Ukuthi yini i-Acute Myelogenous Leukemia? Izimpawu, Izimbangela, & Ukwelashwa

I-Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) uhlobo lomdlavuza wegazi olukhula ngokushesha lapho u-marrow wakho wamathambo ukhiqiza amaseli amaningi egazi amhlophe angavamile. La maseli angalungile agcwalisa amaseli egazi aphilile, okwenza kube nzima emzimbeni wakho ukulwa nokutheleleka, ukuthwala i-oksijini, nokumisa ukuphuza igazi kahle.

Nakuba lokhu kuqagelwa kungase kuzwakale kukhulu, ukuqonda ukuthi kwenzekani emzimbeni wakho nokwazi izinketho zakho zokwelashwa kungakusiza uzizwe ulungile. I-AML ithonya abantu bazo zonke izinsuku, nakuba ivame kakhulu kubantu abadala abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-60. Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi ukwelashwa kuye kwaqhubeka kakhulu, futhi abantu abaningi abane-AML bangazuza ukukhululeka ngokunakekelwa okufanele.

Ukuthi yini i-Acute Myelogenous Leukemia?

I-AML iqala ku-marrow wakho wamathambo, ithishu ebushelelezi ngaphakathi kwamathambo akho lapho amaseli egazi enziwa khona. Ngokuvamile, u-marrow wakho wamathambo ukhiqiza amaseli egazi amhlophe aphilile asiza ekulweni nokutheleleka. Ku-AML, kukhona okuphosakele kule nqubo, futhi u-marrow wakho wamathambo uqala ukwenza amaseli egazi amhlophe angavamile abizwa ngokuthi ama-blasts.

La maseli e-blast awasebenzi kahle futhi azala ngokushesha. Athatha isikhala okufanele sisetshenziswe amaseli egazi aphilile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umzimba wakho awukwazi ukwenza amaseli egazi abomvu aphilile, amaseli egazi amhlophe, noma ama-platelets.

Igama elithi "acute" lisho ukuthi isifo siqhubeka ngokushesha, ngokuvamile phakathi namasonto noma izinyanga. Lokhu kuhlukile ku-leukemia ehlala isikhathi eside, ekhula kancane kancane eminyakeni eminingi. Ukuqhubeka okusheshayo kusho ukuthi i-AML idinga ukunakekelwa ngokushesha kwezokwelapha nokwelashwa.

Ziyini izimpawu ze-Acute Myelogenous Leukemia?

Izimpawu ze-AML zikhula ngoba umzimba wakho awunawo amaseli egazi aphilile ngokwanele ukusebenza kahle. Ungase uqaphele ukuthi uzizwa ukhathele noma ubuthakathaka, ngisho nalapho ukhululekile. Abantu abaningi nabo bahlushwa ukutheleleka okuvamile okubonakala kuhlala noma kuqhubeka buphinde.

Nazi izimpawu eziyinhloko ongazihlangabezana nazo:

• Ukuqeda amandla nobuthakathaka obukhulu obungaphuli ngokuphumula
• Ukutheleleka okuvamile, isifo, noma izimpawu ezifana ne-influenza
• Ukuqhuma noma ukuphuza igazi kalula, kufaka phakathi ukuphuza igazi ekhaleni noma emazinyweni
• Ukuthukuthela umoya ngesikhathi semisebenzi evamile
• Ukukhanya kwesikhumba noma ukuzizwa ubandayo
• Ukulahlekelwa isisindo okungachazwanga
• Ubuhlungu emathanjeni noma ezinhlangothini
• Ama-lymph nodes ahlungekile entanyeni, ezingalweni, noma e-groin

Abanye abantu nabo baqaphela amabala amancane, abomvu esikhuneni sabo abizwa ngokuthi ama-petechiae. La mabala amancane empeleni yiziphepho ezincane ngaphansi kwesikhumba futhi zenzeka ngoba awunawo ama-platelets ngokwanele ukusiza igazi lakho liqine kahle.

