Ni iki gutanga amaraso? Intego, Uburyo & Inyungu

Gutanga amaraso ni uburyo bworoshye kandi bwizewe aho utanga amaraso yawe agera kuri pint imwe kugira ngo ufashishe kurokora ubuzima. Amaraso yawe yatanzwe asuzumwa neza kandi agashyirwa mu bice bitandukanye nk'uturemangingo tw'amaraso atukura, plasima, na platelets bishobora gufasha kuvura abarwayi bafite indwara zitandukanye.

Buri munsi, ibihumbi by'abantu bakeneye guterwa amaraso kubera kubagwa, impanuka, kuvurwa kanseri, cyangwa indwara zidakira. Itanga ryawe rimwe rishobora kurokora ubuzima butatu, bigatuma iba imwe mu mpano zifite icyo zivuze cyane ushobora gutanga mu muryango wawe.

Ni iki gutanga amaraso?

Gutanga amaraso ni uburyo bwo kwitanga aho abantu bazima batanga amaraso kugira ngo bafashe abarwayi babikeneye. Ubu buryo bukubiyemo gukusanya mililitiri zigera kuri 450 (hafi pint imwe) y'amaraso kuva mu kuboko ukoresheje urushinge ruzira mikorobe n'umufuka wo gukusanyirizamo.

Umubiri wawe usimbuza mu buryo busanzwe aya maraso yatanzwe mu masaha 24 kugeza kuri 48 kuri plasima no mu byumweru 4 kugeza kuri 6 kuri turingemangingo tw'amaraso atukura. Uburyo bwose bwo gutanga amaraso busanzwe bufata iminota 45 kugeza ku isaha, nubwo gukusanya amaraso nyayo bifata iminota 8 kugeza kuri 10.

Amabanki y'amaraso n'ibitaro bishingira ku batanga amaraso buri gihe kugira ngo bagumane ibikoresho bihagije byo kubagwa byihutirwa, ibibazo by'ihungabana, abarwayi ba kanseri, n'abantu bafite indwara z'amaraso. Hatabayeho abatanga amaraso nkawe, imiti myinshi irokora ubuzima ntishoboka.

Kuki gutanga amaraso bikorwa?

Gutanga amaraso bifasha mu by'ubuvuzi bikomeye bitashobora gukemurwa mu bundi buryo ubwo aribwo bwose. Bitandukanye n'imiti myinshi ishobora gukorwa, amaraso ashobora kuva gusa ku batanga amaraso b'abantu, bigatuma umusanzu wawe utasimbuzwa.

Ibitaro bikenera ibice bitandukanye by'amaraso kubera ibibazo bitandukanye by'ubuvuzi. Uturemangingo tw'amaraso atukura dufasha abarwayi bafite anemia cyangwa abatakaje amaraso mugihe cyo kubagwa. Plasima ifasha abagizwe n'inkongi y'umuriro n'abantu bafite ibibazo byo gupfuka. Platelets zifasha abarwayi ba kanseri n'abafite ibibazo by'amaraso.

Ibihe by'ubutabazi bitera ubwiyongere butunguranye bw'amaraso akenewe. Impanuka z'imodoka, ibiza kamere, n'ibikorwa by'ubwicanyi bishobora gushirisha vuba ibikoresho by'amaraso. Kugira urujya n'uruza rw'abantu batanga amaraso bituma ibitaro bishobora gusubiza ibi byago byihutirwa nta gutinda.

Ni iki gikurikizwa mu gutanga amaraso?

Uburyo bwo gutanga amaraso bukurikiza intambwe nyinshi zitunganyirijwe kugirango zigufashe kuguma mu mutekano kandi wumve neza. Kuva ukigera kugeza ugeze, abakozi bafite ubushobozi bazagufasha mu cyiciro cyose.

