Ngingadidekile nje, noma ingaba le yi-ADHD? Ukuqonda Izimpawu Nokuwazi Kanjani

Ayikho i-quiz online engakwazi ukuxilonga i-ADHD. Lokho kumele kushiwo kusukela ekuqaleni ngoba abantu abaningi bafika kulesi sihloko bethemba impendulo ecacile ekuhlolweni kuhlu lwemibuzo futhi akuwona lowo msebenzi wokuxilonga i-ADHD. Izinsiza zokuzihlola zingakusiza kanjani ukuthi unqume ukuthi izimpawu zakho zihambisana ne-ADHD ngokwanele yini ukuze kucelwe ukuhlolwa kochwepheshe? Lokho kuyinjongo yazo. Ukuhlolwa, akukona ukuxilonga.

Insiza Yokuzihlola Evumelekile Kakhulu: ASRS

I-Adult ADHD Self Report Scale (ASRS) iyinsiza yokuhlola evame kakhulu ye-ADHD kubantu abadala. Yasungulwa yiWorld Health Organization ngokubambisana nabacwaningi abavela eHarvard Medical School naseNew York University.

I-ASRS iqukethe imibuzo engu-18 esekelwe kumibandela ye-DSM, ehlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili. Ingxenye A iqukethe izinto ezi-6 eziyizibikezeli eziqinile kakhulu zokuxilongwa kwe-ADHD. Ingxenye B yengeza ezinye izinto eziyi-12 eziphonononga kabanzi ezindaweni ezithile zezimpawu. Umbuzo ngamunye usebenzisa isikali samaphuzu amahlanu kusuka ku-"Never" kuya ku-"Very Often.".

Ngokuqondene nokunemba: isifundo sokuqinisekisa sango-2020 esiqhathanisa abantu abadala abangu-646 abaxilongwe ngokwelashwa ne-ADHD nabalawuli abangu-908 bathola ukuthi i-ASRS yafinyelela i-Area Under the Curve (AUC) eyi-0.904, eyathathwa njengokunemba okuhle kakhulu kokuxilonga insiza yokuhlola. Isihloli sezingxenye ezi-6 seNgxenye A senze cishe ngokufanayo (AUC 0.903). Kwi-cutoff enconyiwe, yathola ngempumelelo abantu abadala abayi-9 kwabayi-10 abane-ADHD ngenkathi igcina u-88% wokucaciswa.

Ngaphandle kwalokho, i-ASRS inemikhawulo ecacile. Isebenzisa ifomethi yemibuzo evaliwe, "yebo/cha" noma izilinganiso zokuphindaphinda, okusho ukuthi ibamba izimpawu ezisemhlabeni ngaphandle komongo. Ayikwazi ukuhlukanisa i-ADHD nezimo ezikhiqiza izimpawu ezihambisanayo. Futhi ayenzelwanga ukuthi isebenze njengensiza yokuxilonga eyodwa. Abacwaningi abayisungule bayichazile le nto: iyihlahla lokuhlola, akuyona ingxoxo yezokwelapha.

Kunezinsiza ezivumelekile nezinye. I-Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) ihlola izimpawu zokuncane ngokubuyela emuva. I-Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS) isetshenziswa kabanzi ezindaweni zezokwelapha. I-Vanderbilt Assessment Scales isetshenziswa kakhulu ezinganeni. Akukho kulokhu okungakufaka endaweni yokuhlolwa kochwepheshe.

Izimpawu Zangempela Ze-ADHD Zinjani

Uma uzama ukuqonda ukuthi izinto ozithola yini zihambisana ne-ADHD, kuyasiza ukwazi ukuthi odokotela babheka ini. I-DSM 5 ihlele izimpawu ze-ADHD ngezigaba ezimbili.

Izimpawu zokungagxili zihlanganisa: ubunzima bokugcina ukunakwa emisebenzini noma emisebenzini (ikakhulukazi lezo ezingathandeki ngokwemvelo), ukwenza amaphutha angenangqondo emsebenzini noma emisebenzini yansuku zonke, ukungabonakali kulalela lapho kukhulunywa naye ngokuqondile, ukwehluleka ukulandela imiyalelo noma ukuqedela amaphrojekthi, ubunzima obuqhubekayo bokuhlela imisebenzi nokuphatha isikhathi, ukugwema noma ukumelana nemisebenzi edinga umzamo ongokwengqondo obambekile, ukuphazamiseka njalo kwezinto ezidingeka empilweni yansuku zonke (ukhiye, ifoni, isikhwama, amaphepha), ukudonswa kalula yimicabango noma izinto ezingahlobene, nokukhohlwa izinto zokuphila ezijwayelekile njengezinto ezihleliwe, izikweletu, noma ukubuyisa izingcingo.