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi lezi zimpawu zingabangelwa izimo eziningi ezahlukene, hhayi i-AML kuphela. Noma kunjalo, uma uhlushwa izimpawu eziningi zalezi, ikakhulukazi uma ziya ziba zimbi, kufanele ukhulume nodokotela wakho.

Ziyini izinhlobo ze-Acute Myelogenous Leukemia?

I-AML ayisiye isifo esisodwa kodwa empeleni ihlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene ngokusekelwe ekutheni uhlobo luni lweselula legazi oluthintekile nokuthi amaseli omdlavuza abonakala kanjani ngaphansi komkhiqizo. Udokotela wakho uzokunquma uhlobo lwakho oluthile ngokuhlola okuningiliziwe, okusiza ukuqondisa uhlelo lwakho lokwelashwa.

Indlela evamile kakhulu abagcini be-AML abayihlola ngayo iwumqondo we-World Health Organization (WHO). Lo mqondo ubuka izinguquko ze-genetic kumaseli omdlavuza futhi uhlukanisa i-AML zibe izigaba ezinkulu ezimbalwa. Ezinye izinhlobo zinezinguquko ze-genetic ezithile, kanti ezinye zihambisana nokwelashwa komdlavuza wangaphambili noma izifo zegazi.

Omunye umqondo wokuhlola obizwa ngokuthi i-French-American-British (FAB) uhlukanisa i-AML zibe izinhlobo ezisishiyagalombili ezibhalwe nge-M0 kuya ku-M7. Uhlobo ngalunye lubonisa izigaba ezahlukene zokukhula kweselula legazi lapho umdlavuza uqala khona. Uhlobo lwakho oluthile lusisiza iqembu lakho lezokwelapha likhethe indlela yokwelapha ephumelelayo kakhulu esimweni sakho.

Yini ebangela i-Acute Myelogenous Leukemia?

Ezimweni eziningi, odokotela abakwazi ukukhomba ngokuqondile ukuthi yini ebangela ukuthuthukiswa kwe-AML. Lesi sifo senzeka lapho kwenzeka izinguquko ze-DNA kumaseli e-marrow amathambo, okubenza bakhule futhi bazale ngokungavamile. Lezi zinguquko ze-DNA ngokuvamile zenzeka ngokungahleliwe phakathi nokuphila komuntu kunokuba zidluliselwe kubazali.

Kodwa-ke, izinto eziningi zingandisa ingozi yakho yokuthuthukisa lezi zinguquko ze-DNA:

• Ukwelashwa komdlavuza wangaphambili nge-chemotherapy noma ukwelashwa ngomgogodla
• Ukuvezwa amazinga aphezulu womgogodla
• Ukuvezwa isikhathi eside ezinto ezithile ezikhemikhali ezifana ne-benzene
• Ukubhema imikhiqizo yotshwala
• Izifo ezithile zegazi ezifana ne-myelodysplastic syndrome
• Izimo ezithile ze-genetic ezifana ne-Down syndrome

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi ukuba nobungozi obungaphezu kwesinye akusikho ukuthi uzokuthuthukisa i-AML. Abantu abaningi abanobungozi abazutholi i-leukemia, kanti abanye abangenazo izimbangela ezaziwayo bayithuthukisa lesi sifo. Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwe-genetics kanye nendawo kubucayi futhi kusafundwa ochwepheshe.

Ezimweni ezingavamile, i-AML ingahlotshaniswa nezimo ze-genetic ezidluliselwe. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kubalwa kuphela ingxenye encane yezimo. Abantu abaningi abane-AML abanawo umlando womndeni wesifo.

Nini okufanele ubona udokotela nge-Acute Myelogenous Leukemia?

Kufanele uxhumane nodokotela wakho uma uhlushwa izimpawu eziqhubekayo ezikukhathazayo, ikakhulukazi uma zithinta impilo yakho yansuku zonke. Ungalindi izimpawu zibe zimbi ngaphambi kokufuna ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha.

Shaya udokotela wakho ngokushesha uma uqaphela ukukhathala okungavamile okungaphuli ngokuphumula, ukutheleleka okuvamile, noma ukuqhuma nokuphuza igazi kalula. Lezi zimpawu zingabonisa inkinga ngamaseli akho egazi edinga ukuhlolwa.