Ibi nibyo ushobora kwitega mugihe utanga amaraso:

1. Kwiyandikisha no gupimwa ubuzima: Uzasoza ibibazo bigufi bijyanye n'amateka yawe y'ubuzima n'ibikorwa byawe bya vuba. Umukozi azapima ubushyuhe bwawe, umuvuduko w'amaraso, umutima, n'urwego rwa hemoglobin.
2. Ikiganiro cy'ubuzima bwite: Umwuga watojwe azasuzuma ibibazo byawe hanyuma akabaza ibindi bibazo bijyanye n'ubushobozi bwawe bwo gutanga amaraso mu buryo butekanye.
3. Uburyo bwo gutanga amaraso: Uzicara ku ntebe yoroshye mugihe umuntu ufite ubushobozi bwo gukuramo amaraso asukura ukuboko kwawe hanyuma agashyiramo urushinge rutagira mikorobe. Gukusanya amaraso bifata iminota 8-10.
4. Ubuvuzi nyuma yo gutanga amaraso: Abakozi bazapfuka ukuboko kwawe hanyuma bakugire uruhuke iminota 10-15 mugihe wishimira ibiryo byongera imbaraga kugirango bifashe umubiri wawe koroherwa.

Muri ubu buryo bwose, abaganga bagenzura imibereho yawe n'umutekano wawe. Niba wumva uribwa umutwe cyangwa utameze neza igihe icyo aricyo cyose, bazagufasha ako kanya kandi barebe ko umeze neza mbere yo kugenda.

Ni gute witegura gutanga amaraso?

Kwitegura neza bifasha kumenyera ko gutanga amaraso bigenda neza kandi ukumva umeze neza nyuma. Intambwe nyinshi zo kwitegura ni uburyo bworoshye bwo kubaho ushobora koroshya mu buzima bwawe.

Izi ntambwe zo kwitegura zizagufasha kugira uburambe bwiza bwo gutanga amaraso bushoboka:

• Kurya ibiryo birimo icyuma: Shyira mu mafunguro yawe inyama zitarimo amavuta menshi, epinari, ibishyimbo, cyangwa ibinyampeke byongerewe intungamubiri mbere yo gutanga amaraso mu gihe cy'iminsi mike kugira ngo ugumane urwego rwiza rw'icyuma mu maraso.
• Kunywa amazi ahagije: Nywa amazi menshi mu masaha 24-48 mbere yo kujya gutanga amaraso, kandi unywe ikirahure kimwe mbere gato yo gutanga amaraso.
• Kuryama bihagije: Gerageza gusinzira byibuze amasaha 7-8 mu ijoro ryo mbere yo gutanga amaraso kugira ngo umubiri wawe uruhuke neza.
• Kurya ifunguro rifitiye umubiri akamaro: Fata ifunguro ryiza mbere y'amasaha 2-3 yo gutanga amaraso, wirinda ibiryo birimo amavuta menshi bishobora kugira ingaruka ku bizami by'amaraso.
• Kwepuka inzoga: Irinde kunywa inzoga mu masaha 24 mbere yo gutanga amaraso, kuko inzoga zigira ingaruka ku mikorere y'amaraso yawe no ku rwego rwo kunywa amazi.

Wibuke kuzana indangamuntu ifite ifoto yizewe n'ikarita iyo ari yo yose y'utanga amaraso waba ufite yo mu gihe cyashize. Kwambara imyenda yoroshye ifite amaboko yoroshye kuzamura bizagufasha koroherezwa muri uyu murimo.

Ni gute usoma ibisubizo byo gutanga amaraso yawe?

Nyuma yo gutanga amaraso yawe, amaraso yawe akorerwa ibizamini byinshi kugira ngo hamenyekane niba afite umutekano wo kuyaterwa. Ubusanzwe uzabona ibisubizo mu minsi mike cyangwa icyumweru, haba mu ibaruwa, kuri telefoni, cyangwa unyuze kuri portal y'abantu batanga amaraso kuri interineti.

Uburyo bwo gupima bureba indwara zandura nka SIDA, hepatite B na C, syphilis, n'izindi ndwara zishobora kugira ingaruka ku mutekano wo kuyaterwa. Ubwoko bw'amaraso yawe (A, B, AB, cyangwa O) n'impamvu ya Rh (pozitive cyangwa negative) bizemejwe niba bitarazwi.

Niba ibisubizo by'ibizamini byose bigarutse neza, ikigo gishinzwe amaraso kizaguhamagara mu ibanga kugira ngo baganire ku byavuye mu bizamini. Ibi ntibisobanura ko urwaye, kuko ibizamini bimwe na bimwe bishobora kugaragaza ibisubizo bitari byo cyangwa kumenya indwara zo mu gihe cyashize zitagishobora guteza ibibazo by'ubuzima.

