Diabete Yo Mu Bwoko Bwa 2

Diabete ikubiyemo uburwayi buterwa n'ikibazo mu buryo umubiri ugenzura kandi ukabya isukari nk'umuti. Iyo sukari ikunzwe kwitwa glucose. Iki kibazo kirambye gitera isukari nyinshi gutembera mu maraso. Amaherezo, urwego rwinshi rw'isukari mu maraso rushobora gutera indwara z'imitsi, imitsi y'imbere n'urwego rw'umubiri. Muri diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2, hari ibibazo bibiri by'ingenzi. Pancreas ntabwo ikora insuline ihagije - hormone igenzura imikorere y'isukari mu mitsi. Kandi uturemangingo twakira nabi insuline kandi tukinjiza isukari nke. Diabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2 yahoze izwi nka diyabete y'abakuze, ariko diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 1 na 2 zombi zishobora gutangira mu bwana no mu bukure. Ubwoko bwa 2 busanzwe mu bantu bakuze. Ariko kwiyongera kw'umubare w'abana bafite umubyibuho bukabije byatumye habaho indwara nyinshi za diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2 mu rubyiruko. Nta muti wa diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2. Kugabanya ibiro, kurya neza no gukora siporo bishobora gufasha gucunga iyi ndwara. Niba indyo mvaruhukiro na siporo bidahagije kugira ngo bigenzure isukari mu maraso, imiti ya diyabete cyangwa kuvura insuline bishobora gusabwa.

Ibimenyetso bya diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2 bikunda kugaragara buhoro buhoro. Mu by'ukuri, ushobora kuba umaze imyaka ubana na diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2 utabizi. Iyo ibimenyetso bihari, bishobora kuba birimo: Kunywa amazi cyane. Gushobora kenshi. Inzara ikabije. Kugabanuka k'uburemere bitateganijwe. Kwumva unaniwe. Kubura neza kw'amaso. Ibikomere bikira bigoranye. Kwandura kenshi. Kubabara cyangwa kunanirwa mu ntoki cyangwa mu birenge. Ibice by'uruhu rwimye, akenshi mu mavi no mu ijosi. Reba umuganga wawe niba ubona ibimenyetso bya diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2.

Gira inama n'abaganga bawe niba ubona ibimenyetso bya diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2.

Diabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2 ahanini iterwa n'ibibazo bibiri: Uturambuye mu mitsi, mu mafuta no mu mwijima tugira ubudahangarwa kuri insuline. Ibyo bituma utwo turumbuye tudakira isukari ihagije. Umwijima ntushobora gukora insuline ihagije kugira ngo urugero rw'isukari mu maraso rugume mu kigero cyiza. Impamvu nyayo y'ibyo ntabwo irazwi. Kuba ufite umubyibuho ukabije no kudakora imyitozo ngororamubiri ni bimwe mu bintu byongera ibyago. Insuline ni hormone iva mu mwijima — umusemburo uherereye inyuma kandi hasi y'igifu. Insuline igenzura uko umubiri ukoresha isukari mu buryo bukurikira: Isukari iri mu maraso ituma umwijima usohora insuline. Insuline itembera mu maraso, ituma isukari ijya mu turumbuye. Urwego rw'isukari mu maraso rugabanuka. Mu gusubiza icyo kugabanuka, umwijima usohora insuline nke. Glucose — isukari — ni isoko nyamukuru y'ingufu z'uturumbuye tugize imitsi n'utundi dushimwa. Uko glucose ikoreshwa n'uko igenzurwa birimo ibi bikurikira: Glucose iterwa n'amasoko abiri akomeye: ibiryo n'umwijima. Glucose ijya mu maraso, aho ijya mu turumbuye ifashijwe na insuline. Umwijima ubitse kandi ukora glucose. Iyo urwego rwa glucose rugeze hasi, umwijima usenya glycogen yabitswe kugira ngo ahinduke glucose, kugira ngo urwego rwa glucose mu mubiri rugume mu kigero cyiza. Mu diabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2, uwo mucyo ntukora neza. Aho kujya mu turumbuye, isukari ikomeza kwiyongera mu maraso. Uko urwego rw'isukari mu maraso rwiyongera, umwijima usohora insuline nyinshi. Amaherezo, uturumbuye two mu mwijima dukora insuline turangirika kandi ntidukora insuline ihagije kugira ngo bishike ku byo umubiri ukeneye.