Funani ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha ngokushesha uma uthuthukisa izimpawu ezinkulu ezifana nokuqhuma isifo, ukuphefumula okunzima, ukuphuza igazi okukhulu okungapheli, noma ubuhlungu esifubeni. Lokhu kungaba izimpawu zezinkinga ezinkulu ezidinga ukunakekelwa okusheshayo.

Khumbula ukuthi ukutholakala kwesikhathi esisheshayo nokwelashwa kwe-AML kungenza umehluko omkhulu eziphumeleni. Udokotela wakho angenza ukuhlolwa okulula kwegazi ukuhlola inani lamaseli akho egazi nokunquma ukuthi kukhona yini ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe okudingekayo.

Ziyini izimbangela zengozi ze-Acute Myelogenous Leukemia?

Ukuqonda izimbangela zengozi kungakusiza wenze izinqumo ezilwemi ngempilo yakho, nakuba kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ukuba nezimbangela zengozi akusho ukuthi uzokuthuthukisa i-AML. Abantu abaningi abanezinto eziningi zengozi abazutholi i-leukemia, kanti abanye abangenazo izimbangela zengozi ezibonakalayo bayithuthukisa.

Ubudala yimbangela enkulu yengozi, i-AML iba yinto evamile njengoba abantu bekhula. Iminyaka yobudala yokuqagelwa isuka eminyakeni engama-68. Kodwa-ke, i-AML ingenzeka kunoma iyiphi iminyaka, kufaka phakathi ezinganeni nasebasha.

Nazi izimbangela eziyinhloko zengozi ezingandisa amathuba akho okuthuthukisa i-AML:

• Ukuba owesilisa (ingozi encane kunabesifazane)
• Ukwelashwa komdlavuza wangaphambili ngezidakamizwa ezithile ze-chemotherapy noma umgogodla
• Umlando wezifo zegazi ezifana ne-myelodysplastic syndrome noma i-myelofibrosis
• Izifo ze-genetic ezifana ne-Down syndrome noma i-Fanconi anemia
• Ukuvezwa isikhathi eside ku-benzene noma ezinye izinto ezikhemikhali zezimboni
• Ukubhema isigarethi
• Ukuvezwa umgogodla ophezulu

Ezinye izimo ze-genetic ezingavamile zingandisa ingozi ye-AML. Lokhu kuhlanganisa i-Li-Fraumeni syndrome, i-neurofibromatosis, kanye nezinye izimo ezidluliselwe ze-bone marrow failure. Uma unomlando womndeni walezi zimo, ukwelulekwa kwe-genetic kungase kube usizo.

Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi ezinye izimbangela zengozi, njengokubhema, zingashintshwa ngokushintsha indlela yokuphila. Nakuba ungakwazi ukushintsha izinto ezifana nobudala noma i-genetics, ukuqonda lokho ongakukwazi ukukulawula kungakusiza unciphise ingozi yakho yonke yomdlavuza.

Ziyini izinkinga ezingase zenzeke nge-Acute Myelogenous Leukemia?

Izinkinga ze-AML zenzeka ngoba lesi sifo sithinta ikhono lomzimba wakho lokukhiqiza amaseli egazi aphilile. Ukuqonda lezi zinkinga ezingase zenzeke kungakusiza uqaphele izimpawu zezexwayiso futhi ufunani ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha ngokushesha uma kudingeka.

Izinkinga ezivamile kakhulu zivela ekutheni awunawo amaseli egazi aphilile ngokwanele ohlelweni lwakho. Inani eliphansi lamaseli egazi abomvu lingabangela i-anemia ebuhlungu, okwenza uzizwe ukhathele kakhulu futhi uthukuthele umoya. Inani eliphansi lama-platelets likhuphula ingozi yakho yokuphuza igazi okukhulu, kanti inani eliphansi lamaseli egazi amhlophe likwenza ube sengozini yokutheleleka okubulalayo.

