Tuberculose ni iki? Ibimenyetso, Impamvu, n'Ubuvuzi

Tuberculose (TB) ni indwara iterwa na mikorobe kandi ikunda kwibasira ibihaha, nubwo ishobora kwanduza n’ibindi bice by’umubiri. Nubwo izina ryayo rishobora gutera ubwoba, TB ivurwa neza uko bikwiye, kandi abantu babarirwa muri za miriyoni barakira buri mwaka.

Iyi ndwara ya kera imaze imyaka ibihumbi, ariko ubuvuzi bw’iki gihe buduha ibikoresho bikomeye byo kuyirwanya. Gusobanukirwa TB bishobora kugufasha kumenya ibimenyetso hakiri kare ukabona ubuvuzi ukeneye.

Tuberculose ni iki?

Tuberculose iterwa na mikorobe yitwa Mycobacterium tuberculosis ikunda kwibasira ibihaha. Tekereza kuri izi mikorobe nk’abashyitsi badakenewe bashobora kurara mu mubiri wawe imyaka itari mike batagutera indwara, cyangwa bashobora gukora cyane bakagutera indwara.

Hari ubwoko bubiri bukuru bwa TB ukwiye kumenya. TB iherereye mu mubiri bivuze ko mikorobe iri mu mubiri wawe ariko idakora, nk’imbuto zitegereje igihe gikwiye kugira ngo zikure. Ntuzagira ikibazo cy’uburwayi kandi ntushobora kwanduza abandi muri icyo gihe.

TB ikora cyane ni iyo mikorobe yiyongera ikagutera ibimenyetso. Ni yo ituma wumva uburwayi kandi ishobora kwanduza abandi binyuze mu guhumeka cyangwa guhisha. Inkuru nziza ni uko ubu bwoko bwose bwivurwa neza iyo bimenyekanye hakiri kare.

Ibimenyetso bya Tuberculose ni ibihe?

Ibimenyetso bya TB bikunda kuza buhoro buhoro mu byumweru cyangwa amezi, niyo mpamvu bamwe batabimenya mu ntangiriro. Umubiri wawe ushobora kurwanya iyi ndwara igihe runaka mbere y’uko ubona ikintu kidasanzwe.

Ibimenyetso bisanzwe ushobora kugira birimo:

• Ukohose kudasiba igihe kirekire kirenze ibyumweru bitatu, akenshi ukavuga amaraso
• Guhisha amaraso cyangwa ibinyabutabire bifite amaraso
• Kubabara mu kifuba bikomeza iyo uhumeka cyangwa ukohose
• Gutakaza ibiro bitasobanuka mu byumweru byinshi
• Umunaniro n’intege nke bidakira no kuruhuka
• Umuriro n’igisimba, cyane cyane nijoro
• Imyeyo yijoro ishobora kunywa imyenda yawe cyangwa ibitanda
• Gutakaza ubushake bwo kurya bikomeza ibyumweru

Ibimenyetso bidafite akamaro bishobora kubaho iyo TB ikwirakwira mu bice by’umubiri utari ibihaha. Ibyo bishobora kuba ububabare bw’umugongo niba byibasiye umugongo, amaraso mu mpiswi niba byageze ku mpyiko, cyangwa kubabara umutwe bidashira niba byibasiye ubwonko.

Kwibuka ko kugira ibi bimenyetso ntibivuze ko ufite TB. Indwara nyinshi zishobora gutera ibimenyetso nk’ibyo, niyo mpamvu gusuzuma kwa muganga ari ingenzi.

Ubu bwoko bwa Tuberculose ni ubuhe?

TB igabanyijemo ubwoko bubiri bushingiye ku kuba mikorobe ikora cyangwa idakora mu mubiri wawe. Gusobanukirwa itandukaniro ryabyo bishobora kugufasha gusobanukirwa neza ibyavuye mu isuzuma ryawe n’ubuvuzi ukeneye.

Dukoresheje ijambo ry’ikinyarwanda, Tuberculose iherereye mu mubiri bivuze ko ufite mikorobe ya TB, ariko zikaba zidakora. Uzaba umeze neza kandi ntushobora kwanduza abandi. Hagati ya kimwe cya gatatu cy’abatuye isi bafite TB iherereye mu mubiri, kandi abenshi ntibabona indwara ikora.