Urwego rwawe rwa hemoglobin, rwasuzumwe mbere yo gutanga amaraso, rugaragaza ubushobozi bw'amaraso yawe bwo gutwara umwuka. Urwego rusanzwe ni garama 12.5-17.5 kuri decilitre ku bagabo na 12.0-15.5 ku bagore. Urwego ruto rushobora gutuma utemerewe gutanga amaraso by'agateganyo kugeza igihe ruzazamukira.

Ni gute wakira nyuma yo gutanga amaraso yawe?

Umubiri wawe utangira gusimbuza amaraso yatanzwe ako kanya, ariko gukurikiza uburyo bwo kwita ku mubiri nyuma yo gutanga amaraso bifasha kumva umeze neza. Abantu benshi bumva bameze neza rwose mu masaha make, nubwo bamwe bashobora kumva bananiwe gato umunsi umwe cyangwa ibiri.

Izi ntambwe zo kwiyongera zizagufasha kugaruka vuba kandi neza:

• Guma ku gapamba: Reka agapamba kari ku kaboko kawe byibuze amasaha 4-6 kugirango wirinde kuva amaraso no kurinda aho urushinge rwashyizwe.
• Irinde kuzamura ibintu biremereye: Ntukazamure ikintu cyose kiremereye kirenze ibiro 10 ukoresheje ukuboko watangiyeho amaraso umunsi wose kugirango wirinde gukomereka.
• Guma ufite amazi ahagije: Nywa amazi menshi mu masaha 24-48 akurikira kugirango ufashishe umubiri wawe gusimbuza umubare wa plasma watanzwe.
• Fata ibiryo bikungahaye ku butare: Shyiramo amafunguro n'udusimba dukungahaye ku butare kugirango ufashishe umubiri wawe kubaka uturemangingo tw'amaraso dutukura twatanzwe mu byumweru biri imbere.
• Fata akanya: Irinde imyitozo ikomeye cyangwa ibikorwa byose umunsi wose, nubwo ibikorwa bisanzwe bya buri munsi bimeze neza rwose.

Niba ubonye ibimenyetso bidasanzwe nk'izunguzungu rihoraho, isesemi, cyangwa gukomereka cyane ahantu urushinge rwashyizwe, hamagara ikigo gitanga amaraso ako kanya. Ibi bibazo ni bike, ariko abakozi bahora bahari kugirango bafashe gukemura impungenge zose.

Ni izihe nyungu zo gutanga amaraso?

Gutanga amaraso bitanga inyungu zidasanzwe ku buzima bw'abatanga amaraso birenze igihembo gisobanutse cyo gufasha abandi. Gutanga amaraso buri gihe bishobora rwose gushyigikira ubuzima bwawe bw'umutima n'imitsi kandi bitange ibisobanuro by'agaciro ku buzima bwawe muri rusange.

Gutanga amaraso bishobora kugufasha kugabanya ibyago byo kurwara indwara z'umutima mu kugabanya urugero rw'icyuma mu maraso yawe. Icyuma cyinshi gishobora gutuma umubiri uhura n'umuvuduko mwinshi wa oxygène ndetse n'ibibazo by'imitsi y'umutima, bityo gutanga amaraso buri gihe bifasha kugumana urugero rwiza rw'icyuma mu mubiri wawe.

Gutanga amaraso buri gihe bikubiyemo isuzuma ry'ubuzima ry'ibanze ry'ubuntu aho abakozi bagenzura ibimenyetso byawe by'ingenzi, urugero rwa hémoglobine, kandi bagasuzuma indwara zitandukanye. Iri suzuma risanzwe rishobora gufasha kumenya ibibazo by'ubuzima hakiri kare, igihe bivurwa neza.

Inyungu zo mu mutwe zifite agaciro gakomeye. Abantu benshi batanga amaraso bavuga ko bumva bafite intego kandi bishimira kumenya ko gutanga kwabo bifasha mu kurokora ubuzima. Ibi bigira uruhare rwiza ku mibereho myiza yo mu mutwe bishobora kuzamura imibereho yawe yose.

Ni ibihe bintu byongera ibyago byo guhura n'ingorane zo gutanga amaraso?

