Yini i-ADHD? Isiqondiso Esicacile Sokuqonda Ukubhekwa Ngesithuthu Sokugcwalisa

Mhlawumbe uzwile igama elithi liphuma ezingxoxweni, ezinkundleni zokuxhumana, mhlawumbe ngisho nothisha womuntu wakho. Kodwa lapho othile ethi "ADHD," uyakhuluma ngani ngempela?

I-ADHD yisandulela se-Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Kuyisimo senkqubo yokuthuthukiswa kwesimiso sempilo yomzimba, okusho ukuthi sihlobene nendlela ubuchopho obuthuthukiswa ngayo futhi bungasebenza ngayo. Akuwona umkhuba wokuziphatha. Akuwona uvivila. Futhi naphezu kwalokho okunye abanye abantu abasakholelwayo, akuyona into ethinta kuphela abantwana abangakwazi ukuhlala phansi ekilasini.

I-ADHD empeleni ingenye yezimo eziqeqeshwe kakhulu zenkqubo yokuthuthukiswa kwesimiso sempilo yomzimba ezikhona. Cishe u-8.4% wezingane kanye nabantu abadala abacishe babe ngu-2.5% baphila nayo. Lezi zinombolo ziye zihambisana emiphakathini yemibiko iminyaka eminingi, futhi uma kukhona okusha, idatha yakamuva ibonisa ukuthi izimpawu zabantu abadala ziyanda njengoba siba ngcono ekuyiboneni kubantu ababengekho njengoba bengabantwana.

Ngakho-ke, ake sicubungule ukuthi i-ADHD ibukeka kanjani ngempela, ivela kuphi, futhi akuyona ini.

Isho ukuthini i-ADHD? Futhi Kungani Ivusa Umbuzo?

Igama eligcwele yi-Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Kodwa leli gama alilona lonke uhlaka. Abantu abaningi bezwa "ukushoda kokubekwa kwengqondo" futhi bacabange ukuthi kusho nje ukuthi awukwazi ukunaka. Lokho akulona qinisile. Abantu abane-ADHD bangakwazi ukunaka. Kwesinye isikhathi banaka kakhulu into engalungile, noma bacabanga kakhulu ngento ethokozisayo ngenkathi becisha konke okunye.

Akuyona into yokushoda kokunakwa kodwa kakhulu into yokuhluleka ukulawula lapho ubekwe khona ingqondo.

Futhi kulapho kukhona khona "i-hyperactivity" yayo. Akubona bonke abane-ADHD abayikho. Abanye abantu bayakwenza, empeleni bayathuthuka, bazizwa benovalo, bakhuluma kakhulu. Kodwa abanye bancane. Bayaphupha. Bacisha emihlanganweni. Babukeka benaka ngenkathi ingqondo yabo ikwezinye izindawo.

I-DSM-5 ibona izindlela ezintathu zokuvela kwe-ADHD: ukunganakwa kakhulu, ukukhuthala okungapheli, nokuhlanganisiwe. Indlela umuntu ayayo ingase ihlehlise isikhathi. Umntwana owayegxuma odongeni eneminyaka eyisikhombisa angase abonise ukunganakwa kakhulu ngesikhathi eseneminyaka engamashumi amabili.

Kwenzakalani ku-ADD?

Uma ukhule eminyakeni yama-80 noma yama-90, mhlawumbe uzwile igama elithi ADD - Attention Deficit Disorder. Ngonyaka we-1980, i-American Psychiatric Association yethula igama elithi ADD, kwathi ngonyaka we-1987, bayihlanganisa nokukhuthala futhi bayibiza kabusha i-ADHD.

Ngakho-ke i-ADD akuyona isimo esihlukile. Kuyigama elidala nje. Lokho obekubizwa ngokuthi i-ADD manje kungaphansi kwehlaka le-ADHD njengendlela yokunganakwa kakhulu. Abanye abantu basasebenzisa i-"ADD" ngokungavamile, futhi lokho kulungile kodwa ngokomthetho, igama elilungile yi-ADHD kungakhathalekile ukuthi ukukhuthala kukhona noma cha.

Yiziphi Izimbangela Ze-ADHD?

