Autism Spectrum Disorder ndeye chii? Zviratidzo, Zvinokonzera, & Kurapa

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) chirwere chekukura chinoita kuti vanhu vataure, vataure nevamwe, uye vafunge nezve nyika yakavapoteredza. Inonzi "spectrum" nekuti inoratidza zvakasiyana mumunhu wese, vamwe vachida rubatsiro rwakawanda muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva nepo vamwe vachigara vakazvimirira.

Shoko rokuti "spectrum" rinoratidza huwandu hwakasiyana hwezviitiko zvinoitwa nevanhu vane autism. Ungaziva munhu anotaura zvakanaka uye anobudirira mune zvechikoro, nepo mumwe munhu angave asingatauri uye achida rubatsiro mumabasa ezuva nezuva. Zvese izvi zviitiko zvinokosha zviri mu autism spectrum.

Autism Spectrum Disorder ndeye chii?

Autism Spectrum Disorder chirwere chekukura kwepfungwa chinoita kuti ubongo hwako ushande sei ruzivo rwemagariro, kutaura, uye zviitiko zvekunzwa kubva munyika yakakukomberedza.

Funga nezve autism seimwe nzira yekuziva uye kutaurirana nenyika. Vanhu vane autism vanowanzove nesimba rakasimba pamwe ne nzvimbo dzavanoda rubatsiro. Vakawanda vanokunda munzvimbo dzakadai sekutsvaga zvinhu zvakafanana, kutarisisa pane zvinhu zvidiki, kana kufarira zvinhu zvakakosha.

Chirwere ichi chinoonekwa muhudiki, kazhinji kazhinji nemakore maviri kana matatu, kunyange zvimwe zviratidzo zvingacherechedzwa kare. Kuziva nekukurumidza uye rubatsiro zvinogona kuita musiyano mukuru mukubatsira vanhu vane autism kuti vabudirire.

Zviratidzo zve Autism Spectrum Disorder ndizvipi?

Zviratidzo zve autism zvinowira munzvimbo mbiri huru: matambudziko ekukurukurirana kwemagariro uye maitiro anodzokororwa kana kufarira kwakasimba. Aya maratidzo anogona kubva pakaderera kusvika pakukura, ndosaka inonzi spectrum.

Heano zviratidzo zvekutaurirana kwemagariro aunogona kuona:

• Kunetseka nehurukuro yekudzoka-ne-kudzoka kana kutaura kwemagariro
• Matambudziko ekunzwisisa zviratidzo zvisiri zvekutaura senge kutarisa kumeso kana mutauro wemutumbi
• Kunetseka kukura uye kuchengetedza ushamwari hunokodzera zera ravo
• Kutarisa zvishoma kana zvisina kujairika zvekutarisa
• Kukura kwemutauro kunonoka kana maitiro ekukurukurirana asingajairiki
• Kunetseka kugovera manzwiro kana kufarira nevamwe
• Matambudziko nemitambo yekufungidzira kana mabasa ekufungidzira

Aya matambudziko ekukurukurirana haarevi kuti munhu ane autism haadi kubatana nevamwe. Kazhinji vanoita, asi vangada nzira dzakasiyana kana nguva yakawanda yekuvaka hukama.

Maitiro anodzokororwa uye kufarira kwakatarwa kazhinji anosanganisira:

• Maitiro anodzokororwa senge kuzunza maoko, kuzunguza, kana kuita zvinhu zvakafanana
• Kufarira kwakasimba pane zvinhu zvakakosha kana zvinhu
• Chido chakasimba chemaitiro uye kunetseka nekushanduka
• Kuita kwasingajairiki kune kurira, zvinhu, mwenje, kana mamwe maitiro ekunzwa
• Kuronga zvinhu kana zvinhu muzvikamu zvakakosha
• Kudzokorora mazwi kana mitsara (inodaidzwa kuti echolalia)
• Kutarisa pane zvikamu zvechinhu pane chinhu chose

Aya maitiro kazhinji ane zvinangwa zvakakosha, senge kubatsira munhu kunzwa akarara kana kubata nemamiriro ezvinhu anotyisa. Kunzwisisa izvi kunogona kukubatsira kupindura nomwoyo murefu nerubatsiro.

