Indlela Yokuthola Ukuxilongwa Komkhuhlane We-ADHD: Umhlahlandlela Ocacile Wabantu Abadala kanye Nabazali

Ukuthola ukuxilongwa kwe-ADHD akulula njengokugcwalisa ifomu. Ayikho inhlolovo yegazi, akukho ukuskena kobuchopho, futhi akukho ukuhlola okukodwa okungaqinisekisa lokho. Ukuxilongwa kwenziwa ngokwesimo sezokwelapha - okungukuthi, kusekelwe ekuhloleni okuhlelekile kokuziphatha kwakho, umlando, nokuthi izimpawu zakho zithinta kanjani ukusebenza kwakho kwansuku zonke ezindaweni eziningi zempilo.

Lokhu okuthunyelwe kukuhambisa kulo lonke uhlelo, ubani oqeqeshelwe ukukwenza, yini ongayilindela ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, nokuthi kwenzekani uma ungumuntu omdala ongazange ahlolwe njengengane.

Ubani Ongaxilonga I-ADHD

Akuwo wonke umuntu wezempilo yengqondo oqeqeshelwe ukuxilonga i-ADHD. Izinhlobo zabelaphi ezilandelayo zingaqhuba ukuhlolwa:

Odokotela bezifo zengqondo bangaxilonga i-ADHD futhi banikeze imithi. Vame baqhuba ingxoxo eyenziwa ngokwesimo sezokwelapha futhi bangasebenzisa izikali zokulinganisa, kodwa abaningi abazenzeli ukuhlolwa okujulile kwe-neuropsychological.

Ososayensi, ikakhulukazi abezifo zengqondo noma abezifo zobuchopho, bavame ukwenza ukuhlolwa okuphelele kakhulu. Bakwenza ukuhlolwa okujwayelekile kwengqondo nokuziphatha, bahlole izimo ezihambisana nazo, futhi bakhiqize umbiko wokuxilongwa obuningiliziwe.

Odokotela bezifo zezinzwa bangaxilonga i-ADHD, noma kunjalo, bavame ukuboniswana nabo lapho kudingeka ukuthi kukhishwe ezinye izimo zezinzwa.

Odokotela abaphambili nabahlengikazi abaqeqeshiwe bangaxilonga i-ADHD ezindaweni eziningi, ikakhulukazi lapho ukuhlinzekwa kulula kakhulu. Bangadlulisa izimo eziyinselele kakhulu kumchwepheshe.

Abelaphi, abeluleki, nabasizi bomphakathi ngokuvamile abakwazi ukuxilonga i-ADHD ngokwabo, noma kunjalo, bangadlala indima ekudluliselweni noma banikeze izinto ezibonakalayo. Ukuxilongwa kudinga ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile kwezokwelapha neziqu.

Yini Eqinisweni Ukuhlolwa Kuhlanganisa

Indlela ehamba phambili yokuxilonga i-ADHD - kokubili ezinganeni nakubantu abadala - yingxoxo eyenziwa ngokwesimo sezokwelapha esekelwa ulwazi olubalulekile. Ngokwe-UK Adult ADHD Network (UKAAN), ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi kuvame ukuthatha okungenani amahora amabili, futhi ezimweni eziyinselele kakhulu, kungadlula ezikhathini eziningi.

Nasi esivame ukuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa okuphelele:

Ingxoxo eyenziwa ngokwesimo sezokwelapha. Lena yingxenye eyinhloko yenqubo. Umuntu wezokwelapha uzokuhambisa ezimpawini zakho ngokuningiliziwe - kokubili ezamanje nezomlando - futhi ahlolisise ukuthi zihlangabezana yini nezinkambiso eziyi-18 ze-DSM 5 ezindaweni ezimbili: ukunganakile kanye nokuziphatha ngokweqile. Bazobuza mayelana nokuziphatha kwengane (izimpawu kumele zazikhona ngaphambi kwe-12), ukuthi izimpawu zivela kanjani ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene (ikhaya, umsebenzi, isikole, ubudlelwano), nokuthi zithinta kanjani ukusebenza kwansuku zonke. Ingxoxo iphinde ihlanganise umlando wakho wokuthuthuka, umlando wezempilo, umlando womndeni wezengqondo, isizinda semfundo, nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa.