Tuberculose ikora ibaho iyo mikorobe yiyongera ikagutera ibimenyetso. Ubu bwoko bushobora kwanduza abandi kandi busaba ubuvuzi bw’ihutirwa. TB ikora ishobora kugabanywa mu bwoko bubiri: iya pulmoni (ikibasira ibihaha) cyangwa itari iya pulmoni (ikibasira ibindi bice by’umubiri).

TB ya pulmoni ni yo isanzwe, ikibasira ibihaha n’inzira z’ubuhumekero. Ubu bwoko busanzwe bwanduza cyane kuko mikorobe ishobora gukwirakwira binyuze mu matonyanga yo mu myanya y’ubuhumekero iyo ukohose cyangwa uhisha.

TB itari iya pulmoni ibasiye ibindi bice by’umubiri bitari ibihaha, nka mpyiko, umugongo, ubwonko, cyangwa imiyoboro y’amaraso. Nubwo idahoraho, ubu bwoko bushobora kuba bukomeye kandi busaba ubuvuzi bw’umwihariko.

Impamvu ziterwa na Tuberculose ni izihe?

TB iterwa na mikorobe yitwa Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Izi mikorobe zikomeye kandi zishobora kubaho hanze y’umubiri w’umuntu igihe kirekire, cyane cyane mu mwijima, mu myanya y’ubushuhe.

Ushobora kwandura TB iyo umuntu ufite TB ya pulmoni ikora akohose, akahisha, agakubita, cyangwa agakora hafi yawe. Mikorobe ijyana n’amatonyanga mato mu kirere, ushobora guhumeka mu bihaha byawe. Ariko, TB ntiranduza nk’impiswi cyangwa grippe.

Guhura hafi, igihe kirekire ni ngombwa kugira ngo wanduzwe. Ibi bivuze ko ushobora kwandura TB kuva ku muntu ubana nawe cyangwa umara amasaha menshi na we buri gihe, aho kuva ku guhura n’abantu utazi.

Mikorobe itera TB itandukanye cyane n’izindi mikorobe zisanzwe. Ikura buhoro buhoro kandi ifite akaboko gakomeye kayitera ubudahangarwa ku buvuzi busanzwe, niyo mpamvu TB isaba imiti yihariye ifatwa amezi menshi.

Ni ryari ukwiye kujya kwa muganga kubera Tuberculose?

Ukwiye kuvugana n’abaganga niba ufite ukohose kudasiba igihe kirekire kirenze ibyumweru bitatu, cyane cyane niba bifatanije n’umuriro, gutakaza ibiro, cyangwa imyeyo yijoro. Ibi bimenyetso bidashira bisaba gusuzuma kwa muganga, nubwo bisa nkaho ari bito.

Shaka ubuvuzi bw’ihutirwa niba uhisha amaraso, ufite ububabare mu kifuba iyo uhumeka, cyangwa ufite umunaniro ukomeye ubuza ibikorwa bya buri munsi. Ibi bimenyetso bigaragaza ko umubiri wawe ukeneye ubufasha bwa muganga bw’ihutirwa.

Ntugatege amatwi niba wahuye n’umuntu ufite TB ikora, nubwo wumva umeze neza. Isuzuma rya hakiri kare rishobora kumenya indwara iherereye mu mubiri, kandi ubuvuzi bushobora kuyikumira kugira ngo idakora nyuma.

Niba uri mu itsinda rifite ibyago byinshi byo kugira ingaruka za TB, nko kugira SIDA, diyabete, cyangwa ufata imiti igabanya ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri, banira muganga wawe ibizamini bya TB mu bugenzuzi busanzwe.

Ibyago byo kwandura Tuberculose ni ibihe?

Ibintu byinshi bishobora kongera amahirwe yawe yo kwandura TB, ariko kugira ibyago ntibivuze ko uzayirwara. Gusobanukirwa ibyo bishobora kugufasha gufata ingamba zikwiye no gukora ibizamini igihe bikenewe.