Vamwe vanhu vane autism vanonzwawo kusiyana-siyana kwekunzwa. Vangave vanonzwa zvakanyanya kune mimhanzi, zvinhu, kana mwenje, kana vangatsvaka zviitiko zvakasimba zvekunzwa senge kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya kana kuzunguza.

Marudzi e Autism Spectrum Disorder ndeapi?

Autism ikozvino inofungwa sechirema chimwe chete chine nhanho dzakasiyana dzerubatsiro pane marudzi akasiyana. Zvisinei, unogona kuchipa mazwi ekare aishandiswa nevanachiremba usati wanzwisisa autism sespectrum.

Sisitimu iripo inotsanangura nhanho nhatu dzerubatsiro:

• Level 1 ("Inoda rubatsiro"): Vanhu vanogona kutaura uye kugara vakazvimirira asi vanoda rubatsiro mumamiriro ezvinhu emagariro uye kugadzirisa kushanduka
• Level 2 ("Inoda rubatsiro rukuru"): Vanhu vane matambudziko makuru ekukurukurirana uye vanoda rubatsiro mumabasa ezuva nezuva
• Level 3 ("Inoda rubatsiro rwakanyanya"): Vanhu vane matambudziko makuru ekukurukurirana uye mabasa ezuva nezuva uye vanoda rubatsiro rwakawanda

Unogona kunzwawo mazwi ekare senge Asperger's syndrome kana PDD-NOS (Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified). Izvi zvino zvese zvinofungwa sechikamu che autism spectrum, kunyange vamwe vanhu vachiri kushandisa aya mazwi kurondedzera zvavanonzwa.

Yeuka kuti zvinodiwa nerubatsiro zvinogona kuchinja nekufamba kwenguva uye mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana. Munhu angada rubatsiro rwakawanda panguva dzinotyisa kana rubatsiro rushoma sezvo vachikura mazano ekubata nezvinhu.

Zvinokonzera Autism Spectrum Disorder ndizvipi?

Autism inoita kunge inobva pakusanganiswa kwezvinhu zvemajini nezvakatipoteredza, kunyange vatsvakurudzi vachiri kushanda kunzwisisa zvese zvakadzama. Zvatinoziva ndechekuti haina kukonzerwa nemaitiro ekuberekerwa kana mishonga.

Majini ane basa rakakura mukukura kwe autism. Kana uine mwana mumwe chete ane autism, pane mukana we10-20% wekuti munun'una achaitawo spectrum. Kuva nevakuru vakuru, kunyanya madzibaba ane makore anopfuura makumi mana, kunowedzera mukana zvishoma.

Zvimwe zvirwere zvemajini zvinobatanidzwa nehuwandu hwakawanda hwe autism, kusanganisira:

• Fragile X syndrome
• Tuberous sclerosis
• Rett syndrome
• Zvimwe zvinhu zvisina kujairika zve chromosome

Zvinhu zvakatipoteredza panguva yekuzvitakura zvinogonawo kutamba basa, kunyange tsvakurudzo ichiri kukura. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira mishonga yakati, zvirwere, kana matambudziko panguva yekuzvitakura kana kuberekwa.

Zvakakosha kuziva kuti autism haina kukonzerwa nekutambudzika kwepfungwa, kubereka kwakaipa, kana mishonga. Tsvakurudzo yakawanda yakaratidza kuti mishonga yakachengeteka uye haina kukonzera autism.

Rini unofanira kuona chiremba nekuda kwe Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Unofanira kutaura nachiremba wemwana wako kana ukaona zviratidzo zve autism, kunyanya kana mwana wako asingasviki zvinangwa zvekuvandudza. Kuongororwa nekukurumidza uye rubatsiro zvinogona kuita musiyano mukuru mukubatsira mwana wako kuti abudirire.