Izikali zokulinganisa ezijwayelekile. Lezi zinketho ezihlelekile ezigcwaliswa umuntu ohlolwayo, futhi okuhle kakhulu umuntu omazi kahle - umngani womshado, umzali, umfowethu, noma uzakwethu oseduze. Izikali ezivame ukusetshenziswa zihlanganisa i-Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS), i-Barkley Adult ADHD Rating Scale, kanye ne-Adult ADHD Self Report Scale (ASRS), eyathuthukiswa yi-World Health Organization. Lezi zikhaliso ziqhathanisa izimpendulo zakho namazinga ajwayelekile omphakathi futhi zisiza ukukalaza ubunzima bezimpawu. Azixilongi zodwa - zisekela isimo sezokwelapha.

Ulwazi olubalulekile. Abantu bezezokwelapha bavame ukucela ukukhuluma noma ukuqoqa izinketho kumuntu obehlole ukuziphatha kwakho isikhathi eside. Ezinganeni, lokhu kuvame ukuba ngumzali nothisha. Kubantu abadala, kungaba ngumngani, umzali okhumbula ingane yakho, noma umngani oseduze. Uma kungekho sikhaliso esitholakalayo, umuntu wezokwelapha angasebenzise imibhalo njengamakhadi okubika amadala, izikhaliso, noma ukuhlolwa kwe-psychological wangaphambili ukuze agcwalise umlando.

Ukuhlola izimo ezihambisana nazo. Lesi sinyathelo sibalulekile. Cishe ama-78% ezingane ezinama-ADHD zinazo izimo okungenani ezi-1 ezihambisana nazo - ukukhathazeka, ukudangala, ukuziphatha okubangela ukuphikisana, izinkinga zokufunda, noma i-autism. Kubantu abadala, ukuhlangana okuvamile kakhulu ukukhathazeka, ukudangala, kanye nezinkinga zokusebenzisa izidakamizwa. Ngoba izimpawu zaleyo mibandela zingalinganisa i-ADHD, umuntu wezokwelapha udinga ukunquma ukuthi lokho okubonakala njenge-ADHD empeleni kuyinto enye, noma ukuthi zombili zikhona ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Ukuhlolwa kwengqondo noma kwe-neuropsychological (ngokuzikhethela). Akuwo wonke ukuhlolwa okuhlanganisa lokhu. Akudingeki ukuthi kube ukuxilongwa. Kodwa uma kusetshenziswa, kunikeza idatha engachemile mayelana nokunakwa, inkumbulo yokusebenza, isivinini sokucubungula, kanye nomsebenzi wokuhlela. Amathuluzi afana ne-Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA) noma ukuhlolwa kwengqondo okukwi-computer kungangeza isendlalelo esibalulekile solwazi, ikakhulukazi lapho isimo sezokwelapha singekho soze.

Ngemva kokuba lonke idatha iqoqwe, umuntu wezokwelapha uhlanganisa konke futhi anqume ukuthi izimpawu zihlangabezana yini nezinkambiso ze-DSM 5. Ezinganeni ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-17, lokho kusho izimpawu eziyi-6 okungenani kweyodwa noma zombili izigaba ezikhona isikhathi esiyiminyaka engu-6 okungenani. Kubantu abadala abaneminyaka engu-17 nangaphezulu, umkhawulo uyizimpawu ezi-5. Kuzo zonke izimo, izimpawu kumele zivela ezindaweni ezimbili okungenani futhi kumele zibangele ukuphazamiseka okucacile ekusebenzeni.