Ibyago bikomeye birimo:

• Kugira SIDA, igabanya ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri bwo kurwanya mikorobe ya TB
• Kuba mu karere cyangwa kujya mu turere TB ikunze kuboneka, nko muri Afurika, Aziya, na Amerika y’Amajyepfo
• Kuba hafi y’umuntu ufite TB ikora
• Kuba mu hantu hacucikiranye nko mu mazu y’abakene, muri gereza, cyangwa mu bigo by’abasaza
• Kugira diyabete, ishobora kugabanya ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri
• Kufata imiti igabanya ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri
• Kugira indwara z’impyiko cyangwa kanseri zimwe na zimwe
• Kuba muto cyane (munsi y’imyaka 5) cyangwa mukuru (irenga 65)
• Kunywa itabi cyangwa inzoga nyinshi, bishobora kugabanya ibihaha n’ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri
• Kuba ufite imirire mibi cyangwa utoroheje

Bamwe bafite ibyago byinshi bitewe n’imimerere batagira icyo bakoraho, nko aho bavukiye cyangwa uburyo bafite bwo kubona ubuvuzi. Niba ufite ibyago byinshi, ntutinye, ariko banira muganga wawe ibizamini bya TB.

Abakozi bo mu buvuzi n’abakora mu bigo by’ubushakashatsi bashobora kwandura mikorobe ya TB kandi bakora ibizamini bya TB buri gihe nk’igice cy’akazi kabo.

Ingaruka zishoboka za Tuberculose ni izihe?

Iyo TB imenyekanye hakiri kare kandi ivuwe neza, ingaruka ziba nke. Ariko, TB itivuwe cyangwa itivuwe neza ishobora gutera ibibazo bikomeye by’ubuzima bikibasira ibice bitandukanye by’umubiri.

Ingaruka zisanzwe zigira ingaruka ku bihaha n’ubuhumekero. Ibyo bishobora kuba ibikomere by’ibihaha bidashira, kugorana guhumeka, cyangwa ibyago byo kwandura ibihaha. Bamwe bagira amazi mu bihaha, bishobora gutuma guhumeka bigorana.

TB ishobora gukwirakwira mu bice by’umubiri utari ibihaha ikagira ingaruka ku zindi nzego:

• TB y’umugongo ishobora gutera ububabare bw’umugongo, kandi, gake, ubugufi niba itivuwe vuba
• TB y’ubwonko (meningite) ishobora gutera ububabare bukomeye bw’umutwe, guhuzagurika, n’ibibazo by’ubwonko
• TB y’impyiko ishobora gutera amaraso mu mpiswi n’ibibazo by’imikorere y’impyiko
• TB y’umutima ishobora kugira ingaruka ku mufuka uri ku mutima, ikatera ububabare mu kifuba n’ubugorane bwo guhumeka
• TB y’amagufa n’ingingo ishobora gutera ububabare n’ibibazo byo kugenda

TB idahangwa n’imiti ni ingaruka ikomeye ibaho iyo mikorobe idahangwa n’imiti isanzwe. Ubu bwoko busaba ubuvuzi burebure bukoresheje imiti ikomeye, ariko buracyavurwa neza.

Ingingo y’ingenzi yo kwirinda ingaruka ni ugukora ibizamini hakiri kare no kurangiza ubuvuzi bwawe bwose, nubwo utangiye kumva umeze neza. Ikipe yawe y’abaganga izakukurikirana hafi kugira ngo ibone ibibazo hakiri kare.

Tuberculose ishobora kwirindwa gute?

Kwivuza TB byibanda ku kubuza mikorobe gukwirakwira no kwirinda kwandura. Nubwo udashobora kugenzura ibyago byose, hari intambwe nyinshi ushobora gufata kugira ngo ugabanye amahirwe yo kwandura TB.

Niba ufite TB iherereye mu mubiri, gufata imiti yagutegetswe neza nk’uko byategetswe ni bwo buryo bwiza bwo kuyikumira kugira ngo idakora. Ubu buvuzi busanzwe burimo gufata imiti mu mezi menshi, kandi kurangiza ubuvuzi bwose ni ingenzi.

Kwirinda kwandura, banira guhura hafi n’abantu bafite TB ikora kugeza igihe bamaze ibyumweru bibiri bavurwa. Komeza umwuka mwiza mu nzu, kuko mikorobe ya TB ikwirakwira vuba mu hantu hafunze.