Taura nachiremba wako wemwana kana mwana wako akaratidza aya maratidzo ekutanga:

• Kusapindura zita ravo nemavhiki gumi nemaviri
• Kusaratidza kana kuzunza nemavhiki gumi nemaviri
• Kusataura mazwi rimwe chete nemavhiki gumi nematanhatu
• Kusaita mitambo yakapusa yekufungidzira nemavhiki gumi nemasere
• Kusashandisa mitsara miviri nemavhiki makumi maviri nemana
• Kurasikirwa nemutauro kana hunyanzvi hwemagariro pane chero zera

Kune vakuru vanofunga kuti vangave vari mu autism spectrum, funga kutaura nachiremba kana uchitambudzwa nekukurukurirana kwemagariro, une kufarira kwakasimba, kana uchida maitiro akasimba kuti unzwe wakasununguka.

Vakuru vakawanda vanowana kuti vane autism gare gare muhupenyu, kunyanya vakadzi, avo vakawanda vakarasikirwa nekuongororwa kwehudiki. Hapana muganho wezera wekuongororwa kana uchifunga kuti zvinogona kukubatsira kunzwisisa iwe pachako zviri nani.

Zvinhu zvinowedzera mukana we Autism Spectrum Disorder ndizvipi?

Zvinhu zvakati zvinogona kuwedzera mukana we autism, kunyange kuva nezvinhu zvinowedzera mukana hazvirevi kuti munhu achaita chirwere ichi. Kunzwisisa aya maitiro kunogona kubatsira nekuziva nekukurumidza uye rubatsiro.

Zvinhu zvikuru zvinowedzera mukana zvinosanganisira:

• Nhoroondo yemhuri: Kuva nemunun'una kana mubereki ane autism kunowedzera mukana
• Zvirwere zvemajini: Zvimwe zvirwere zvemajini senge Fragile X syndrome
• Zera revabereki: Vakuru vakuru, kunyanya madzibaba ane makore anopfuura makumi mana
• Kuberekwa kwenguva isati yakwana: Kuberekwa usati wasvika mavhiki makumi matatu nemashanu
• Kurema kwakaderera pakuberekwa: Vacheche vane uremu hushoma pane mapaundi mashanu nehafu pakuberekwa
• Gender: Vakomana vanoongororwa kanenge kane mana kupfuura vasikana

Zvimwe zvinhu zvine chekuita nekuzvitakura zvinogonawo kuwedzera mukana, kunyange tsvakurudzo ichiri kuenderera. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvirwere zvakati panguva yekuzvitakura, kutora mishonga yakati, kana kuva nematambudziko panguva yekuzvitakura.

Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti vasikana nevakadzi vanowanzorasikirwa nekuongororwa nekuti autism inogona kutaridzika zvakasiyana muvakadzi. Vangavanza zviratidzo zvavo zviri nani kana kuva nezvinhu zvinoita sekunge zvakajairika.

Matambudziko anogona kuitika e Autism Spectrum Disorder ndeapi?

Kunyangwe autism pachayo isiri dambudziko renyika, vanhu vari mu spectrum vangatarisana nematambudziko akati anoda kutarisirwa uye rubatsiro. Kunzwisisa aya matambudziko anogona kukubatsira kuziva zvekutarisa uye rini unofanira kutsvaka rubatsiro.

Matambudziko akajairika anogona kuitika anosanganisira:

• Matambudziko epfungwa: Huwandu hwakawanda hwekunetseka, kuora mwoyo, uye ADHD
• Matambudziko ekurara: Kunetseka kurara kana kuramba wakarara
• Matambudziko emudumbu: Kuvimbiswa, kusagadzikana kwechikafu, kana matambudziko ekudya
• Kuita zvekutambudzika: Anenge 25% yevanhu vane autism vanowana epilepsy
• Kuwedzera kwekunzwa: Kuwedzerwa nekurira, mwenje, kana zvinhu
• Maitiro ekuzviuraya: Kurova musoro, kurova, kana kuzviruma kana vakasuruvara

Matambudziko emagariro uye ekudzidza anogonawo kuitika, kusanganisira kunetseka kuita shamwari, kusvikirwa, kana kutambura mumamiriro ekudzidza echinyakare. Zvisinei, nerubatsiro rwakakodzera uye kunzwisisa, akawanda eaya matambudziko anogona kubatwa zvakakodzera.