Nazi izinkinga eziyinhloko ongazihlangabezana nazo:

• Ukutheleleka okukhulu okungaba yingozi ebulalayo
• Ukuphuza igazi okukhulu, kufaka phakathi ukuphuza igazi ngaphakathi
• I-anemia ebuhlungu ebangela izinkinga zenhliziyo
• I-tumor lysis syndrome evela ekwelapheni
• I-graft-versus-host disease ngemuva kokufakwa kwe-bone marrow
• Umdlavuza wesibili evela ekwelapheni
• Ukonakala kwamalungu evela kumaseli e-leukemia

Ezinye izinkinga zingase zikhule ngisho nalapho kukhona ukwelashwa. I-chemotherapy, nakuba idingeka ukulwa nomdlavuza, ingenza inani lamaseli egazi libe liphansi ngokwesikhashana, ikhuphula ingozi yokutheleleka nokuphuza igazi. Iqembu lakho lezokwelapha lizokunakekela eduze futhi lithathe izinyathelo zokuvimbela nokuphatha lezi zinkinga.

Inkinga engavamile ebizwa ngokuthi i-tumor lysis syndrome yenzeka lapho ukwelashwa kubulala amaseli omdlavuza ngokushesha kangangokuthi izinkulungwane zakho azikwazi ukucubungula imikhiqizo yokuqothula. Nakuba kuyinkinga enkulu, le nkinga ingavikelwa ngokunisela okufanele kanye nezinambuzane.

Ukuthi yini ukwelashwa kwe-Acute Myelogenous Leukemia?

Ukuphathwa kwe-AML ngokuvamile kwenzeka ezigabeni ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukwelashwa kokufaka ukufeza ukukhululeka nokwenza ukwelashwa ukuvimbela umdlavuza ukuba ungabuyeli. Umgomo wokwelashwa kokufaka ukubulala amaseli omdlavuza amaningi ngangokunokwenzeka nokubuyisela ukukhiqizwa kwamaseli egazi aphilile.

I-chemotherapy yiyona ukwelashwa okuyinhloko kwabantu abaningi abane-AML. Uzothola ukuxuba kwezidakamizwa ezenzelwe ukuqondisa amaseli omdlavuza ngenkathi ugcina amaseli aphilile amaningi ngangokunokwenzeka. Ukwelashwa ngokuvamile kudinga ukuhlala esibhedlela amasonto amaningana ngenkathi umzimba wakho uya uphulukana namaseli egazi aphilile akhula.

Uhlelo lwakho lokwelashwa luzokwenziwa ngokwezimo zakho ezithile, kufaka phakathi:

• I-chemotherapy ehlala isikhathi eside (ngokuvamile izinsuku eziyi-7-10)
• I-chemotherapy yokwenza ukuba ungabuyeli ukuvimbela ukubuyela
• Ukufakwa kwamaseli eselula ku-stem kwabanye abantu
• Izinambuzane zokwelapha ezithile ze-genetic mutations
• Ukukhathalela okuhambisana nokusetshenziswa kwe-antibiotics kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwegazi
• Izivivinyo zezokwelapha zokwelashwa okusha

Kwabanye abantu, ikakhulukazi labo abanezinguquko ezithile ze-genetic kumaseli abo omdlavuza, izinambuzane zokwelapha eziqondiswe zingangezwa ku-chemotherapy evamile. Lezi zidakamizwa zisebenza ngokuhlukile kunokwelashwa okuvamile kwe-chemotherapy ngokuqondisa amaprotheni athile asiza amaseli omdlavuza akhule.

Ukufakwa kwamaseli eselula ku-stem kungase kunconywe uma uphilile ngokwanele futhi une-donor efanelekile. Lokhu ukwelashwa okukhulu kuthatha indawo ye-marrow yakho yamathambo ngamaseli aphilile eselula ku-stem evela ku-donor, kukunikeza ithuba elihle kakhulu lokukhululeka isikhathi eside.

Ukuthi ungaphatha kanjani ukunakekelwa ekhaya ngesikhathi sokwelashwa kwe-Acute Myelogenous Leukemia?