Kugira ubuzima bwiza bufasha ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri bwo kurwanya mikorobe ya TB. Ibyo birimo kurya ibiryo biringaniye, gukora siporo buri gihe, gucunga indwara zidakira nka diyabete, no kwirinda itabi n’inzoga nyinshi.

Urukingo rwa BCG ruhabwa mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe TB ikunze kuboneka, nubwo rudakoreshejwe muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Niba ujya mu turere dufite ibyago byinshi, banira muganga wawe ingamba zo kwirinda mbere y’urugendo rwawe.

Abakozi bo mu buvuzi n’abandi bafite ibyago byinshi bakora ibizamini bya TB buri gihe kugira ngo bamenye indwara hakiri kare, iyo ivurwa byoroshye kandi idakwirakwira.

Tuberculose imenyeshwa gute?

Kumenya TB bisaba ibizamini byinshi kuko ibimenyetso bishobora kumera nk’iby’izindi ndwara z’ibihaha. Muganga wawe azatangira akumaze amateka yawe y’ubuzima n’isuzuma ryawe kugira ngo asobanukirwe ibimenyetso byawe n’ibyago.

Isuzuma ry’uruhu rwa tuberculine (TST) ni imwe mu nzira zisanzwe zo gusuzuma. Igipimo gito cy’umusaruro wa mikorobe ya TB giterwa munsi y’uruhu rwawe, kandi igisubizo kirasuzumwa nyuma y’amasaha 48-72. Isuzuma ryiza rigaragaza ko wahuye na TB ariko ntiryerekana itandukaniro hagati y’indwara iherereye mu mubiri n’ikora.

Ibizamini by’amaraso byitwa interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) bipima uburyo ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri bwawe busubiza mikorobe ya TB. Ibi bizamini biroroshye kurusha ibizamini by’uruhu kandi ntibigira ingaruka ku gukingirwa na BCG mbere.

Niba TB ikekwanaho, uzakenera X-ray y’ibifuba kugira ngo urebe ibimenyetso by’indwara y’ibihaha. Rimwe na rimwe, amashusho yongeyeho nk’ibizamini bya CT atanga amashusho arambuye y’ibihaha byawe n’ibindi bice by’umubiri.

Ibisubizo by’amaraso ni ingenzi mu kwemeza TB ikora. Uzahisha ibinyabutabire bizasuzumwa mikorobe ya TB hakoreshejwe mikoroskopi kandi bikurwe mu buvuzi bwa laboratoire. Ibi bizamini bishobora gufata ibyumweru byinshi ariko bitanga ibyavuye mu isuzuma n’amakuru yerekeye ubudahangarwa bw’imiti.

Mu bihe bimwe na bimwe, muganga wawe ashobora kuba akeneye ibice by’ingingo zibasiwe cyangwa ibice by’amazi biri mu bihaha byawe cyangwa mu bindi bice by’umubiri kugira ngo akore isuzuma.

Ubuvuzi bwa Tuberculose ni ubuhe?

Ubuvuzi bwa TB bugira ingaruka nziza iyo bukurikijwe neza, n’igipimo cyo gukira kirenze 95% ku ndwara idahangwa n’imiti. Ingingo y’ingenzi yo kuvurwa neza ni ugutwara imiti yawe nk’uko byategetswe igihe cyose, nubwo utangiye kumva umeze neza.

Ubuvuzi bwa TB iherereye mu mubiri busanzwe burimo gufata imiti imwe cyangwa ebyiri mu mezi 3-9, bitewe n’imiti muganga wawe atoreye. Imiti isanzwe ikoreshwa irimo isoniazide yonyine cyangwa isoniazide ifatanije na rifapentine.

TB ikora isaba ubuvuzi bukoresheje imiti myinshi icyarimwe kugira ngo birinde mikorobe kudahangwa n’imiti. Ubuvuzi busanzwe bw’intangiriro burimo imiti ine: isoniazide, rifampin, pyrazinamide, na ethambutol, ifatwa mu mezi abiri ya mbere.