Gutanga amaraso ni umutekano ukomeye ku bantu bakuru bafite ubuzima bwiza, ariko ibintu bimwe na bimwe bishobora kongera ibyago byo guhura n'ingaruka. Kumva ibi bintu byongera ibyago bifasha kwitegura neza no kumenya icyo witegura.

Abantu bamwe bashobora kurushaho guhura n'ingorane ziterwa no gutanga amaraso bitewe n'imiterere yabo bwite:

• Abantu batanga amaraso bwa mbere: Abantu batanga amaraso bwa mbere bashobora guhura n'umujinya mwinshi cyangwa bakaba bafite ubwenge kurusha abantu basanzwe batanga amaraso.
• Uburemere buke bw'umubiri: Abantu bapima munsi ya pound 110 ntibashobora gutanga amaraso mu buryo bwizewe, kuko urugero rusanzwe rwo gutanga amaraso ruzaba rwinshi ku mubiri wabo.
• Urugero ruto rw'icyuma: Abantu bafite urugero rwa hémoglobine ruri hagati na hagati bashobora kumva bananiwe nyuma yo gutanga amaraso cyangwa bakaba bashobora gusubikwa by'agateganyo.
• Kutanywa amazi ahagije: Kutanywa amazi ahagije mbere yo gutanga amaraso byongera ibyago byo kuribwa umutwe, kuruka, cyangwa kumva unaniwe nyuma.
• Ubwoba bw'urushinge: Abantu bafite ubwoba bukomeye bw'inshinge bashobora guhura n'ibimenyetso bifitanye isano n'umujinya nk'umutwe cyangwa isesemi.

N'ubwo hari ibyo byago, ibibazo bikomeye biracyari bike cyane. Abakozi bo muri santire z'amaraso batojwe kumenya no gukemura ibibazo byose bishobora kuvuka, bakemeza umutekano wawe mu gihe cyose cy'igikorwa.

Ese ni byiza gutanga amaraso buri gihe cyangwa rimwe na rimwe?

Gutanga amaraso buri gihe bitanga akamaro kanini ku bayakira ndetse no ku buzima bwawe. Ariko, kenshi biterwa n'ubuzima bwawe bwite n'ubwoko bw'amaturo ukora.

Ku gutanga amaraso yose, urashobora gutanga neza buri minsi 56, cyangwa hafi buri byumweru 8. Ibi bituma umubiri wawe usimbuza neza uturemangingo tw'amaraso twatanzwe kandi ugakomeza urwego rwiza rw'icyuma. Abantu benshi basanzwe batanga amaraso basanga iyi gahunda ibafitiye akamaro.

Gutanga uturemangingo tw'amaraso byoroshya gutanga kenshi, nk'uko biba buri minsi 7 kugeza ku nshuro 24 mu mwaka. Uturemangingo tw'amaraso twongera vuba cyane kuruta uturemangingo tw'amaraso, bituma gutanga kenshi bishoboka hatarimo gushiraho ibikoresho by'umubiri wawe.

N'ubwo gutanga rimwe na rimwe bitanga itandukaniro rikomeye. Niba udashobora kwemera gutanga amaraso buri gihe kubera urugendo, impinduka z'ubuzima, cyangwa ibihe by'ubuzima, gutanga iyo ubishoboye biracyatanga ubufasha bukomeye ku barwayi babukeneye.

Ni ibihe bibazo bishobora kuvuka byo gutanga amaraso?

Nubwo gutanga amaraso bifite umutekano mwinshi, ingaruka nto zishobora kubaho rimwe na rimwe. Ibibazo byinshi ni bike kandi by'igihe gito, bikemuka vuba bitewe n'ubwitange n'ubuvuzi bukwiye.

Ingaruka zisanzwe ushobora guhura nazo zirimo:

• Kugira umutwe cyangwa kuribwa umutwe: Iki kibazo gito kibaho ku bantu hafi 1 kuri 30 batanze amaraso kandi gikunze gukira nyuma y'iminota mike yo kwicara no kurya agafunguro gato.
• Gukomerera ahaciye urushinge: Abantu bamwe batanze amaraso bagira agakomere gato aho urushinge rwashyizwe, akenshi gakira nyuma y'iminsi mike.
• Kugira umunaniro: Ushobora kumva unaniwe amasaha make nyuma yo gutanga amaraso kubera ko umubiri wawe uhinduka kubera kugabanuka kw'amaraso by'igihe gito.
• Urugarika: Urugarika ruto rushobora kubaho, cyane cyane niba utarariye vuba cyangwa wumva uhangayitse kubera icyo gikorwa.
• Kubabara ukuboko: Aho urushinge rwashyizwe rushobora kumva rubabaza cyangwa rukomeretse umunsi umwe cyangwa ibiri nyuma yo gutanga amaraso.

