba byose byatangiye mu maso bikwirakwira mu mubiri
• Ibibyimba bifite ibibyimba byuzuye kandi bikomeye
• Kumenya ko bahuye n’umuntu ufite igituntu

Kumenya hakiri kare byari ingenzi kuko abantu banduye bagombaga gushyirwa mu kato kugira ngo birinde ikwirakwira ry’iyi ndwara mu muryango. Abaganga bagombaga gutanga raporo ku birego bikekwa ko ari iby’iyi ndwara ku bayobozi b’ubuzima rusange byihuse.

Ibyago byo kwandura igituntu byari ibihe?

Mbere yo gukurwaho, ibintu bimwe byongereye amahirwe yo kwandura igituntu. Gusobanukirwa ibi byago byafashije abaturage kurinda abaturage bafite intege nke.

Ibyago nyamukuru byari birimo:

• Guhura hafi n’abantu banduye
• Kuba mu bice byuzuye cyangwa ahantu hatuye abantu benshi
• Kutaterwa inkingo z’igituntu
• Kugira ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri buke buterwa n’izindi ndwara
• Imyaka (abana n’abakuze bahuraga n’ibyago byinshi)
• Gukora mu buvuzi cyangwa gufata ibintu byanduye

Abagore batwite bahuraga n’ibyago byiyongereye, kuko igituntu gishobora gutera gukuramo inda cyangwa kubyara abana bafite ubumuga. Virusi yashoboraga kandi kwambuka kuva ku mubyeyi ku mwana mu gihe cyo gutwita cyangwa kubyara.

Abantu bafite ibibyimba ku ruhu nka eczema bahuraga n’ibyago byinshi byo kugira ingaruka zikomeye niba bahabwaga inkingo z’igituntu. Ibi byateje ibibazo bikomeye bijyanye no gukingira mu gihe cy’icyorezo.

Ingaruka zishoboka z’igituntu zari izihe?

Igituntu cyateje ingaruka zikomeye zikunze gutera urupfu cyangwa ubumuga buhoraho. Izi ngaruka zagiraga ingaruka ku migendekere y’umubiri kandi zisabaga ubuvuzi bukomeye.

Ingaruka zisanzwe cyane zari:

• Indwara ziterwa na bagiteri ku ruhu
• Pneumonia n’ibindi bibazo by’ubuhumekero
• Kubabara mu bwonko (encephalitis)
• Indwara z’amaso zitera ubuhumyi
• Kumara amazi cyane n’igitotsi
• Ibibazo by’umutima n’indwara zo gukora amaraso

Bamwe mu bantu bagize ubwoko bwa igituntu buke ariko bukabije. Igituntu cy’amaraso cyateje kuva amaraso cyane kandi cyari kigomba gupfa.

Abarokotse bakunze guhura n’ingaruka zirambye harimo inkovu zikomeye, cyane cyane mu maso. Bamwe mu bantu bahombye amaso, abandi bagize ibibazo by’ingingo cyangwa ibindi bibazo by’ubuzima.

Igituntu cyamenyekanaga gute?

Abaganga bamenyekanaga igituntu ahanini binyuze mu kumenya ibibyimba biranga iyi ndwara n’uburyo byagenda. Ikwirakwira ry’ibibyimba mu buryo bumwe mu gihe kimwe cyatandukanyaga n’izindi ndwara.

Abaganga bashakaga ibimenyetso byihariye:

• Ibibyimba bitangira mu maso bikwirakwira hasi
• Ibibyimba bigaragara icyarimwe kandi bikagenda hamwe
• Ibibyimba bikomeye kandi bikomeye byumvikana nk’amabuye mato munsi y’uruhu
• Kugira ingaruka ku maboko n’ibirenge
• Umuriro mbere n’uburwayi bukabije

Ibizamini bya laboratoire byashoboraga kwemeza ibyavuye mu isuzuma binyuze mu kumenya virusi ya variola. Abaganga bakusanyirizaga ibipimo byavuye mu bibyimba bakabijyana mu bigo by’ubushakashatsi byihariye kugira ngo bisuzumwe.

Mu birego bikekwa, abayobozi b’ubuzima rusange basuzumye kandi isoko ishoboka y’ikwirakwira ry’iyi ndwara. Iyi gahunda yo gukurikirana abahuye n’abanduye yafashije kumenya izindi ndwara zishoboka no gukumira ikwirakwira ry’iyi ndwara.

Umuti w’igituntu wari uwuhe?

Nta muti wihariye wo kurwanya virusi wari uhari ku igituntu, bityo abaganga bakibanze ku buvuzi bwo gufasha no gucunga ingaruka. Intego yari ukugumisha abarwayi bameze neza mu gihe ubudahangarwa bwabo buhanganye n’iyi ndwara.

Uburyo bwo kuvura bwari burimo:

• Gushyira mu kato kugira ngo birinde ikwirakwira ry’iyi ndwara
• Guhagarika umuriro binyuze mu guhumuriza no kunywa amazi
• Kugabanya ububabare binyuze mu miti ikwiye
• Antibiyotike ku ndwara ziterwa na bagiteri
• Kwita neza ku bibyimba kugira ngo birinde kwandura
• Inkunga y’imirire no kunywa amazi ahagije

Uburyo bumwe bwo kuvura bwari bwagaragaje amahirwe ariko ntibwaboneka hose. Imiti yo kurwanya virusi nka cidofovir yageragejwe ariko ntiyemezwa ko ikora ku bantu.