Nyuma y’igihe cy’intangiriro, ubuvuzi busanzwe burakomeza hakoreshejwe isoniazide na rifampin mu mezi ane yongeyeho. Muganga wawe azahindura ubuvuzi hashingiwe ku bisubizo by’ibizamini bigaragaza uko mikorobe isubiza ubuvuzi.

TB idahangwa n’imiti isaba ubuvuzi bukomeye bukoresheje imiti yo mu cyiciro cya kabiri ishobora kugira ingaruka nyinshi kandi ikenera gufatwa mu mezi 12-24. Ariko, ibyo bihe biracyavurwa neza.

Ikipe yawe y’abaganga izakukurikirana hafi mu gihe cy’ubuvuzi hakoreshejwe igenzura rya buri gihe, ibizamini by’amaraso, n’ibizamini by’amaraso kugira ngo yemeze ko imiti ikora kandi ikurikirane ingaruka.

Uko wakwitaho iwawe mu gihe cy’ubuvuzi bwa Tuberculose

Kwita ku buzima bwawe iwawe mu gihe cy’ubuvuzi bwa TB bifasha umubiri wawe gukira no kubuza kwanduza abandi. Ikintu cy’ingenzi ni ugutwara imiti yawe nk’uko byategetswe, nubwo utangiye kumva umeze neza nyuma y’ibyumweru bike.

Niba ufite TB ikora, uzakenera guhora iwawe uturutse ku kazi cyangwa ku ishuri mu byumweru bike by’ubuvuzi kugeza igihe utakiri umwandu. Muganga wawe azakubwira igihe ari cyo cyiza cyo gusubira mu bikorwa bisanzwe, ubusanzwe nyuma y’ibyumweru 2-3 by’ubuvuzi.

Funga akanwa na mazuru iyo ukohose cyangwa uhisha, ukoresheje umupira ukawujugunya. Kora isuku y’intoki kenshi kandi wirinda guhura hafi n’abandi, cyane cyane abana, abasaza, cyangwa abafite ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri buke.

Komeza umwuka mwiza mu nzu yawe ufungura amadirishya igihe bishoboka kandi ukoreshe abafana kugira ngo umwuka utemberane. Mikorobe ya TB ikwirakwira vuba mu hantu hafunze, bityo umwuka mwiza ufasha kurinda umuryango wawe.

Ibanda ku kurya ibiryo biringaniye kugira ngo ushyigikire ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri wawe kandi ufashe umubiri wawe kurwanya indwara. Kuruhuka bihagije, kunywa amazi menshi, no kwirinda inzoga, bishobora kubangamira imiti yawe no kugabanya gukira.

Komeza umwanya wawe w’imiti n’ingaruka. Imiti imwe ya TB ishobora gutera isesemi, bityo kuyifata n’ibiryo bishobora gufasha. Banira muganga wawe niba ufite ingaruka cyangwa ibimenyetso bidashira bikuhangayikisha.

Uko wakwitegura gusura muganga

Kwitoza gusura muganga birebana na TB bifasha kwemeza ko ubona isuzuma ryiza n’ubuvuzi bukwiye. Tangira wandike ibimenyetso byawe byose, harimo igihe byatangiye n’uko byahindutse uko igihe gihita.

Andika urutonde rw’imiti yose ufashe ubu, harimo imiti y’amabwiriza, imiti yo mu maduka, n’ibindi. Imiti imwe ishobora guhangana n’ubuvuzi bwa TB, bityo muganga wawe akeneye amakuru arambuye.

Kora amakuru yerekeye amateka yawe y’ubuzima, harimo guhura na TB mbere, kujya mu turere dufite ibyago byinshi, cyangwa ibibazo bishobora kugira ingaruka ku budahangarwa bw’umubiri. Niba warigeze gukora ibizamini bya TB mbere, uzane ibyavuye muri ibyo bizamini niba biboneka.

Tekereza ku bantu wahuye na bo vuba aha, cyane cyane niba ushobora kuba ufite TB ikora. Muganga wawe ashobora kuba akeneye kuvugana nabo kugira ngo bakore ibizamini n’ubuvuzi bushoboka kugira ngo birinde gukwirakwira.

Tegura ibibazo bijyanye n’isuzuma ryawe, ubuvuzi ushobora guhabwa, ingaruka ugomba kwitega, n’igihe uzamara ufata imiti. Ntukabe ikibazo cyo kubabaza icyakubangamiye cyangwa icyo utazi.