Vamwe vanhu vane autism vanewo kusakwanisa kufunga, nepo vamwe vane hungwaru hwakajairika kana hwakapfuura hwakajairika. Kusanganiswa kwesimba nematambudziko emumwe munhu kunosiyana, ndosaka rubatsiro rwakakosha zvikuru.

Autism Spectrum Disorder inoongororwa sei?

Kuongororwa kwe autism kunosanganisira kuongororwa kwakakwana nevanachiremba vakadzidziswa vanocherechedza maitiro uye maitiro ekukura. Hapana bvunzo yekurapa ye autism, saka kuongororwa kunovimba nekucherechedza kwakanyatsojeka uye kuongororwa.

Maitiro ekuongorora kazhinji anosanganisira nhanho dzakati. Kutanga, chiremba wako achabvunza mibvunzo yakadzama nezve kukura, maitiro, uye nhoroondo yemhuri. Vachanzwa nezvezvinangwa zvepakutanga, maitiro aripo, uye chero zvinetso zvawaona.

Kuongororwa kweprofesa kazhinji kunosanganisira:

• Kuongororwa kwekuvandudza: Kuongorora kutaura, magariro, uye hunyanzvi hwepfungwa
• Kucherechedza maitiro: Kuona kuti mwana wako anotamba sei uye anotaurirana sei
• Kuongororwa kwemurapa: Kubvisa zvimwe zvirwere uye kuongorora nezvehutano hwakabatana
• Kuongororwa kwekunzwa uye kuona: Kuona kuti matambudziko ekunzwa haasi kukonzera kunonoka kwekuvandudza
• Kuongororwa kwemajini: Dzimwe nguva zvinokurudzirwa kuongorora zvirwere zvakabatana

Boka rekuongorora rinogona kusanganisira chiremba wevana, nyanzvi yepfungwa yevana, nyanzvi yekutaura, uye nyanzvi yebasa. Munhu wese ane hunyanzvi hwakasiyana kuita mifananidzo yakakwana.

Kune vakuru vanotsvaka kuongororwa, maitiro akafanana asi anotarisisa pane kushanda kwazvino uye nhoroondo yehudiki. Vakuru vakawanda vanowana kubatsira kuuya nemhuri yavo yaivaziva sevana kuti vape ruzivo rwekuvandudza.

Kurapa kwe Autism Spectrum Disorder ndekupi?

Hapana mushonga we autism, asi kurapa kwakasiyana-siyana uye rubatsiro zvinogona kubatsira vanhu kukura hunyanzvi uye kubata nematambudziko. Nzira yakanakisa ndeyekusiyana, ichitarisa pane simba ne zvinodiwa nemunhu wese.

Mabasa ekutanga ekubatsira vana vaduku kazhinji anosanganisira:

• Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA): Kudzidzisa hunyanzvi hutsva uye kuderedza maitiro anotyisa
• Kurapa kutaura: Kuvandudza hunyanzvi hwekutaura, kungave kuri kutaura kana kusataura
• Kurapa basa: Kukura hunyanzvi hwezuva nezuva uye kubata nematambudziko ekunzwa
• Kudzidziswa kwehunhu hwemagariro: Kudzidza kutaurirana nevamwe
• Mabasa ekudzidzisa akakosha: Rubatsiro rwekudzidza rwakakosha mumamiriro ekudzidza

Kune vamwe vanhu, mishonga inogona kubatsira kubata nezvirwere zvakabatana senge kunetseka, kuora mwoyo, kana ADHD. Zvisinei, hapana mishonga inorapira autism pachayo.