Ungakwazi Ukuthola I-ADHD Njengomuntu Omdala?

Ngokobuchwepheshe, cha. I-ADHD ibhekwa njengesimo sokuthuthukiswa kobuchopho, okusho ukuthi siqala ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kobuchopho ebuntwaneni. I-DSM 5 ifuna ukuthi izimpawu zazikhona ngaphambi kwe-12 ukuze kwenziwe ukuxilongwa.

Kodwa nansi ingqamuzana: inqwaba yabantu abadala banayo i-ADHD eyayingazange itholwe. Kubikwa ukuthi i-6% yabantu abadala base-U.S. banokuxilongwa kwe-ADHD okwamanje, futhi cishe ingxenye yabo yathola lokho kuxilongwa okokuqala njengabantu abadala. Isifundo sika-2025 sithole ukuthi cishe i-14% yabantu abadala bavame ukuthola i-ADHD kodwa abazange bahlolelwe ngokusemthethweni.

Abesifazane bathinteka kakhulu kulokhu kwebhulo. Ucwaningo luveza njalo ukuthi ebuntwaneni, abafana baxilongwa nge-ADHD izikhathi ezi-2 kuye kwezi-3 zabantombazane. Kodwa lapho sekukhula, isilinganiso sincipha sibe cishe u-1:1 - okukhombisa ngokuqinile ukuthi amantombazane ayaphuthelwa, kungashiwo ukuthi bathola i-ADHD kamuva. Izizathu zibhalwe kahle kakhulu: amantombazane avame ukubonisa izimpawu zokunganakile kunokuziphatha ngokweqile, agqugquzelwa ukuba afihle izinkinga zawo, futhi izimpawu zawo zivame ukubekwa ekuphazamisekeni noma ekudangalaneni. Ukubuyekezwa okuhlelekile okwashicilelwa ku-Journal of Attention Disorders kubize le modeli "Miss. Diagnosis" - isizukulwane sabesifazane abangazange babonakale ngoba izinkambiso zokuxilonga zakhiwe ikakhulukazi ezifundweni zabantwana besilisa.

Ngakho ngenkathi ungakwazi ngokobuchwepheshe ukuthola i-ADHD njengomuntu omdala, ungathola ngempela eneminyaka engu-30 noma 40 noma 55 ukuthi uyayihlangabezana nayo sonke isikhathi. Izimpawu zazikhona njalo. Zaziphuthelwa nje.

Izimpawu Ezidinga Ukuhlolwa

I-ADHD ibonakala ngendlela ehlukile kumuntu omunye nomunye, kodwa amamodeli athile abonakala njalo ngokwanele ukuthi kufanele kuqashelwe. Ngokunganakile: ubunzima obuqhubekayo bokugcina ukunakwa emisebenzini, amaphutha angenanjongo emsebenzini noma emisebenzini yansuku zonke, ubunzima bokulandela imigomo, ukungazihleleki njalo, ukulahlekelwa izinto njalo, ukuchitha kancane, nokukhohlwa emisebenzini yansuku zonke. Ngokuziphatha ngokweqile: ukuzingela, ukungazami, ubunzima bokubandakanyeka emisebenzini ngokuthula, ukukhuluma ngokweqile, ukukhuluma izimpendulo ngaphambi kokuba umbuzo uphele, ubunzima bokulinda, nokuhlupha abanye.

Okuhlukanisa i-ADHD nokuchithwa okwejwayelekile yimodi. Lezi zimpawu kumele zibe zinqunsu (zikhona isikhathi esiyiminyaka engu-6 okungenani), zibe zibanzi (zivele ezindaweni eziningi zempilo), futhi zilimaze (empela zivimbele ukusebenza - kungabi nje ukucasula kancane). Wonke umuntu ulahlekelwa izikhiye zakhe ngezikhathi ezithile. Akekho ngamunye olahlekelwa izikhiye zakhe, ophuthelwa imingcele, akhohlwe izivumelwano, futhi aphazamise izingxoxo njalo njalo eminyakeni.