Niba ubonye TB, baza ku bijyanye no gukurikirana ubuvuzi, igihe ushobora gusubira ku kazi cyangwa ku ishuri, n’uko kurinda umuryango wawe n’inshuti zawe kwandura mu gihe cy’ubuvuzi bwawe.

Icyo ukwiye kumenya cyane kuri Tuberculose

Ikintu cy’ingenzi cyo kwibuka kuri tuberculose ni uko ivurwa neza iyo imenyekanye hakiri kare kandi ivuwe neza. Nubwo TB ishobora gutera ubwoba, ubuvuzi bw’iki gihe buduha ibikoresho bikomeye byo kurwanya iyi ndwara ya kera neza.

Ntugatere amatwi ibimenyetso bidashira nko guhora ukohose igihe kirenze ibyumweru bitatu, gutakaza ibiro bitasobanuka, cyangwa imyeyo yijoro. Kumenya hakiri kare bituma ubuvuzi bugabanuka, bugira ingaruka nziza, kandi bikarinda ingaruka zishobora kubaho iyo TB itivuwe.

Niba ubonye TB, gufata imiti yawe nk’uko byategetswe ni ingenzi kugira ngo ukire kandi bikarinda mikorobe kudahangwa n’imiti. Abantu benshi batangira kumva bameze neza mu byumweru bike nyuma yo gutangira ubuvuzi.

Kwibuka ko kugira TB ntibigaragaza nabi kuri wowe cyangwa isuku yawe. Ni indwara gusa ishobora kwibasira umuntu wese, kandi ukoresheje ubuvuzi bukwiye, ushobora kwitega gukira neza no gusubira mu bikorwa byawe bisanzwe.

Ibibazo Bisanzwe Bibazwa kuri Tuberculose

Tuberculose ishobora gukira burundu?

Yego, tuberculose ishobora gukira burundu hakoreshejwe ubuvuzi bukwiye. Iyo ufata imiti yagutegetswe nk’uko byategetswe igihe cyose cy’ubuvuzi, igipimo cyo gukira kirenze 95% kuri TB idahangwa n’imiti. Nubwo TB idahangwa n’imiti iracyavurwa, nubwo isaba ubuvuzi burebure bukoresheje imiti itandukanye.

Ubuvuzi bwa tuberculose buramara igihe kingana iki?

Ubuvuzi bwa TB ikora busanzwe buramara amezi 6-9, nubwo bimwe bishobora gusaba ubuvuzi burebure. Ubuvuzi bwa TB iherereye mu mubiri busanzwe buramara amezi 3-9, bitewe n’imiti muganga wawe atoreye. TB idahangwa n’imiti ishobora gusaba ubuvuzi bw’amezi 12-24, ariko ikipe yawe y’abaganga izakurikirana iterambere ryawe hafi.

Tuberculose iranduza mu gihe cyose cy’ubuvuzi?

Oya, TB iragabanuka cyane nyuma yo gutangira ubuvuzi. Abantu benshi bafite TB ya pulmoni ikora ntibarakira nyuma y’ibyumweru 2-3 bafashe imiti yabo neza. Muganga wawe azakwemeza igihe utakiri umwandu mbere yo gusubira ku kazi cyangwa ku ishuri.

Ushobora kwandura tuberculose incuro nyinshi?

Nubwo bishoboka kongera kwandura TB nyuma yo gukira, ni gake niba warangije ubuvuzi bwawe bwose. Ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri wawe bugira uburinzi nyuma yo kurwanya TB, ariko abantu bafite ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri buke cyangwa bafite ibyago byinshi bishobora kwandura vuba.

Ni iki kibaho niba ntafashe imiti yanjye ya tuberculose?

Kudafata imiti bishobora gutuma mikorobe ya TB idahangwa n’imiti yawe, bigatuma ubuvuzi bugorana kandi buramara igihe kirekire. Niba utinze gufata imiti, ifate vuba bishoboka, ariko ntukarebe inshuro ebyiri. Banira muganga wawe vuba niba utinze gufata imiti nyinshi, kuko gahunda yawe y’ubuvuzi ishobora guhinduka.