Nzira dzakasiyana senge music therapy, art therapy, kana animal-assisted therapy zvinogonawo kuva zvakanaka kune vamwe vanhu. Chinhu chikuru ndechekuwana chinonyanya kubatsira munhu wese.

Rubatsiro kumhuri zvakakoshawo. Zvirongwa zve kudzidzisa vabereki, mapoka ekutsigira, uye kutarisirwa kwevanhu vanobatsira zvinogona kubatsira mhuri kubata nematambudziko uye kupemberera kubudirira pamwe chete.

Maitiro ekubatsira kumba nekuda kwe Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Kuita imba inotsigira kunogona kuita musiyano mukuru mukubatsira munhu ane autism kunzwa akasununguka uye akabudirira. Kushanduka duku uye maitiro akasimba kazhinji anounza mhinduro dzakanakisa.

Zvinhu zvakarongeka uye maitiro kazhinji anobatsira vanhu vane autism. Edza kuchengetedza maitiro ezuva nezuva akasimba, shandisa maitiro ekuona kana makarani, uye gadzirira kushanduka usati watanga kana zvichibvira.

Heano mazano ekubatsira munhu ane autism kumba:

• Gadzira nzvimbo dzakanyarara: Sarudza nzvimbo dzakanyarara kwaanogona kuenda kana akaneta
• Tarisa zvinhu zvinonzwa: Shandura mwenje, deredza ruzha, kana kupa zvinhu zvinonzwa senge mitambo yekutamba
• Shandisa kutaurirana kwakajeka: Pa mirairo yakajeka, yakapusa uye bvumira nguva yekufunga
• Peberera kufarira: Kurudzira uye kusanganisira zvinhu zvavanofarira mune zvekudzidza nemabasa
• Vaka pane simba: Tarisa pane zvavanoita zvakanaka uye shandisa aya hunyanzvi kubata nematambudziko
• Ramba une moyo murefu: Bvumira nguva yakawanda yekushanduka uye mabasa matsva

Yeuka kuti maitiro anotyisa kazhinji anotaura zvinodiwa kana manzwiro. Pane kutarisisa pakumisa maitiro, edza kunzwisisa kuti munhu waunoda angave achiedza kukuudza chii.

Kuzvitarisira iwewo kwakakosha. Tsvaka rubatsiro kubva kune dzimwe mhuri, zorora kana uchida, uye peberera zviduku zviduku zvaunowana.

Maitiro aunofanira kugadzirira rwendo rwako kuchiremba?

Kuuya wakagadzirira kuenda kuchiremba kunobatsira kuve nechokwadi chekuti unowana ruzivo rwakakosha uye rubatsiro. Kugadzirira zvishoma kunogona kuita kuti aya hurukuro ive yakabudirira uye isinganetsi.

Usati waenda kuchiremba,unganidza ruzivo rwakakosha nezve kukura nemaitiro. Nyora mienzaniso chaiyo yezvawaona, kusanganisira kana maitiro achiitika uye zvinogona kuakonzera.

Uye uya nezvinhu izvi pakuenda kwako kuchiremba:

• Nhoroondo yekukura: Manotsi nezvekuti zvinangwa zvakasvika rini (kana zvisina kusvika)
• Mienzaniso yemaitiro: Zviitiko zvakakosha zvemaitiro anotyisa kana anokosha
• Nhoroondo yemhuri yemurapa: Ruzivo nezve autism kana zvirwere zvakabatana nemhuri
• Mishonga iripo: Rondedzero yemishonga kana zvinowedzerwa zviri kutangwa
• Mishumo yesikoro: Kucherechedzwa kwemudzidzisi kana kuongororwa kana zvichibvira
• Kuongororwa kwakapfuura: Chero kuongororwa kana kuongororwa kwakapfuura

Gadzirira mibvunzo yako usati watanga. Ungada kubvunza nezve mabasa aripo, zvekutarisira kubva pakuongororwa, kana maitiro ekutsvaka rubatsiro munharaunda yako.