Ukuphatha ukwelashwa kwe-AML ekhaya kudinga ukunakekelwa okucophelelayo ekuvinjelweni kokutheleleka nokuphathwa kwezinto eziphuthumayo. Isistimu yakho yokulwa nezifo izoba buthakathaka ngesikhathi sokwelashwa, okwenza ube sengozini yokutheleleka okungaba yingozi noma okubulalayo.

Ukuvimbela ukutheleleka kuba yinto yakho ebaluleke kakhulu. Geza izandla zakho njalo ngesepha namanzi, ikakhulukazi ngaphambi kokudla nangemva kokusebenzisa igumbi lokugezela. Gwema izixuku nabantu abagulayo, futhi cabanga ngokugqoka i-mask ezindaweni zomphakathi lapho udokotela wakho ekuncoma khona.

Nazi izindlela zokunakekelwa ekhaya ezibalulekile:

• Thatha ubushushu bakho nsuku zonke bese ubika ama-fevers ngokushesha
• Dla ukudla okuphephile ugweme ukudla okungaphekwe kahle noma okungaphekwe
• Hlala unisela ngamanzi amaningi ahlanzekile
• Thola ukuphumula okwanele nokulala
• Thatha zonke izidakamizwa ngokuqondile njengoba kunqunyiwe
• Gcina zonke iziqukathi zezokwelapha
• Hlola izimpawu zokuphuza igazi noma ukutheleleka

Ukuphatha ukukhathala kubalulekile futhi ekuphulukiseni kwakho. Hlela imisebenzi ngezikhathi lapho uzizwa unemandla kakhulu, ngokuvamile ekuqaleni kosuku. Unganqikazi ukucela usizo emindenini nabangane bakho emisebenzini yansuku zonke njengokuthenga izimpahla, ukupheka, noma ukuhlanza.

Gcina i-thermometer eseduze bese uhlola ubushushu bakho uma uzizwa ungaphili kahle. Xhumana neqembu lakho lezokwelapha ngokushesha uma uthuthukisa isifo, njengoba lokhu kungase kubonise ukutheleleka okukhulu okudingayo ukwelashwa okusheshayo.

Ukuthi kufanele ulungiselele kanjani iziqukathi zakho zokubona udokotela?

Ukulungiselela iziqukathi zakho zokubona udokotela kungakusiza wenze kakhulu isikhathi sakho sokuhlangana ndawonye futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi uthola izimpendulo zemibuzo yakho ebaluleke kakhulu. Bhala phansi imibuzo yakho ngaphambi kwesikhathi, njengoba kulula ukuyiwukhohlwa lapho uzizwa ukhathazekile noma ukhulu.

Letha uhlu oluphelele lwezidakamizwa zonke ozithathayo, kufaka phakathi izidakamizwa ezingaphezu kokuthengwa, amavithamini, kanye nezinhlanganisela. Futhi, buthana nanoma yimaphi amarekhodi ezokwelapha evela kwabanye odokotela, ikakhulukazi imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwegazi yakamuva noma izifundo zokuhlola.

Cabanga ngokuletha ilungu lomndeni omethembayo noma umngani eziqukathi. Bangakusiza ukukhumbula ulwazi olubalulekile, ubuze imibuzo ongaziwukhohlwa, futhi unikeze ukwesekwa ngokomzwelo ngesikhathi sokubonisana okuyinselele.

Lungiselela imibuzo ethile ngesimo sakho, izinketho zokwelashwa, nokuthi yini okulindelekile. Ungakhathazeki ngokubuza imibuzo eminingi kakhulu – iqembu lakho lezokwelapha lifuna ukukusiza uqonde isimo sakho futhi uzizwe ukhululekile ngohlelo lwakho lokunakekelwa.

Yini eyinhloko nge-Acute Myelogenous Leukemia?