Ibintu bishobora kongera ibyago byo kurwara diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2 birimo:

• Urugero rw'umubyibuho. Kuba ufite umubyibuho ukabije cyangwa ubemeye ni ikintu gikomeye cyongera ibyago.
• Uko ibinure byikubye. Kubika ibinure ahanini mu nda — aho kubika mu byenda no mu mavi — bigaragaza ko ibyago biri hejuru. Ibyago byo kurwara diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2 biri hejuru ku bagabo bafite ingano y'ikibuno irenga santimetero 101.6 (inci 40) no ku bagore bafite ingano y'ikibuno irenga santimetero 88.9 (inci 35).
• Ubunebwe. Uko umuntu adakora imyitozo ngororamubiri, ni ko ibyago byiyongera. Gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri bituma umuntu agumana ibiro bye, bikoresha glucose nk'ingufu kandi bigatuma uturemangingo twumva insuline.
• Amateka y'umuryango. Ibyago by'umuntu byo kurwara diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2 byiyongera niba umubyeyi cyangwa umuvandimwe afite diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2.
• Ubwoko n'akarere kavukire. Nubwo bitaramenyekana impamvu, abantu b'amoko n'akarere kavukire runaka — barimo abirabura, abahispanike, abanyamerika kavukire n'abanyamerika b'Abazungu, n'abatuye mu birwa bya Pasifike — bafite ibyago byinshi byo kurwara diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2 kurusha abazungu.
• Urugero rw'ibinure byo mu maraso. Ibyago byiyongera bifitanye isano n'igipimo gito cya kolesterol ya high-density lipoprotein (HDL) — kolesterol «nziza» — n'igipimo kinini cya triglycerides.
• Imyaka. Ibyago byo kurwara diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2 byiyongera uko umuntu akura, cyane cyane nyuma y'imyaka 35.
• Prediyabete. Prediyabete ni uburwayi aho igipimo cy'isukari mu maraso kiba kiri hejuru y'ibisanzwe, ariko kitari hejuru cyane ngo kwitwe diyabete. Niba idakurikiranwa, prediyabete ikunze guhinduka diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2.
• Ibyago bifitanye isano n'inda. Ibyago byo kurwara diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2 biri hejuru ku bantu bagize diyabete y'inda ubwo bari batwite no ku bantu babyaye umwana urenga ibiro 4 (kilogram 9).
• Uburwayi bwa polycystic ovary syndrome. Kugira uburwayi bwa polycystic ovary syndrome — uburwayi burangwa no kudakora neza kw'imihango, ubwiyongere bw'ububura bw'umubiri n'umubyibuho ukabije — byongera ibyago byo kurwara diyabete.

Diabete ikubiyemo uburwayi bwinshi bw'ingingo nyamukuru z'umubiri, harimo umutima, imiyoboro y'amaraso, imitsi, amaso n'impyiko. Ikindi kandi, ibintu byongera ibyago bya diyabete ni ibintu byongera ibyago by'izindi ndwara zikomeye. Gucunga diyabete no kugenzura isukari mu maraso bishobora kugabanya ibyago by'ibibazo nk'ibi n'izindi ndwara, harimo: Indwara z'umutima n'imijyana y'amaraso. Diyabete ifitanye isano n'ibyago byiyongereye by'indwara z'umutima, umwijima, umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso no gucika kw'imijyana y'amaraso, ikibazo cyitwa atherosclerosis.