Ubuvuzi bw’ingenzi cyane ni ugukumira binyuze mu gukingira. Inkingo z’igituntu zashoboraga gukumira kwandura na nyuma yo guhura n’iyi ndwara niba zihabwa mu minsi 3-4.

Igituntu cyakumirwaga gute?

Gukingira byari uburyo bwiza cyane bwo gukumira igituntu kandi byarangije gukurwaho burundu. Inkingo zahaye ubudahangarwa bwamaraga imyaka myinshi nyuma yo guhabwa inkingo.

Uburyo bwo gukumira bwari burimo:

• Gahunda zo gukingira abaturage bose
• Gukingira abantu bose bahuye n’abanduye
• Gushyira mu kato abantu banduye
• Gushyira mu kato abantu bahuye n’abanduye
• Gufata neza no gukuraho ibintu byanduye
• Kwita ku buzima rusange no gutanga raporo

Ubukangurambaga bwo gukurwaho ku isi hose bwakoze uburyo bwo gukingira abantu bose bahuye n’abanduye, bigatuma habaho ikiraro cyo kurinda icyorezo.

Uyu munsi, gukingira igituntu byahagaze kuko iyi ndwara itakiriho. Ariko kandi, bamwe mu basirikare n’abakora mu bigo by’ubushakashatsi bagikira inkingo nk’uburyo bwo kwirinda.

Icyingenzi cyo kumenya ku byerekeye igituntu ni iki?

Igituntu kigaragaza kimwe mu byiza by’ubuvuzi - gukurwaho burundu kw’indwara yica abantu binyuze mu bikorwa byo gukingira ku isi hose. Ibi bigaragaza icyo bishoboka iyo isi ikorera hamwe ku bibazo by’ubuzima rusange.

Indwara yahoraga itera ubwoba abantu kandi ikica abantu babarirwa muri za miriyoni ubu iba gusa mu bigo bibiri by’ubushakashatsi by’ibanga. Iki gikorwa gikomeye cyatwaye imyaka myinshi y’ubwitange, udushya mu bya siyansi, n’ubufatanye mpuzamahanga.

Nubwo igituntu cyagiye, amasomo yakuwe mu gukurwaho kwacyo akomeza kuyobora uburyo bwo kurwanya izindi ndwara zandura. Ibyo bigaragaza ko dufite inkingo, ubugenzuzi n’ubufatanye mpuzamahanga, dushobora gutsinda n’indwara ziteye ubwoba cyane.

Gusobanukirwa amateka y’igituntu bidufasha kandi gusobanukirwa akamaro k’inkingo n’ibikorwa remezo by’ubuzima rusange. Ibi bikorwa bidurinda icyorezo kandi bigaragaza uburyo bwiza bw’abantu bwo kurwanya ibyago by’indwara zandura.

Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa Ku Igituntu

Igituntu gishobora kugaruka mu buryo bw’umwimerere?

Oya, igituntu ntishobora kugaruka mu buryo bw’umwimerere kuko virusi itakiriho mu buryo bw’umwimerere. Virusi ya variola yari ihariye abantu kandi ntishobora kubaho mu bindi bisigisigi cyangwa mu kirere igihe kirekire. Kuva ubwo urupfu rwa nyuma rwabaye mu 1977, nta soko virusi ishobora kugarukiramo mu buryo bw’umwimerere.

Inkingo z’igituntu ziracyahawe uyu munsi?

Gukingira igituntu byahagaze mu myaka ya 1970 kuko iyi ndwara yakuweho. Ariko kandi, bamwe mu basirikare, abakora mu bigo by’ubushakashatsi, n’abafasha mu bihe by’amahoro bagikira inkingo nk’uburyo bwo kwirinda. Inkingo ziracyabikwa kugira ngo zikoreshwe mu gihe cy’ibitero by’iterabwoba.

Igituntu gitandukaniye he n’igicurane?

Igituntu n’igicurane ni indwara zitandukanye cyane ziterwa na virusi zitandukanye. Ibibyimba by’igituntu byagaragaraga ku mubiri wose mu gihe kimwe, birimo n’amaboko n’ibirenge. Ibibyimba by’igicurane bigaragara mu matsinda mu bihe bitandukanye kandi bikunze kugira ingaruka ku maboko n’ibirenge. Igituntu cyari kibi cyane kandi gifite umubare munini w’abapfa.

Igituntu gishobora gukoreshwa nk’intwaro ya biologi?

Ibi biracyahangayikishije impuguke z’umutekano kuko virusi iracyari mu bigo bibiri by’ubushakashatsi. Ariko kandi, igenzura rikomeye mpuzamahanga n’ingamba z’umutekano zirinda ibi bipimo. Uburyo bw’ubuzima rusange buracyafite gahunda zo guhangana n’ibitero by’iterabwoba.

Icyaba kibaye niba hari umuntu wanduye igituntu uyu munsi?

Niba hari umuntu wanduye uyu munsi, byatuma habaho ubufasha mpuzamahanga bwihuse. Uwo muntu yashyirwa mu kato, abahuye na we bakurikiranwa bakakingirwa, kandi abategetsi b’ubuzima rusange ku isi hose bakorera hamwe kugira ngo birinde ikwirakwira ry’iyi ndwara. Kubera ko abantu benshi batakingiwe, guhita hafatwa ingamba byaba ari ingenzi kugira ngo birinde ikwirakwira ry’iyi ndwara.