Lobu cishe ngolunye lwemibuzo ejwayelekile abantu abanayo. Futhi impendulo eqinisile ukuthi asikanaqedi nhlobo isizathu esisodwa. Lokho esikwaziyo ukuthi i-ADHD inezimpande eziqinile kwimizwa nobuhle bokuthuthukiswa kobuchopho.

Imibiko yomndeni, yabashadile, kanye yokutholwa ibe ibonisa njalo ukuthi imizwa idlala indima enkulu ekuthuthukisweni kwe-ADHD. Ucwaningo lubonisa izinga lokufana okungaba ngu-72 kuya ku-80%, okungaphezulu kakhulu. Ukukubeka kwisimo, lokho kufana nokufana kokuphakama. Uma omunye wabazali abaphila naye une-ADHD, amathuba omntwana wakhe ukuba nawo ayanda kakhulu.

Ezingeni lobuchopho, ucwaningo lubonisa umehluko endleleni izinto ezithile ezisebenza ngayo emzimbeni - ikakhulukazi i-dopamine ne-norepinephrine - ezilawulwa ngayo. Ubufakazi bubonisa umehluko ezinhlelweni ze-dopaminergic ne-noradrenergic, nokuncipha komsebenzi ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu zobuchopho kanye nasemigudwini engaphakathi kobuchopho. Ngamalimi alula, izingxenye zobuchopho ezinomthwalo wemfanelo wokunakwa, ukuhlela, nokulawula ukucindezela zisebenza ngokuhlukile kubantu abane-ADHD.

Kukhona futhi izinto ezithile zemvelo ezingase zibe nendima enkulu. Izimo zengozi zihlanganisa isisindo esiphansi sokuzalwa, ukulimala ekhanda, ukushoda kukahayigeni, nokuchayeka kwabazali kotshwala noma ugwayi ngaphambi kokuzalwa. Kodwa kubalulekile ukucacisa lapha - lezi yizinto ezifaka isandla, hhayi izimbangela zokuvuka. I-ADHD ayibangelwa ububi babazali, isikhathi esiningi sokusebenzisa amakhompyutha, noma ukudla ushukela omningi. Lezo yizindaba eziyiphutha eziye zahlelwa kaningana.

Ingabe i-ADHD Isifo Semqondo?

Lo mbuzo uza kaningi, futhi ufanelwe impendulo eqondile.

I-ADHD ihlukaniswa njengesimo esithinta ukuqubuka kobuchopho kwi-DSM-5. Lokho kuyibeka esigabeni esifanayo nezinye izimo njenge-autism spectrum disorder nezinkinga zokufunda - izimo ezinemikhono ekuqubukeni kobuchopho, hhayi esimweni sokuzizwa noma somoya.

Ingabe isimo sezempilo yengqondo? Ngokwezinga elithile, yebo - ingena ngaphansi kwesigaba esibanzi sezempilo yengqondo. Kodwa ukuyibiza ngokuthi "isifo semqondo" kungaba yiphutha ngoba le nkulumo ithambekele ekubonisaneni izimo njengokudangala noma isizophrenia, ezihlukile kakhulu ngemvelo.

I-ADHD ingaqondakala kangcono njengomehluko ekuxhumaneni kobuchopho. Umphakathi we-neurodivergent uye wavuma le nkulumo, futhi iyanda nasezindaweni zokwelapha. Umqondo akuyona ukuthi ubuchopho obune-ADHD buphukile - kungenxa yokuthi bungasebenza ngokuhlukile. Buyicubungula ulwazi ngokuhlukile. Buyabela ekugqugquzeleni nasekubuyiseni ngokuhlukile. Futhi ezimweni eziningi, buza buza namandla angempela kanye nezinselelo.

Noma kunjalo, akukho kulokhu okusho ukuthi i-ADHD kufanele ithathwe kancane. I-ADHD ibhekwa njengesimo esingapheli esaziwa ukuthi sithinta impumelelo yemfundo neyobuchwepheshe, ubudlelwano nabanye, kanye nokusebenza kwansuku zonke. Uma ingalawulwa, ingaholela ezinkingeni zangempela - hhayi ngenxa yokuthi umuntu akazami, kodwa ngenxa yezidingo zempilo ezansuku zonke ezakhelwe ubuchopho obuhlukile.