Kana uri kuuya nemwana wako, funga kuronga nguva yekuenda kuchiremba panguva yakanaka yavo yezuva. Uya nezvinhu zvinonyaradza kana mabasa anogona kuvabatsira kunzwa vakasununguka panguva yekushanya.

Chii chinonyanya kukosha nezve Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Autism Spectrum Disorder chirwere chekukura chehupenyu hwose chinoita kuti munhu wese ave akasiyana, asi nerubatsiro rwakakodzera uye kunzwisisa, vanhu vane autism vanogona kurarama hupenyu hunogutsa. Chinhu chikuru ndechekuziva kuti autism haisi chinhu chekurapa, asi imwe nzira yekuziva nyika.

Kuziva nekukurumidza uye kubatsira zvinogona kuita musiyano mukuru, asi hazvina kunonoka kutsvaka rubatsiro kana kuongororwa. Kana uri mubereki unoona zviratidzo mumwana wako kana munhu mukuru unofunga nezvako, kusvika kune rubatsiro rweunyanzvi nguva dzose nhanho yakanaka.

Yeuka kuti autism inouya nematambudziko nesimba. Vanhu vakawanda vane autism vane hunyanzvi hwakakosha munzvimbo senge kuona zvinhu zvakafanana, kutarisisa pane zvinhu zvidiki, kana ruzivo rwakadzika muzvinhu zvavanofarira. Nyika inobatsirwa patinotsigira vanhu vane autism kushandisa zvipo zvavo zvakasiyana.

Chinhu chakakosha ndechekuenda ku autism nemoyo murefu, kunzwisisa, uye kugamuchira. Munhu wese ane autism anofanira kuremekedzwa, kutsigirwa, uye mukana wekusvika pakukura kwavo kwakakwana munzira yavo yakasiyana.

Mibvunzo inobvunzwa kazhinji nezve Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism inogona kudzivirirwa here?

Parizvino, hapana nzira inozivikanwa yekudzivirira autism sezvo inoita kunge inobva pazvinhu zvakaoma zvemajini nezvakatipoteredza zvatisinganzwisisi zvakakwana. Zvisinei, kubatsira nekukurumidza uye rubatsiro zvinogona kuvandudza zvakanyanya mhinduro uye hupenyu hwevanhu vane autism.

Mishonga inokonzera autism here?

Kwete, mishonga haikonzere autism. Izvi zvakadzidzwa zvakanyanya nevatsvakurudzi pasi rese, uye tsvakurudzo yakawanda yakawanda haina kuwana hukama pakati pemishonga ne autism. Mishonga yakachengeteka uye yakakosha pakudzivirira zvirwere zvakakomba.

Vanhu vane autism vanogona kurarama vakazvimirira here?

Vanhu vakawanda vane autism vanogona uye vanogara vakazvimirira, vachishanda, vachiva nehukama, uye vachipa zvakakosha munharaunda dzavo. Huwandu hwekuzvimirira hunosiyana zvakanyanya zvichienderana nesimba, matambudziko, uye rubatsiro rwakapihwa kwavari.

Autism yakawanda zvino kupfuura kare here?

Kuongororwa kwe autism kwawedzera zvakanyanya mumakore apfuura makumi mashanu, asi izvi zvinoratidza kuziva kwakanaka, zviyero zvakanaka zvekuongorora, uye kuwedzera mukana wekuongorora pane kuwedzera kwechirwere pachacho. Vanhu vakawanda vaizoshayikwa kare vari kuzivikanwa uye kutsigirwa zvakakodzera.

Zviratidzo zve autism zvinogona kuvandudza nekufamba kwenguva here?

Hongu, vanhu vakawanda vane autism vanokura mazano akanaka ekubata nezvinhu uye hunyanzvi nekufamba kwenguva, kunyanya nerubatsiro rwakakodzera uye kubatsira. Kunyangwe autism iri chirwere chehupenyu hwose, vanhu vanogona kudzidza kubata nematambudziko zvakanyanya uye kuvaka pane simba ravo sezvo vakura uye vachikura.