Neuromyelitis Optica

Neuromyelitis optica, inozivikanwawo seNMO, chirwere chehurongwa hwepfungwa dzepakati chinoita kuti pave nekuzvimba kwetsoka dzemaziso nemuchidya. NMO inonziwo neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) uye chirwere cheDevic. Inowanikwa kana hurongwa hwekudzivirira muviri huchirwisa masero emuviri. Izvi zvinoitika kunyanya muchidya uye mune optic nerves inobatanidza retina yeziso nehuropi. Asi dzimwe nguva zvinoitika muuropi. Iyi nyaya inogona kuoneka mushure mehutachiona, kana kuti inogona kubatana neimwe mamiriro ezvirwere zvekuzvidzivirira. Antibodies dzakachinja dzinobatanidza mapuroteni muhurongwa hwepfungwa dzepakati uye dzinokonzera kukuvara. Neuromyelitis optica kazhinji inonzwisiswa zvisirizvo se multiple sclerosis, inozivikanwawo seMS, kana kuti inoonekwa semhando yeMS. Asi NMO chirwere chakasiyana. Neuromyelitis optica inogona kukonzera matambudziko ekushaya kuona, kushaya simba mumitsipa kana maoko, uye marwadzo anorwadza. Inogona zvakare kukonzera kurasikirwa nekunzwa, kurutsa nekuchema, uye zviratidzo zvebhesi kana ura. Zviratidzo zvinogona kuvandudza uye zvadaro zvakaipa zvakare, zvinozivikanwa se relapse. Kurapa kudzivirira relapses kunokosha kubatsira kudzivirira kusagadzikana. NMO inogona kukonzera kurasikirwa kwenguva refu nekuona uye matambudziko ekufamba.

Zviratidzo zveNeuromyelitis optica zvine chekuita nekuzvimba kunoitika munzira dzemaziso nemuchiuno.

Kuchinja kwekuona kunokonzerwa neNMO kunonzi optic neuritis. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira:

• Kuona kusapfava kana kurasikirwa nekuona mumaziso rimwe kana maviri.
• Kusakwanisa kuona mavara.
• Kurwadziwa kwemaziso.

Zviratidzo zvine chekuita nemuchiuno zvinonzi transverse myelitis. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira:

• Kuomarara, kushaya simba kana kusanzwa zvakanaka mumakumbo uye dzimwe nguva mumaoko.
• Kurasikirwa nekunzwa mumaoko kana mumakumbo.
• Kusakwanisa kubvisa mvura yemukati kana dambudziko rekutonga mabasa emukati kana emukati.
• Kunzwa kwekukwenya kana kurwadziwa kwakanyanya mumutsipa, kumashure kana mudumbu.

Zvimwe zviratidzo zveNMO zvinogona kusanganisira:

• Hiccups.
• Kusvotwa nekurutsa.

Vana vanogona kuva nekusanzwisisika, kuita zviitiko kana coma. Zvisinei, aya maratidzo muvana akajairika mumamiriro ezvinhu ane chekuita anozivikanwa se myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD).

Zviratidzo zvinogona kuvandudza uye zvadzokera zvakare. Kana zvikawedzera, zvinozivikanwa se relapse. Relapses inogona kuitika mushure memavhiki, mwedzi kana makore. Nekufamba kwenguva, relapses inogona kutungamirira kune kubhudeuka kwakazara kana kurasikirwa nekunzwa, kunonzi paralysis.

Nyanzvi hadzo hadziizi chaizvoizvo chinokonzera neuromyelitis optica. Muvanhu vane chirwere ichi, masimba emuviri anorwisa tishu dzakakodzera munhevedzano yepakati yematumbu. Nhevedzano yepakati yematumbu inosanganisira ubongo, uropi uye mitsipa yemaziso inobatanidza retina yeziso nehuropi. Kurwisa uku kunoitika nekuti maantibody akachinja anosunga mapuroteni munhevedzano yepakati yematumbu uye anokonzera kukuvara.

Kuita uku kwemasimba emuviri kunokonzera kuzvimba, kunonzi kuzvimba, uye kunotungamira pakukuvara kwemasero emuviri.

'Neuromyelitis optica chirwere chisingawanzoitiki. Zvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kuwedzera njodzi yekuwana NMO zvinosanganisira:\n\n- Bonde rakaitirwa pakuberekwa. Vakadzi vane NMO kazhinji kupfuura varume.\n- Zera. Kazhinji, NMO inokanganisa vakuru. Avhareji yezera rekuongororwa ndeye makore 40. Zvisinei, vana nevakuru vakwegura vanogonawo kuva ne neuromyelitis optica.\n- Rudzi kana rudzi. Vanhu veHispanic, Asian, kana African kana Afro-Caribbean vane NMO pamwero wakakwira kupfuura vanhu vachena.\n\nKutsvagisa kwakaita kuti kushayikwa kwevhitamini D mumuviri, kusvuta, uye kuva nehutachiona hushoma pakutanga kweupenyu zvinogonawo kuwedzera njodzi ye neuromyelitis optica.'