Izimpawu zokuba nomfutho omkhulu nokuziphatha okungazelelwe zihlanganisa: ukuzinyakazisa noma ukuzishintsha lapho kulindeleke ukuthi uhlale phansi, ukushiya isihlalo sakho ezimweni lapho kulindeleke ukuthi uhlale phansi, ukuzwa ukungahlali kahle noma ukwehluleka ukuphumula (kubantu abadala lokhu kuvame ukubonakala njengokungahlali kahle kwangaphakathi kunokuhamba komzimba), ubunzima bokuzibandakanya emisebenzini ngendlela ethulile, ukuzwa sengathi ugijimile noma "usendleleni" isikhathi esiningi, ukukhuluma ngokweqile, ukuphumela izimpendulo ngaphambi kokuba imibuzo iqedwe, ubunzima bokulinda ilungelo lakho, nokuphazamisa njalo noma ukungena endabeni yabanye.

Kubantu abadala abaneminyaka eyi-17 nangaphezulu, i-DSM 5 ifuna okungenani izimpawu ezinhlanu esigabeni esisodwa noma zombili, ezikhona okungenani izinyanga eziyisithupha, zivela okungenani ezindaweni ezimbili (umsebenzi, ikhaya, ezokuxhumana), futhi zibangela ukukhubazeka okucacile. Okubalulekile, izimpawu kumele bezikhona ngaphambi kwe-12, noma ngabe azizange zibonakale ngokusemthethweni.

Wonke umuntu uzwa ezinye zalezi zinto ngezikhathi ezithile. Okuhlukanisa i-ADHD nephathini ejwayelekile yokudideka: lezi zimpawu zihlala njalo, zidlula ezindaweni eziningi zokuphila, futhi zidala izinkinga ezilinganisekayo – ukwehluleka ukugcina izikhathi, ubudlelwano obulimele, ukungazinzi emsebenzini, ukungaphumeleli ezifundweni – akuyona nje inkinga.

Indlela Izimpawu Ezibonakala Ngayo Ngendlela Ehlukile Ngobudala NangoBudoda

I-ADHD ayibukeki ngendlela efanayo kuwo wonke umuntu, futhi ukuqonda indlela yokubonakala eyahlukahlukene kungashintsha ukuthi uzibona utholakala yini kumibandela.

Ezinganeni, umfutho omkhulu uvame ukuba yisici esibonakala kakhulu enganeni engakwazi ukuhlala phansi, ehamba njalo, ephazamisa ikilasi. Kubantu abadala, lowo mutho omkhulu womzimba uvame ukuguquka ube ukungahlali kahle kwangaphakathi: ingqondo egijima, ubunzima bokuzola, umuzwa oqhubekayo wokudinga ukwenza okuthile. Abantu abadala abane-ADHD bavame kancane ukusuka ezihlalweni zabo futhi bavame kakhulu ukuthatha ifoni njalo ngemizuzu eyi-90 noma ukugxuma ngokwengqondo phakathi kwemisho emihlanu engakaqediwe engxoxweni.

Ubudoda buphinde buhlukanise indlela yokubonakala. Imibandela yokuxilonga ye-ADHD yakhelwa kakhulu emifundweni yabafana – abahlanganyeli abangama-81% abesilisa ocwaningweni oluyisisekelo, ngokusho kokubuyekezwa ku-Journal of Attention Disorders. Abafana bavame ukubonisa izimpawu zokuziphatha ngokweqile (umfutho omkhulu, ukuziphatha okungazelelwe, ukuziphatha okuphazamisayo), ezilula ukuzibona ekilasini. Amantombazane avame kakhulu ukubonisa izimpawu zokungagxili – ukuba namaphupho emini, ukungahleleki, ukuzabalaza ngokuthula ukuthi ahambisane – othisha nabazali abavame kancane ukukubona.

Lokhu kungenye yezizathu eziyinhloko zokuthi abesifazane baxilongwe kamuva. Ebusaneni, abafana baxilongwa ngesilinganiso esiphindwe ka-2 kuya kwezi-3 samantombazane. Kodwa ebuntulini, isilinganiso sifika ku-1:1, okubonisa ukuthi abesifazane abaningi bebeno-ADHD impilo yabo yonke – bekulokhu kubonakala. Abesifazane abane-ADHD bavame kakhulu futhi nokuthuthukisa izindlela zokubhekana nazo ezifihla izimpawu zabo, bavame kakhulu nokuxilongwa ngokungalungile ngenxa yokukhathazeka noma ukudangala kuqala.