Ibikomere bikomeye ni bike cyane, bibaho ku bantu batageze kuri 1 kuri 10,000 batanze amaraso. Ibi bishobora kuba harimo guta umutwe, ibibazo bikomeye by'uburwayi, cyangwa kurakaza imitsi. Abakozi b'ikigo gitanga amaraso bahuguwe guhangana n'ibi bibazo kandi batanga ubufasha bw'ubuvuzi bwihuse niba bibaye ngombwa.

Ni ryari nkwiriye kujya kwa muganga nyuma yo gutanga amaraso?

Abantu benshi bakira nyuma yo gutanga amaraso batagize icyo bavurwa, ariko ibimenyetso bimwe na bimwe bisaba ubufasha bw'inzobere. Kumenya igihe cyo gushaka ubufasha bituma ubona ubuvuzi bukwiye niba hari ibibazo bibayeho.

Vugana n'umuganga wawe cyangwa ikigo gitanga amaraso niba wumva kimwe muri ibi bimenyetso:

• Kugira isereri rihoraho cyangwa guta ubwenge: Niba ukomeje kumva ureremba cyangwa ugata ubwenge amasaha arenga 24 nyuma yo gutanga amaraso, cyane cyane iyo uhagaze.
• Uruhu rurimo ibibara bikabije cyangwa bikomeza kwiyongera: Uruhu rurimo ibibara bikwira cyane hanze y'aho urushinge rwashyiriwe cyangwa rugakomeza kuribwa uko igihe kigenda.
• Ibimenyetso byo kwandura: Umutuku, ubushyuhe, kubyimba, cyangwa umuti usohoka aho urushinge rwashyiriwe, cyane cyane niba biherekejwe n'umuriro.
• Ubumuga cyangwa kuribwa: Ubumuga buhoraho, kuribwa, cyangwa kubabara mu kuboko kwawe watanzemo amaraso bitagira icyo bihinduka mu masaha make.
• Umunaniro udasanzwe: Umunaniro ukabije umaze iminsi irenga mike cyangwa utuma udakora ibikorwa byawe bisanzwe.

Ntugashidikanye kuvugana niba ufite impungenge ku bimenyetso byose, niyo byaba bisa nk'ibito. Ibigo bitanga amaraso bifite abaganga baboneka amasaha 24/7 kugirango bakemure impungenge z'abatanga amaraso kandi batange ubujyanama ku kwita ku muntu nyuma yo gutanga amaraso.

Ibikunze kubazwa ku gutanga amaraso

Q.1 Ese gutanga amaraso ni isuzuma ryiza ryo kumenya indwara?

Isesengura ry'amaraso yatanzwe rishobora kumenya indwara zimwe na zimwe zandura, ariko ntabwo ryagenewe kuba isuzuma ry'ubuzima. Intego y'ibanze ni ukugenzura umutekano wo kuyashyira mu bandi, atari ugutanga isesengura ry'ubuzima ryuzuye ku batanga amaraso.

Ibizami bikorwa ku maraso yatanzwe bishobora kumenya SIDA, hepatite B na C, sifirisi, n'izindi ndwara zandura. Ariko, ibi bizami bifite ibihe byo gutegereza aho indwara ziheruka gukwirakwira zishobora kutagaragara, kandi ntibasesengura izindi ndwara nyinshi.

Niba ufite impungenge ku buzima bwawe, biruta kujya kwa muganga wawe kugirango akore ibizamini bikwiye aho kwishingikiriza ku isesengura ry'amaraso yatanzwe. Kugenzura ubuzima buri gihe bitanga isesengura ryuzuye ry'ubuzima ryagenewe ibyo ukeneye.

Q.2 Ese hemoglobin yo hasi yabuza gutanga amaraso?