Kuongorora neuromyelitis optica kunosanganisira bvunzo yemuviri uye bvunzo. Chikamu chekuongorora chirwere ndechekubvisa zvimwe zvirwere zvehurongwa hwematumbu ane zviratidzo zvakafanana. Vashandi vehutano vanotarisawo zviratidzo nemhedzisiro yebvunzo dzakabatana neNMO. Zviyero zvekuongorora neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) zvakakurudzirwa muna 2015 neInternational Panel yeNMO Diagnosis.

Munhu ane hutano anotarisa nhoroondo yako yezvokurapa nezviratidzo uye anoita bvunzo yemuviri. Bvunzo dzimwe dzinosanganisira:

• Bvunzo yeNeurological. Nyanzvi yezvematambudziko emuviri inotarisa kufamba, simba retsandanyama, kugadzikana, kunzwa, ndangariro, kufunga, kuona nekutaura. Chiremba wemaziso angavewo aripo pakuongororwa.
• MRI. Bvunzo iyi yekufananidzira inoshandisa magnetic field nema radio waves kugadzira maonero akakwana ehuropi, optic nerves ne spinal cord. Mhedzisiro ingaratidza maronda kana nzvimbo dzakakuvadzwa muuropi, optic nerves kana spinal cord.
• Bvunzo dzeropa. Munhu ane hutano angaedza ropa kuti aone autoantibody inosunga mapuroteni uye inokonzera NMO. Autoantibody inonzi aquaporin-4-immunoglobulin G, inozivikanwawo seAQP4-IgG. Kuongorora autoantibody iyi kunogona kubatsira vanachiremba kusiyanisa pakati peNMO neMS uye kuita kuongororwa kwekukurumidza kweNMO.

Mamwe biomarkers akadai se serum glial fibrillary acidic protein, inozivikanwawo seGFAP, uye serum neurofilament light chain anobatsira kuona kudzokazve. Bvunzo ye myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein immunoglobulin G antibody, inozivikanwawo se MOG-IgG antibody test, inogona kushandiswa kutsvaga imwe chirwere chinopisa chinofananidza NMO.

• Lumbar puncture, inozivikanwawo se spinal tap. Panguva yebvunzo iyi, munhu ane hutano anopinda tsono kumashure kuti abvise huwandu duku hwemvura yemusana. Bvunzo iyi inotsanangura mazinga e masero ekuzvidzivirira, mapuroteni ne antibodies mumvura. Bvunzo iyi inogona kusiyanisa NMO kubva kuMS.

Mvura yemusana ingaratidza huwandu hwakakwirira kwazvo hwemasero machena panguva yeNMO episodes. Izvi zvakakura kupfuura mazinga anoonekwa muMS, kunyangwe chiratidzo ichi chisingawanzoitika.

• Bvunzo yekupindura kune stimuli. Kudzidza kuti uropi hunopindura sei kune stimuli senge kurira, kuona kana kubata, unogona kuita bvunzo inonzi evoked potentials test kana evoked response test.

Waya dzinozivikanwa se electrodes dzinoiswa pamusoro pemusoro uye, dzimwe nguva, nzeve, mutsipa, maoko, makumbo nekumashure. Midziyo yakabatana ne electrodes inotora mhinduro dzehuropi kune stimuli. Bvunzo idzi dzinobatsira kuwana maronda kana nzvimbo dzakakuvadzwa munerve, spinal cord, optic nerve, uropi kana brainstem.

• Optical coherence tomography. Bvunzo iyi inotarisa retinal nerve fiber layer nehukuru hwayo. Varwere vane optic nerves dzakapisa kubva kuNMO vane kurasikirwa kwakakura kwekuona uye retinal nerve thinning kupfuura vanhu vane MS.

Bvunzo dzeropa. Munhu ane hutano angaedza ropa kuti aone autoantibody inosunga mapuroteni uye inokonzera NMO. Autoantibody inonzi aquaporin-4-immunoglobulin G, inozivikanwawo seAQP4-IgG. Kuongorora autoantibody iyi kunogona kubatsira vanachiremba kusiyanisa pakati peNMO neMS uye kuita kuongororwa kwekukurumidza kweNMO.

Mamwe biomarkers akadai se serum glial fibrillary acidic protein, inozivikanwawo seGFAP, uye serum neurofilament light chain anobatsira kuona kudzokazve. Bvunzo ye myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein immunoglobulin G antibody, inozivikanwawo se MOG-IgG antibody test, inogona kushandiswa kutsvaka imwe chirwere chinopisa chinofananidza NMO.

Lumbar puncture, inozivikanwawo se spinal tap. Panguva yebvunzo iyi, munhu ane hutano anopinda tsono kumashure kuti abvise huwandu duku hwemvura yemusana. Bvunzo iyi inotsanangura mazinga e masero ekuzvidzivirira, mapuroteni ne antibodies mumvura. Bvunzo iyi inogona kusiyanisa NMO kubva kuMS.

Mvura yemusana ingaratidza huwandu hwakakwirira kwazvo hwemasero machena panguva yeNMO episodes. Izvi zvakakura kupfuura mazinga anoonekwa muMS, kunyangwe chiratidzo ichi chisingawanzoitika.