Indlela Yokulungela Ukuhlolwa Kwakho

Izinto ezimbalwa ezisebenzayo ezizosiza inqubo ukuthi ihambe kahle:

Bhala phansi izibonelo ezithile zalokho izimpawu zakho zithinta ngakho umsebenzi, impilo yasekhaya, nobudlelwano. Izincazelo ezingacacile njenge-"Nginobunzima bokugxila" azilusizi njengezibonelo eziqondile ezifana nokuthi "Ngiphuthelwe imingcele emithathu ngenyanga eyedlule ngoba ngangikwazi ukuqala imibiko kuze kube ebusuku bangaphambili."

Uma kungenzeka, qoqa amarekhodi esikole amadala - amakhadi okubika, imibono yothisha, imiphumela yokuhlolwa eyijwayelekile. Lokhu kusiza ukusungula ukuqala kobuntwana, okuyimfuneko yokuxilongwa.

Cela umngani womshado, umzali, noma umngane oseduze ukuthi ukuthi bazokwazi ukugcwalisa isikali sokulinganisa noma ukukhuluma nomuntu wezokwelapha. Umbono wabo wengeza ukubaluleka nomongo ekuhloleni.

Bhala zonke izidakamizwa nezithako ozithathayo njengamanje, kanye nanoma yikuphi ukuxilongwa kwezempilo yengqondo noma izeluleko ezidlulile. Ezinye izidakamizwa nezinye izimo zingakhiqiza izimpawu ezibonakala njenge-ADHD.

Yiba nomqondo ngomlando wakho wonke - okubandakanya ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa, imikhuba yokulala, kanye nempilo yomzwelo. Umuntu wezokwelapha akekho lapho ukugweba. Udinga isithombe esiphelele ukwenza ukuxilongwa okunembayo.

Yini Elandela Ukuxilongwa

Ngemva kokuba ukuhlolwa kuqediwe - kuvame ukuba phakathi nesonto elilodwa nengamanqamu amabili uma kuhlanganisa nokuhlolwa - uzothola isikhathi sokubuyekeza. Umuntu wezokwelapha uzokuhambisa emiphumeleni, aqinisekise ukuthi uhlangabezana yini nezinkambiso ze-ADHD (nokuthi yiluphi uhlobo), aqonde noma yiziphi izimo ezihambisana nazo, futhi axoxe ngezinketho zokwelashwa.

Ukwelashwa kuvame ukuhlanganisa inhlanganisela ethile yemithi, amasu okuziphatha, nokwelashwa. Imithi yokuphaphama njenge-methylphenidate namalungiselelo asekelwe ku-amphetamine ahlala eyimithi esebenza kakhulu ye-ADHD, isebenza ngokwandisa umsebenzi we-dopamine ne-norepinephrine kwi-prefrontal cortex. Izinketho ezingasheshisi njenge-atomoxetine ziyatholakala kulabo abangakwazi ukubekezelela izidakamizwa. Ukwelashwa kwengqondo okugxile ekuziphatheni (CBT) kusiza ekwakheni amakhono okuhlela, ukuphatha isikhathi, nokuqeda izindlela zokucabanga ezingezinhle ezivame ukuthuthuka ngemva kweminyaka ye-ADHD engahlonjululwanga.

Ukuxilongwa akukugcini isahluko. Kuvula esinye. Kubantu abadala abaningi, ikakhulukazi labo abaxilongwa kamuva empilweni, ukuba negama lokugcina kulokho abebehlangabezana nakho - okokuqala ukuthi okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo kuza nencazelo.

Ngaphambi kokubhuka udokotela, yiba nesiqalo esihle - thatha ukuhlolwa kwamahhala kwe-ADHD kwe-August AI bese uya nodokotela uneziqondiso zangempela ngawe.