Yego, urwego ruto rwa hemogulobine ruzagukumira by'agateganyo gutanga amaraso. Ibigo bitanga amaraso bisaba urwego rwa hemogulobine ruri ku kigereranyo cya 12.5 g/dL ku bagore na 13.0 g/dL ku bagabo kugira ngo byemeze umutekano w'utanga amaraso.

Ibi bisabwa birinda ko wagira anemia nyuma yo gutanga amaraso. Niba hemogulobine yawe ari nkeya cyane, gutanga amaraso byatuma ubukene bw'icyuma burushaho kuba bubi kandi bikagutera kumva unaniwe, ufite intege nke, cyangwa utameze neza.

Niba wimuriwe gutanga amaraso kubera urwego ruto rwa hemogulobine, jya wibanda ku kurya ibiryo birimo icyuma cyinshi nk'inyama zitarimo amavuta, epinari, n'ibinyampeke byongerewe intungamubiri. Ushobora kugerageza kongera gutanga amaraso nyuma y'ibyumweru 8, kandi abantu benshi basanga urwego rwabo rwarazamutse binyuze mu mirire myiza.

Q.3 Mbese nshobora gutanga amaraso niba mfata imiti?

Imiti myinshi ntibuza gutanga amaraso, ariko imwe irashobora gusaba ko wimurwa by'agateganyo. Umutekano w'utanga amaraso n'uwakira amaraso ni wo uyobora izi myanzuro, bityo ni ngombwa kuvuga ukuri ku miti yose ufata.

Imiti isanzwe nk'imiti igabanya umuvuduko w'amaraso, imiti igabanya urugero rwa kolesteroli, na antibiyotike nyinshi ntizikuraho abantu gutanga amaraso. Ariko, imiti igabanya amaraso, imiti imwe ivura ibiheri, na bimwe mu byo bagerageza mu miti bishobora gusaba igihe cyo gutegereza.

Buri gihe menyesha abakozi bakora isuzuma ku miti yose, ibyongerera intungamubiri, n'imiti ikomoka ku bimera ufata. Bashobora gusuzuma buri muti bakareba niba bigira ingaruka ku bushobozi bwawe bwo gutanga amaraso mu buryo butekanye.

Q.4 Nshobora gutanga kangahe ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibicuruzwa by'amaraso?

Ibice bitandukanye by'amaraso bifite intera zitandukanye zo gutanga amaraso zishingiye ku buryo umubiri wawe ubisimbura vuba. Amaraso yose afata igihe kirekire cyane kugira ngo yongere, mu gihe uturemangingo tw'amaraso twongera vuba cyane.

Ushobora gutanga amaraso yose buri minsi 56, uturemangingo dutukura tubiri buri minsi 112, uturemangingo tw'amaraso buri minsi 7 (kandi ntibirenze inshuro 24 mu mwaka), na plasima buri minsi 28. Izi ntera zemeza ko umubiri wawe ufite igihe gihagije cyo gusimbuza ibyo watanze.

Ikigo gishinzwe amaraso gikurikirana amateka y'uburyo watanze amaraso yawe kugira ngo wirinde kurenga imbibi ziteganyijwe zo gutanga amaraso. Bazakumenyesha igihe wemerewe kongera gutanga amaraso kandi bashobora kohereza ibyibutso igihe ugiye gutanga amaraso akurikira.

Q.5 None se amaraso yanjye akora iki nyuma yo kuyatanga?

Amaso yawe yatanzwe anyura mu nzira ndende yo kuyatunganya no kuyapima mbere yo kugera ku barwayi. Mu masaha make nyuma yo gutanga amaraso yawe, atangira urugendo rwitondewe rwo kugenzura ubuziranenge no gutegura intambwe.

Amaso abanza gupimwa indwara zandura n'ubwoko bw'amaraso. Niba yatsinze ibizamini byose by'umutekano, agabanywamo ibice nk'uturemangingo dutukura tw'amaraso, plasima, na platelet zishobora gufasha abarwayi b'ubwoko butandukanye.

Ibi bice noneho bibikwa munsi y'uburyo bwihariye kugeza igihe ibitaro bibikeneye. Uturemangingo dutukura tw'amaraso dushobora kubikwa iminsi 42, platelet iminsi 5, na plasima umwaka umwe iyo ifunzwe. Itanga rimwe ry'amaraso yawe mubisanzwe rifasha abarwayi batatu batandukanye.