Bronchiolitis

Emaphashweni akho, izindlela ezinkulu zomoya, ezibizwa ngokuthi i-bronchi, zihlukaniswa zibe izindlela ezincane nezincane. Izindlela ezincane kakhulu zomoya, ezibizwa ngokuthi i-bronchioles, ziholela ezikhwameni ezincane zomoya ezibizwa ngokuthi i-alveoli.

I-Bronchiolitis iyisifo esivamile sehlombe kubantwana abancane nezingane. Ibangele ukukhula nokuvuvukala kanye nokuqongelela kwe-mucus ezindleleni ezincane zomoya yephlobo. Lezi zindlela ezincane zomoya zibizwa ngokuthi i-bronchioles. I-Bronchiolitis cishe ibonakala nge-virus.

I-Bronchiolitis iqala ngezimpawu ezifana ne-cold evamile. Kodwa-ke iyaba sibi, ibangele ukukhokha umsindo ophakeme wokukhala lapho kuphefumula khona okuthiwa yi-wheezing. Ngezinye izikhathi abantwana baba nezinkinga zokuphefumula. Izimpawu ze-bronchiolitis zingagcina amasonto angu-1 kuya kwangu-2 kepha ngezinye izikhathi zingagcina isikhathi eside.

Abantwana abaningi bayaphila ngokunakekelwa ekhaya. Inani elincane lababantwana lidinga ukuhlala esibhedlela.

Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa zokuqala, izimpawu ze-bronchiolitis zifana kakhulu ne-cold: Ikhala.Ikhala.Ukuhlanza.Ngezinye izikhathi ubushushu obuncane.Kamuva, ingane yakho ingase ibe neviki noma ngaphezulu yokusebenza nzima kunokujwayelekile ukuze iphefumule, okungafaka phakathi ukuhlabana.Izingane eziningi ezine-bronchiolitis zine-infection yendlebe ebizwa nge-otitis media.Uma izimpawu ziqala ukuba zimbi, shayela umhlinzeki wezempilo yengane yakho.Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu uma ingane yakho ineminyaka engaphansi kweviki eziyi-12 ubudala noma inezingozi ze-bronchiolitis - isibonelo, ukuzalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, okuthiwa futhi i-premature, noma ukuba nesimo senhliziyo.Thola ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha ngokushesha uma ingane yakho inezimpawu ezilandelayo: Inekhala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma elimnyama, izindebe nezinzipho ngenxa yezinga eliphansi loketshezi.Ihluleka ukuphefumula futhi ayikwazi ukukhuluma noma ukukhala.Iyenqaba ukuphapha, noma iphefumula ngokushesha kakhulu ukudla noma ukuphuza.Iphefumula ngokushesha kakhulu - kubantwana abasebancane lokhu kungaba ngaphezulu kwezi-60 zeziphumu ngomzuzu - ngokuphuma okufushane, okunzima.Ayikwazi ukuphefumula kalula futhi ama-ribs abonakala ehudula ngaphakathi lapho iphefumula.Yenza imisindo yokuhlanza lapho iphefumula.Yenza imisindo yokudumaza ngokuphuma ngakunye.Ibonakala ihamba kancane, ibuthakathaka noma ikhathele kakhulu.

Uma izimpawu ziqala ukuba nzima, shayela udokotela womntanakho. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu uma umntanakho eneminyaka engaphansi kwezingu-12, noma unezinye izinto ezingase zimenze abe ne-bronchiolitis — umzekelo, ukuba wazalwa ekuseni kakhulu, okubizwa nangokuthi ukuba eselokhu engakabi yisikhathi, noma ukuba unemiba yenhliziyo. Thola usizo lokuthiwa ngokushesha uma umntanakho enezimpawu ezilandelayo:

• Unambala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma olugrey esihlathini, ezindebeni nasezinzwini ngenxa yamanqanaba aphansi oksijini.
• Uhlupheka ukuphefumula futhi akanakukhuluma noma ukukhala.
• Uyenqaba ukuphuza okwanele, noma uphefumula ngokushesha kakhulu ukudla noma ukuphuza.
• Uphefumula ngokushesha kakhulu — kubantwana abasebancane lokhu kungaba ngaphezu kwezi-60 zeziphumu ngomzuzu — ngokuphuma okufushane, okungajulile.
• Akanakuphefumula kalula futhi iziphapho zibonakala zidonsa ngaphakathi lapho uphefumula.
• Wenza imisindo yokuchema lapho uphefumula.
• Wenza imisindo yokugquma ngokuphuma ngakunye.
• Ubonakala ehamba kancane, ebuthakathaka noma ekhathele kakhulu.

I-Bronchiolitis kwenzeka lapho i-virus iphethe ama-bronchioles, okuyizindlela ezincane kakhulu zomoya emaphaphweni. Ukutheleleka kwenza ama-bronchioles abe bukhulu futhi athukuthele. U-mucus uqoqwa kulezi zindlela zomoya, okwenza kube nzima ukugeleza komoya ngokukhululekile kuya naphakathi kwamaphaphu.