Ingabe i-ADHD IngesoLemikhono ye-Autism?

Lokhu kungenye yezindawo ezivame kakhulu zokudideka. Futhi impendulo emfushane ngukuthi cha - i-ADHD akuyona ifomu le-autism. Izimo ezihlukile ezinezimiso ezihlukile zokuhlonza.

Kodwa lapha yilokho abantu abadidekayo: zingabonakala zifana phezulu. Bobabili bangafaka phakathi ubunzima ngezimpawu zomphakathi, inkinga yokusebenza kwezingqondo, ukuzwela ngokwezinguquko zokuzwa, kanye nezinselelo ezilawulweni zezinzwa. Uma ubheka kuphela izenzo zangaphandle, kungaba nzima ukuzihlukanisa ngezinye izikhathi.

Umehluko obalulekile ungaphakathi kwalokho isimo ngasinye esithinta kakhulu. I-ADHD igxile ekulawulweni kokunakwa nasekulawulweni kokucindezela. I-Autism kakhulu ihlanganisa umehluko ekuxhumaneni komphakathi kanye nezinhlobo zezimilo noma izithakazelo.

Manje, lapha kubalulekile: ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi phakathi kuka-30% no-50% wezingane ezine-autistic zingase zibonise izimpawu ezibalulekile ze-ADHD. Lezi zimo ezimbili zihlangana ngezilinganiso eziphakeme kakhulu. I-DSM-5 yasusa ukuklanywa okwamanje okwakuvimbela ukuhlonzwa kabili, ukuvuma ukuthi zombili zingaba khona kumuntu ofanayo.

Ngakho-ke umuntu angaba yi-autistic futhi abe ne-ADHD. Kodwa ukuba nomunye akusho ukuthi unezomunye. Bahlanganyela ezinye izici ezifanayo kanye nezinye izici zomzwa, kodwa bahlala bengamasimo ahlukene afuna ukuqondwa ngokwabo.

I-ADHD Igeleza Emindenini - Futhi Lokho Kubalulekile Ukwazi

Sikhulume ngemizwa ngaphambili, kodwa kubalulekile ukuhlala lapha isikhashana ngoba kubalulekile ngokwempumelelo.

Uma ufunda lokhu futhi ucabanga "lokhu kufana nami," kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi une umndeni ongatshela okufanayo. Izifundo zokutholwa zibonisa ukuthi izimo zomndeni ku-ADHD zibangelwa izinto zomzwa kunokuba zibe nendawo eyodwa. Ngamanye amazwi, akusho ukuthi izingane zifunda izimilo ze-ADHD kubazali bazo - kodwa ukuthi ubuchopho obufanayo budluliselwa.

Lokhu kufanele ngezizathu ezimbili. Okokuqala, kwenza izinto zijwayelekile. I-ADHD akuyona iphutha lomuntu. Iyifa, njengoba imibala emnyama noma izinwele ezijikijolo ziyifa. Okwesibili, kunezici ezisebenzayo emindenini. Uma ingane ihlonzwe, akukona okungavamile ukuthi umzali aqonde - ngezinye izikhathi okokuqala - ukuthi uye waphila ne-ADHD engahlolwanga impilo yakhe yonke. Ucwaningo lwamuva luthola ukuthi cishe u-14% wabantu abadala bangase bangahlolwanga, futhi abesifazane kungenzeka bangahlolwanga kunezingane.

Isiphetho

Uma ufunda konke lokhu futhi wazithola uvuma kakhulu kunokulindela, lokho kubalulekile ukukubheka. I-ADHD iyahlolwa kakhulu, iyaboniswa kabanzi, futhi ilawulwa kahle ngosizo olufanele - kungakhathalekile ukuthi ngamasu okuziphatha, imithi, ukwelashwa, noma inhlanganisela ethile.

Ukuqonda ukuthi kwenzakalani ebuchopho bakho akulona igama. Kuyisiqalo.

Ukuqonda i-ADHD kuqala ngokwazi ukuthi umi kuphi - zama leli thuluzi elisheshayo lokuhlola i-ADHD mahhala futhi ubone ukuthi imiphumela yakho ithi kanjani.