特应性皮炎湿疹

特应性皮炎（湿疹）是一种会导致皮肤干燥、瘙痒和发炎的疾病。它在幼儿中很常见，但任何年龄都可能发生。特应性皮炎是长期性的（慢性），并且往往会时好时坏。它可能令人不适，但它不是传染性的。特应性皮炎患者有患食物过敏、花粉热和哮喘的风险。定期保湿和遵循其他皮肤护理习惯可以缓解瘙痒并预防新的发作（复发）。治疗可能还包括使用药膏或药霜。

特应性皮炎（湿疹）症状可出现在身体任何部位，并且因人而异。症状可能包括：干燥、开裂的皮肤；瘙痒（瘙痒症）；皮疹，伴随皮肤肿胀，颜色因肤色而异；棕色或黑色皮肤上出现小的凸起；渗出和结痂；皮肤增厚；眼睛周围皮肤变黑；抓挠引起的皮肤粗糙、敏感。特应性皮炎通常在5岁之前发病，并可能持续到青少年和成年期。对某些人来说，它会反复发作，然后一段时间内甚至几年内都会消退。如果您或您的孩子出现以下情况，请咨询医疗保健提供者：出现特应性皮炎症状；症状严重到影响睡眠和日常生活；皮肤感染——寻找新的条纹、脓液、黄色结痂；尝试自我护理措施后症状仍然存在。如果您的孩子发烧且皮疹看起来有感染迹象，请立即就医。

如果您或您的孩子出现以下情况，请咨询医疗保健提供者：患有特应性皮炎症状；病情严重到影响睡眠和日常生活；皮肤感染——注意新的条纹、脓液、黄色结痂；尝试自我护理措施后症状仍然存在。如果您的孩子发烧且皮疹看起来感染了，请立即就医。

在某些人身上，特应性皮炎与影响皮肤保护功能的基因变异有关。由于屏障功能较弱，皮肤较难锁住水分，也难以抵御细菌、刺激物、过敏原和环境因素——例如烟草烟雾。在其他人身上，特应性皮炎是由皮肤上金黄色葡萄球菌过多引起的。这会取代有益细菌，破坏皮肤屏障功能。较弱的皮肤屏障功能也可能引发免疫系统反应，从而导致皮肤发炎和其他症状。特应性皮炎（湿疹）是几种皮炎类型中的一种。其他常见类型包括接触性皮炎和脂溢性皮炎（头皮屑）。皮炎不会传染。

特应性皮炎的主要危险因素是过去患有过湿疹、过敏症、花粉症或哮喘。家族成员患有这些疾病也会增加患病风险。

'特应性皮炎（湿疹）的并发症可能包括：哮喘和花粉症。许多特应性皮炎患者会患上哮喘和花粉症。这可能发生在患特应性皮炎之前或之后。\n食物过敏。特应性皮炎患者常伴有食物过敏。这种情况的主要症状之一是荨麻疹。\n慢性瘙痒性鳞屑性皮肤。一种称为神经性皮炎（慢性单纯苔藓）的皮肤病始于一块瘙痒的皮肤。你会抓挠该区域，但这只能暂时缓解。抓挠实际上会使皮肤更痒，因为它会激活皮肤中的神经纤维。随着时间的推移，你可能会养成习惯性抓挠。这种情况会导致受影响的皮肤变色、增厚和变硬。\n皮肤斑块颜色比周围区域深或浅。皮疹痊愈后的这种并发症称为炎症后色素沉着过度或色素减退。在棕色或黑色皮肤的人群中更为常见。这种变色可能需要几个月才能消退。\n皮肤感染。反复抓挠导致皮肤破损，可能会造成开放性溃疡和裂口。这些会增加细菌和病毒感染的风险。这些皮肤感染可能会蔓延并危及生命。\n刺激性手部皮炎。这尤其影响那些经常接触潮湿环境以及工作中接触刺激性肥皂、清洁剂和消毒剂的人。\n过敏性接触性皮炎。这种情况在特应性皮炎患者中很常见。过敏性接触性皮炎是由接触过敏物质引起的瘙痒性皮疹。皮疹的颜色因肤色而异。\n睡眠问题。特应性皮炎的瘙痒会影响睡眠。\n精神健康状况。特应性皮炎与抑郁症和焦虑症有关。这可能与特应性皮炎患者常见的持续瘙痒和睡眠问题有关。'