Uma ungumuntu wesifazane ofunda lokhu futhi ucabanga, "Angihambisani nephrofayili ejwayelekile ye-ADHD kodwa ngizama izimpawu zokungagxili" – lokho kufanele kuhlolwe. Isimo esijwayelekile asiphelele, asiyona into yokugcina.

Izinto Izisiza Zokuzihlola Ezingakwazi Ukukutshela Zona?

Lapha lapho abantu abaningi begcina khona, ngakho-ke kufanele zichazwe ngokucacile imingcele.

Zingakwazi ukuqeda ukufana. Izimo eziningana zikhiqiza izimpawu ezihambisana kakhulu ne-ADHD. Isifo esikhathazayo esijwayelekile singabangela ubunzima bokugxila, ukungahlali kahle, nobunzima bokuqedela imisebenzi. Ukudangala kuvame ukuhlanganisa ukungagxili kahle, ukukhohlwa, nokushoda kwamandla okubalulekile. Izifo zendlala, ikakhulukazi i-hyperthyroidism, zingalingisa umfutho omkhulu nokungagxili. Izifo zokulala, ikakhulukazi i-obstructive sleep apnea nokuntuleka kokulala njalo, kuyawilimaza ngqo ukunakwa, inkumbulo yokusebenza, nokulawula ukuziphatha.

Isikali sokuzihlola kasikwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwalokhu. Udokotela angakwazi – ngokuthatha umlando obalulekile, ulwazi olungeziwe, futhi ngezinye izikhathi izivivinyo ezengeziwe.

Zingakwazi ukuhlola ubukhulu. Ukwazi ukuthi unezimpawu kwahlukile ekwazini ukuthi zikuthinta kanjani impilo yakho. Abantu ababili bangathola amaphuzu afanayo ku-ASRS futhi babe nobunzima obuhlukahlukene kakhulu. Ubukhulu bunquma uhlobo losizo oludingayo – kusuka ezindleleni zokuziphatha kuya emithini kuya ekwelashweni okuhlelekile.

Zingakwazi ukubala ukufihla. Abantu abadala abaningi – ikakhulukazi abesifazane – bachithe iminyaka bathuthukisa izindlela zokubhekana nazo ezifihla izimpawu zabo ze-ADHD. Basuke bangatholi amaphuzu aphezulu kuphrofayela yokuzihlola ngqo ngoba bafunde ukubhekana nayo. Lokho akusho ukuthi i-ADHD ayikho. Kusho ukuthi insiza yokuhlola ayibambi umzamo odingekayo ukuze kugcinwe lelo zinga lokuphumelela.

Yini Ongayenza Ngemiphumela Yakho

Uma uqedela insiza yokuhlola evumelekile futhi amaphuzu akho abonisa izimpawu ezihambisana ne-ADHD, isinyathelo esilandelayo sicacile: hlela ukuhlolwa nochwepheshe ofanelekayo. Lokho kusho udokotela wokusebenza kwengqondo, isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo, udokotela wezinhlungu, noma kwezinye izimo udokotela oyinhloko onolwazi nge-ADHD.

Uma ungakulungele leso sinyathelo, qala ukugcina incwadi yezimpawu. Izinsuku ezimbili kuya kwezintathu, qaphela izimo ezithile lapho ukunakwa, ukuhlela, ukulawula ukuziphatha, noma ukuphatha isikhathi kwadala izinkinga zangempela. Faka ukuthi kwenzekani, kwenzeka kuphi, nokuthi kwakukuthinta kanjani. Lolu hlobo lolwazi oluningiliziwe lusizo kakhulu lapho uvakashela udokotela – lunikeza ubufakazi obungokwemvelo obuhambisa ingxoxo phambili ngokushesha.

Uma imiphumela yakho yokuhlola ingabonisi i-ADHD, lokho kuwulwazi oluwusizo. Kungakuyisa ekuhloleni ezinye izizathu – ukukhathazeka, ukudangala, ukushiswa ngumsebenzi, izinkinga zokulala – ezifanelwe ukuqashelwa ngokwazo. Akukhona konke ukungagxili kuyi-ADHD, nokukuqeda kuyaluzuzisa njengokukuqinisekisa.

Noma kunjalo, ukuthatha isikhathi sokuzihlola ngobuqotho akuyona into elahlekile. Kuyisiqalo sokuqonda ukuthi kwenzekani empeleni – noma ngabe kuyi-ADHD noma okunye ngokuphelele.

Yeka ukuqagula bese uqala ukwazi – lokhu kuhlolwa kwe-ADHD okungekho emgqeni yi-August AI kukunikeza isithombe esicacile sezimpawu zakho ngokuyimfihlo.