Akababaro k'imitsi mu biganza n'amaguru. Iki kibazo cyitwa neuropathy. Isukari nyinshi mu maraso igihe kirekire ishobora kwangiza cyangwa kurimbura imitsi. Ibyo bishobora gutera kuribwa, kubabara, gutwika, kubabara cyangwa gutakaza burundu ubwumva, bisanzwe bitangira ku ntugunda z'intoki cyangwa ibirenge hanyuma bigakwirakwira buhoro buhoro hejuru.

Ibindi bibazo by'imitsi. Kwibasira imitsi y'umutima bishobora gutera ibibazo by'umutima utari mwiza. Kwibasira imitsi mu gice cy'igogorwa bishobora gutera ibibazo by'iseseme, kuruka, impiswi cyangwa kubabara mu nda. Kwibasira imitsi bishobora kandi gutera ikibazo cyo kudakora imibonano mpuzabitsina.

Indwara z'impyiko. Diyabete ishobora gutera indwara z'impyiko zidakira cyangwa indwara z'impyiko zidashobora gukira. Ibyo bishobora gusaba kuvurwa hakoreshejwe imashini cyangwa gusimbuza impyiko.

Kwibasira amaso. Diyabete yongera ibyago by'indwara zikomeye z'amaso, nka cataracte na glaucome, kandi ishobora kwangiza imijyana y'amaraso ya retina, bikaba byatuma ubuhumyi.

Uburwayi bw'uruhu. Diyabete ishobora kongera ibyago by'ibibazo bimwe by'uruhu, harimo indwara ziterwa na bagiteri n'ibinyampeke.

Gukira gahoro. Niba bitavuwe, ibikomere n'ibisebe bishobora kuba indwara zikomeye, zishobora gukira nabi. Kwibasira bikomeye bishobora gusaba guca urutoki, ikirenge cyangwa ukuguru.

Kubura kumva. Ibibazo byo kumva birakunda kubaho mu bantu barwaye diyabete.

Apnea yo mu buriri. Apnea yo mu buriri iterwa no gufunga umwanya wo guhumeka birakunda kubaho mu bantu barwaye diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2. Umurire ushobora kuba ari yo ntandaro nyamukuru y'ibyo bibazo byombi.

Dementia. Diabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2 isa nkaho yongera ibyago by'indwara ya Alzheimer n'izindi ndwara ziterwa na dementia. Kugenzura nabi isukari mu maraso bifitanye isano no kugabanuka vuba kw'ubushobozi bwo kwibuka n'ubundi bushobozi bwo gutekereza.

Guhitamo ubuzima buzira umuze bishobora gufasha kwirinda diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2. Niba wabonye uburwayi bwa prediyabete, guhindura imibereho bishobora kugabanya cyangwa guhagarika iterambere rya diyabete. Ubuzima buzira umuze burimo:

• Kurya ibiryo byiza. Hitamo ibiryo bifite amavuta n'amakalori bike kandi byuzuyemo fibre. Fata imbuto, imboga n'ibinyampeke byuzuye.
• Kugira umwanya wo gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri. Gerageza gukora iminota 150 cyangwa irenga buri cyumweru y'imyitozo ngororamubiri yo hagati cyangwa ikomeye, nko kugenda wihuta, kugendera kuri velo, kwiruka cyangwa koga.
• Gutakaza ibiro. Niba ufite ibiro birenze urugero, gutakaza ibiro bike no kubigumana bishobora gutinda iterambere rya prediyabete ikajya muri diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2. Niba ufite prediyabete, gutakaza 7% kugeza kuri 10% by'uburemere bw'umubiri bishobora kugabanya ibyago bya diyabete.
• Kwirinda igihe kirekire cyo kutabyina. Kwicaza igihe kirekire bishobora kongera ibyago bya diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2. Gerageza kuzuka buri minota 30 maze ugende utembera byibuze iminota mike. Ku bantu bafite prediyabete, metformin (Fortamet, Glumetza, n'izindi), imiti ya diyabete, ishobora kwandikwa kugira ngo igabanye ibyago bya diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2. Ibi bisanzwe bihabwa abantu bakuze bafite umubyibuho ukabije kandi badashobora kugabanya isukari mu maraso hakoreshejwe guhindura imibereho.

Diabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2 isanzwe imenyekana hakoreshejwe ikizamini cya glycated hemoglobin (A1C). Iki kizamini cy'amaraso kigaragaza urwego rwa shekure y'amaraso yawe mu mezi abiri cyangwa atatu ashize. Ibisubizo bisobanurwa mu buryo bukurikira:

• Munsi ya 5.7% ni ibisanzwe.
• 5.7% kugeza kuri 6.4% bimenyeshwa nk'uburwayi bwa prediyabete.
• 6.5% cyangwa hejuru mu bipimo bibiri bitandukanye bigaragaza diyabete.

Niba ikizamini cya A1C kitaboneka, cyangwa niba ufite uburwayi bumwe na bumwe bujyana n'ikizamini cya A1C, umuvuzi wawe ashobora gukoresha ibizamini bikurikira kugira ngo amenye diyabete:

Ikizamini cy'isukari y'amaraso yo mu gifu. Igipimo cy'amaraso gifatwa nyuma y'uko utariye ijoro ryose. Ibisubizo bisobanurwa mu buryo bukurikira:

• Munsi ya 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) bifatwa nk'ibyiza.
• 100 kugeza kuri 125 mg/dL (5.6 kugeza kuri 6.9 mmol/L) bimenyeshwa nk'uburwayi bwa prediyabete.
• 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) cyangwa hejuru mu bipimo bibiri bitandukanye bimenyeshwa nk'diyabete.

Ikizamini cyo kwihanganira glucose mu kanwa. Iki kizamini ntabwo gikoresha kenshi ugereranije n'ibindi, keretse mu gihe cyo gutwita. Uzakeneye kudatarya igihe runaka hanyuma ukanywa amazi meza mu biro by'umuvuzi wawe. Urwego rw'isukari y'amaraso hanyuma rugapimwa buri gihe mu masaha abiri. Ibisubizo bisobanurwa mu buryo bukurikira:

• Munsi ya 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L) nyuma y'amasaha abiri bifatwa nk'ibyiza.
• 140 kugeza kuri 199 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L na 11.0 mmol/L) bimenyeshwa nk'uburwayi bwa prediyabete.
• 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) cyangwa hejuru nyuma y'amasaha abiri bigaragaza diyabete.

Gupima. Ishyirahamwe ry'Amerika ryita ku ndwara ya diyabete riragira inama yo gupima buri gihe hakoreshejwe ibizamini byo gupima diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2 mu bantu bakuru bose bafite imyaka 35 cyangwa irenga ndetse no mu matsinda akurikira:

• Abantu bafite imyaka munsi ya 35 baremereye cyangwa bafite umubyibuho ukabije kandi bafite ikintu kimwe cyangwa ibindi bintu by'ingorane bijyanye na diyabete.
• Abagore bafite diyabete yo mu gihe cyo gutwita.
• Abantu babonye uburwayi bwa prediyabete.
• Abana baremereye cyangwa bafite umubyibuho ukabije kandi bafite amateka y'umuryango wa diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2 cyangwa ibindi bintu by'ingorane.

Niba ubonye diyabete, umuvuzi wawe ashobora gukora ibindi bipimo kugira ngo atandukanye diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 1 na diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2 kuko iyo ndwara zombi zikunda gusaba imiti itandukanye.

Umuvuzi wawe azapima urwego rwa A1C byibuze kabiri mu mwaka kandi igihe hari impinduka mu buvuzi. Intego za A1C zihinduka bitewe n'imyaka n'ibindi bintu. Ku bantu benshi, Ishyirahamwe ry'Amerika ryita ku ndwara ya diyabete riragira inama y'urwego rwa A1C munsi ya 7%.

Nanone uhabwa ibizamini byo gupima ingaruka za diyabete n'izindi ndwara.