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蛲虫感染

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概述

蛲虫感染是美国最常见的肠道蠕虫感染类型,也是世界上最常见的感染类型之一。蛲虫又细又白,长度约为 1/4 到 1/2 英寸(约 6 到 13 毫米)。

症状

蛲虫感染的症状可能包括:

  • 肛门或阴道瘙痒
  • 失眠、易怒、磨牙和烦躁不安
  • 偶尔的胃痛和恶心

蛲虫通常不会引起任何症状。

何时去看医生

如果您有严重的肛门瘙痒,尤其是在晚上,请咨询您的医生。

病因

误吞或吸入蛲虫卵会导致蛲虫感染。微小的(肉眼看不见的)虫卵可以通过受污染的食物、饮料或手指传播到口中。一旦吞下,虫卵会在肠道内孵化,并在几周内发育成熟为成虫。

雌性蛲虫会移动到肛门区域产卵,这通常会导致肛门瘙痒。当你抓挠发痒的部位时,虫卵会粘在你的手指上,并藏在你的指甲缝里。然后,虫卵会转移到其他表面,例如玩具、床上用品或马桶座圈。虫卵也可以从受污染的手指转移到食物、液体、衣服或其他人身上。

蛲虫卵可以在物体表面存活两到三周。

风险因素

蛲虫感染的风险因素包括:

  • 年龄小。 蛲虫感染最容易发生在5至10岁的儿童中。微小的(肉眼看不见的)虫卵很容易传播给家庭成员、护理人员或学校或托儿所的其他儿童。2岁以下儿童很少发生蛲虫感染。
  • **居住在拥挤的空间。**居住在机构中的人更容易发生蛲虫感染。
并发症

典型的蛲虫感染不会引起严重的问题。在极少数情况下,严重的感染会导致女性生殖器官感染。

寄生虫可以从肛门区域向上移动到阴道、子宫、输卵管和盆腔器官周围。这会导致一些问题,例如阴道炎症(阴道炎)和子宫内膜炎症(子宫内膜炎)。

虽然罕见,但蛲虫感染的其他并发症可能包括:

  • 尿路感染
  • 体重减轻
  • 腹腔感染
预防

蛲虫卵可以附着在各种表面,包括玩具、水龙头、床上用品和马桶座圈上,持续两周。因此,除了定期清洁表面外,以下方法还有助于预防蛲虫卵的传播或预防再次感染:

  • **早上清洗。**因为蛲虫在夜间产卵,所以早上清洗肛门区域可以帮助减少身体上的蛲虫卵数量。淋浴可以避免在浴水中可能发生的再次污染。
  • **每天更换内衣和床上用品。**这有助于去除虫卵。
  • **热水清洗。**用热水清洗床单、睡衣、内衣、毛巾和浴巾,以帮助杀死蛲虫卵。高温烘干。
  • **不要抓挠。**避免抓挠肛门区域。修剪孩子的指甲,这样虫卵就更不容易附着。建议您的孩子不要咬指甲。
  • **洗手。**为降低感染或传播感染的风险,便后或更换尿布后,以及饭前要彻底洗手。
诊断

医生可以通过识别蠕虫或虫卵来确认蛲虫的存在。

为了帮助医生做出诊断,您可以进行胶带试验。在你怀疑感染蛲虫的人醒来后,在他或她使用厕所、洗手或穿衣之前,将透明胶带的粘性一面按压在肛门周围的皮肤上。虫卵会粘在胶带上。

为了获得最佳效果,请连续三天进行胶带试验,然后将胶带交给医生。医生可以在显微镜下检查胶带,看看是否有蛲虫卵。

治疗

为了治疗蛲虫感染,您的医生可能会推荐非处方药派瑞特(pyrantel pamoate)或为您的所有家庭成员开药,以预防感染和再次感染。

治疗蛲虫最常用的处方抗寄生虫药物是:

您在治疗过程中可能会出现轻微的胃肠道副作用,并且通常需要服用至少两剂才能完全清除蛲虫。

  • 甲苯达唑
  • 阿苯达唑(Albenza)
为您的预约做准备

To check for pinworms, ask your doctor about a tape test. This simple test involves using a piece of clear tape. First thing in the morning, gently press the sticky side of the tape to the skin around the anus (bottom). The pinworm eggs will stick to the tape.

Bring the tape with you to your doctor's appointment. The doctor will then examine the tape under a microscope to see if pinworm eggs are present.

Before your appointment, preparing a few questions can help you get the most out of your visit. For pinworms, some good questions include:

  • If I don't have pinworms, what else might be causing my symptoms? This lets you explore other possible reasons for your itching or discomfort.
  • If one person in the family has pinworms, do we all need treatment? Pinworms can spread easily, so knowing how to handle this in a family is important.
  • How can I get rid of pinworms in my home? Knowing how to disinfect and clean your home is crucial to preventing reinfection.
  • How can I prevent getting pinworms again? Understanding preventative measures is essential to avoid future issues.

Your doctor will likely ask you questions too, such as:

  • When did the itching start? This helps pinpoint when the problem began.
  • Does the itching mostly happen at night? Pinworms often cause itching that's worse at night.
  • Is there anything that makes the itching better or worse? Knowing triggers can help identify the cause.
  • Do other family members have similar symptoms? This helps determine if the problem is contagious.
  • Have you or your child had contact with anyone who has pinworms? Knowing potential sources of exposure is essential.
  • Have you found any dead pinworms in pajamas, underwear, or the toilet? Finding dead worms is a sign of an active infestation.

Important Note: If you have anal itching, try to avoid scratching. Scratching can make the area irritated and more uncomfortable.

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