制定基本的皮肤护理程序可以帮助预防湿疹发作。以下建议可能有助于减少沐浴的干燥效果：每天至少给皮肤保湿两次。乳霜、药膏、乳木果油和润肤露可以锁住水分。选择适合您的产品。理想情况下，最适合您的产品应该是安全、有效、经济且无味的。 在婴儿的皮肤上使用凡士林可以帮助预防特应性皮炎的发展。 每天洗一次澡或淋浴。使用温水而不是热水，并将洗澡或淋浴时间限制在约10分钟。 使用温和的非皂性清洁剂。选择不含染料、酒精和香料的清洁剂。对于幼儿，通常只需要温水就能将他们洗干净——不需要肥皂或泡泡浴。肥皂会特别刺激幼儿的皮肤。对于任何年龄的人来说，除臭皂和抗菌皂会去除过多的皮肤天然油脂，使皮肤干燥。不要用毛巾或丝瓜络擦洗皮肤。 轻轻拍干。沐浴后，用柔软的毛巾轻轻拍干皮肤。皮肤仍然潮湿时（三分钟内）涂抹保湿霜。特应性皮炎的诱因因人而异。尽量找出并避免会引发湿疹的刺激物。一般来说，避免任何引起瘙痒的东西，因为抓挠往往会引发发作。特应性皮炎的常见诱因包括：粗糙的羊毛织物 干燥的皮肤 皮肤感染 高温和汗水 压力 清洁产品 尘螨和宠物皮屑 霉菌 花粉 烟草烟雾 寒冷干燥的空气 香料 其他刺激性化学物质婴儿和儿童的发作可能由食用某些食物（如鸡蛋和牛奶）引起。与您孩子的医疗保健提供者讨论如何识别潜在的食物过敏原。一旦您了解了是什么引发了您的湿疹，请与您的医疗保健提供者讨论如何控制您的症状并预防发作。

为了诊断特应性皮炎，您的医疗保健提供者可能会与您讨论您的症状，检查您的皮肤并回顾您的病史。您可能需要进行测试以识别过敏原并排除其他皮肤疾病。如果您认为某种食物导致了您孩子的皮疹，请咨询您的医疗保健提供者了解潜在的食物过敏。斑贴试验您的医生可能会建议您进行皮肤斑贴试验。在这个测试中，少量不同的物质被涂抹到您的皮肤上，然后覆盖起来。在接下来的几天里，医生会检查您的皮肤是否有反应迹象。斑贴试验可以帮助诊断导致您患皮炎的特定类型的过敏症。

Treating Atopic Dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis, often called eczema, is a skin condition that can cause itchy, inflamed skin. Treatment usually starts with simple steps like moisturizing regularly and taking good care of your skin.

Self-Care and Mild Treatments:

Moisturizing regularly is often the first step in managing eczema. This helps keep the skin hydrated and prevents dryness, a major trigger for itching. Other self-care habits, such as avoiding known irritants (like harsh soaps or fabrics), managing stress, and keeping the skin clean, can also be helpful.

If simple self-care doesn't work, your doctor might recommend medicated creams or ointments. These creams help relieve itching and promote skin healing. Different strengths and types of creams, gels, and ointments are available. It's crucial to apply these medications as directed, typically twice a day, before moisturizing.

Prescription Medications:

For more severe cases, various medications can be prescribed. Some creams and ointments, like those containing tacrolimus (Protopic) or pimecrolimus (Elidel), are good options for people over age two. These medications need to be applied as directed and should be used with caution, especially with sunlight exposure. These medications are safe, but the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires a warning about a rare link to lymphoma, although no direct cause-and-effect has been definitively found.

Oral medications may also be necessary, particularly for more severe eczema. These pills can help control inflammation, but they often come with potential side effects and aren't usually a long-term solution. Examples include cyclosporine, methotrexate, prednisone, mycophenolate, and azathioprine.

Injectable Medications (Biologics):

For moderate to severe eczema that doesn't respond to other treatments, injectable medications like dupilumab (Dupixent) and tralokinumab (Adbry) might be considered. Studies have shown these medications to be safe and effective in relieving eczema symptoms. Dupilumab is for people over age 6, while tralokinumab is for adults.

Other Treatments:

• Wet Dressings: This intensive treatment, often used for widespread eczema, involves applying a corticosteroid ointment to the affected area and wrapping it with wet gauze. It's often done in a hospital setting due to its complexity and need for specialized care. However, your doctor can show you how to do it at home safely.

• Light Therapy (Phototherapy): This treatment involves controlled exposure to sunlight or artificial ultraviolet light. While effective, it can cause premature aging, changes in skin color, and an increased risk of skin cancer, making it less suitable for young children and infants. Talk to your doctor about the potential risks and benefits.

• Counseling: Dealing with eczema can be emotionally challenging. Counseling or therapy can help manage anxiety, frustration, or embarrassment associated with the condition. Techniques like relaxation, behavior modification, and biofeedback may be used to help reduce scratching habits.

Eczema in Babies (Infantile Eczema):

Treatment for eczema in babies often involves identifying and avoiding potential irritants, keeping the temperature comfortable, and giving short, warm baths followed by moisturizing the skin while it's still damp. If these measures don't improve the rash or if it seems infected, consult your pediatrician immediately. Your child might need prescription medications or oral antihistamines to control itching, especially at night. Be aware that some antihistamines can cause drowsiness, which may affect a child's school performance.

Important Note: This information is for general knowledge and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult with your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional for diagnosis and treatment of eczema.

特应性皮炎会让你感到不舒服和不自在。对于青少年和年轻人来说，它尤其会带来压力、沮丧或尴尬。它会扰乱他们的睡眠，甚至导致抑郁。有些人可能会发现与治疗师或其他咨询师、家人或朋友交谈很有帮助。或者，加入一个特应性皮炎患者的支持小组也很有帮助，因为小组成员都了解患有这种疾病是什么样的感觉。