Into ebaluleke kakhulu okumele uyiqonde nge-AML ukuthi nakuba kuyisimo esinzima esidinga ukwelashwa okusheshayo, abantu abaningi bafinyelela ekukhululekeni futhi baqhubeka bephila impilo egcwele. Ukwelashwa kuye kwaqhubeka kakhulu eminyakeni eminingi edlule, kunikeza ithemba nethemba lokukhululeka.

Ukutholakala kwesikhathi esisheshayo nokwelashwa okusheshayo kwenza umehluko omkhulu eziphumeleni. Uma uhlushwa izimpawu ezikukhathazayo, unganqikazi ukufuna ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha. Iqembu lakho lezokwelapha linolwazi namathuluzi okuqagela i-AML ngokuqondile nokwenza uhlelo lokwelashwa oluhambisana nezidingo zakho ezithile.

Khumbula ukuthi ukuba ne-AML akusho ukuthi uyini, futhi awuwedwa kule ndlela. Ukusekelwa emindenini, abangane, nabachwepheshe bezokwelapha kungenza umehluko omkhulu endleleni ohlangabezana ngayo nokwelashwa nokuphulukana. Gxila ekuthatheni izinto usuku ngosuku futhi ugubhe izinqoba ezincane endleleni.

Imibuzo evamile mayelana ne-Acute Myelogenous Leukemia

Ingabe i-AML idluliselwa?

Izimo eziningi ze-AML azidluliselwa kubazali. Ingxenye encane kuphela yezimo ze-AML ezihlotshaniswa nezimo ze-genetic ezidluliselwe. Iningi labantu abane-AML abanawo umlando womndeni wesifo, futhi ukuba ne-AML akwandisi kakhulu ingozi yabantwana bakho noma amalungu omndeni.

Ukuphathwa kwe-AML kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani?

Ukuphathwa kwe-AML ngokuvamile kuthatha izinyanga eziningi ukuqedela. Ukwelashwa kokufaka ngokuvamile kuthatha amasonto angu-4-6, okulandelelwa ukwelashwa kokwenza ukuba ungabuyeli okungaqhubeka izinyanga eziningi. Isikhathi esiqondile siyancika ekutheni uphendula kanjani ekwelapheni nokuthi udinga yini ukwelashwa okwengeziwe njengokufakwa kwamaseli eselula ku-stem.

Ungasebenza yini ngesikhathi sokwelashwa kwe-AML?

Abantu abaningi abakwazi ukusebenza ngesikhathi sokwelashwa okukhulu kwe-AML ngenxa yezidingo zokungeniswa esibhedlela kanye nezinto eziphuthumayo. Kodwa-ke, abanye abantu bangase bakwazi ukusebenza isikhathi esingaphansi noma ekhaya ngezigaba ezithile zokwelashwa. Xoxa ngesimo sakho somsebenzi neqembu lakho lezokwelapha ukuze unqume ukuthi yini ephephile futhi efanele izimo zakho ezithile.

Iyini izinga lokuphila nge-AML?

Izinga lokuphila nge-AML liyahluka kakhulu ngokusekelwe ezintweni ezifana nobudala, impilo yonke, kanye nezici ezithile ze-genetic yomdlavuza. Abantu abasebasha ngokuvamile banemiphumela emihle, ngezinga lokuphila kweminyaka emihlanu elikhulu kusuka ku-35-40%. Kodwa-ke, imiphumela yomuntu ngamunye ingaba ngcono kakhulu noma imbi kakhulu kunalezi zibalo, futhi ukwelashwa okusha kuqhubeka nokwenza imiphumela ibe ngcono.

Ingabe i-AML ingabuya ngemuva kokwelashwa?

Yebo, i-AML ingabuya ngemuva kokwelashwa, okuyikho okuthiwa ukubuyela. Kungakho ukwelashwa kokwenza ukuba ungabuyeli nokunakekelwa okuqhubekayo isikhathi eside kubaluleke kangaka. Iqembu lakho lezokwelapha lizokunakekela eduze ngokuhlola kwegazi okuvamile kanye nokuhlolwa ukuze lithole noma yiziphi izimpawu zesifo esiphendukayo ngokushesha, lapho silashwa khona kalula.