I-Bronchiolitis ivame ukubangelwa yi-respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). I-RSV iwumkhuhlane ovamile othelela cishe wonke umntwana eminyakeni emi-2 ubudala. Ukuqhuma kokutheleleka kwe-RSV kuvamise ukwenzeka ezinyangeni zasebusika zonyaka kwezinye izindawo noma isizini yemvula kwezinye. Umuntu angayithola ngaphezu kwesikhathi esisodwa. I-Bronchiolitis ingabangelwa namanye ama-virus, kuhlanganise nalawa abangela isifo sikagciwane noma i-common cold.

Ama-virus abangela i-bronchiolitis asakazeka kalula. Ungawathola ngamaconsi emoyeni lapho othile ogulayo ekhwehlela, ethikameza noma ekhuluma. Ungawathola futhi ngokuthinta izinto ezihlanganyelwe — njengezitsha, izinkinobho zezingadi, izitawula noma amathoyizi — bese uthinta amehlo akho, khala noma umlomo.

I-Bronchiolitis ihlala ithinta izingane ezineminyaka engaphansi kwengu-2. Izingane ezineminyaka engaphansi kwezinyanga ezintathu zinethuba elikhulu lokubamba i-bronchiolitis ngoba amaphaphu azo nekhono labo lokulwa nokutheleleka akakabi aqinile. Ngokungavamile, abantu abadala bangathola i-bronchiolitis.

Ezinye izinto ezenza izingane ezincane nezingane ezisencane zibe sengozini enkulu ye-bronchiolitis zifaka phakathi:

• Ukuzalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
• Ukuba nesimo senhliziyo noma samaphupha.
• Ukuba nesistimu yokukhulisa ebuthakathaka. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ukulwa nokutheleleka.
• Ukuba eduze nokutshaya utshaba.
• Ukuxhumana nezingane eziningi, njengendawo yokunakekelwa kwengane.
• Ukuchitha isikhathi ezindaweni ezikhulu.
• Ukuba nabafowabo noma odadewabo abaya esikoleni noma bathola izinsizakalo zokunakekelwa kwengane futhi lethe ukutheleleka ekhaya.

Izinkinga ze-bronchiolitis eqatha zingafaka:

• Ukungena okuncane komoya emzimbeni.
• Ukuphazamiseka kokuphefumula, okungenzeka kakhulu kubantwana abazalwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi kanye nabantwana abaneminyaka engaphansi kwezinyanga ezimbili.
• Ukungakwazi ukuphuza amanzi anele. Lokhu kungabangela ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni, lapho kulahlekile khona amanzi emzimbeni amaningi.
• Ukungakwazi ukuthola inani elifanele lokuphefumula. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ukwehluleka kokuphefumula.

Uma kukhona lokhu okwenzeka, ingane yakho ingase idinge ukuba esibhedlela. Ukwehluleka kokuphefumula okukhulu kungadingeka ukuthi kube khona ummese oqondiswe emphefumulweni. Lokhu kusiza ingane yakho ukuba iphefumule kuze kube yilapho ukutheleleka kuphulukile.

Ngenxa yokuthi ama-virus abangela i-bronchiolitis asakazeka kubantu, enye yezindlela ezinhle kakhulu zokuvimbela ukutheleleka ukuba ugeze izandla zakho njalo. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ngaphambi kokuthinta ingane yakho uma une-cold, isifo sikagciwane noma ezinye izifo ezingasakazeka. Uma unezinye zalezi zifo, gqoka i-face mask. Uma ingane yakho ine-bronchiolitis, yigcine ekhaya kuze kube yilapho isifo siphelile ukuze ugweme ukusakaza kwabanye. Ukuze usize ukuvimbela ukutheleleka:

• Khawukhawuleli ukuxhumana nabantu abane-fever noma i-cold. Uma ingane yakho isengane, ikakhulukazi ingane ezelwe ibingakabi yikhathi, gwema ukuba eduze kwabantu abane-cold. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ezinyangeni ezimbili zokuqala zokuphila.
• Hlanza futhi ukhanyise izinto ezingcolile. Hlanza futhi ukhanyise izinto nezinto abantu abazithinta njalo, njengezinto zokudlala nezikhulu zezinyango. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu uma ilungu lomndeni ligula.
• Geza izandla njalo. Geza izandla zakho njalo nezengane yakho. Geza ngensipho namanzi okungenani imizuzwana engama-20. Gcina i-hand sanitizer esekelwe e-alcohol eduze ukuze uyisebenzise uma ungekhaya. Qiniseka ukuthi inama-60% e-alcohol.
• Vala ukukhokha nokuphefumula. Valela umlomo wakho nekhala nge-tissue. Phonsa i-tissue. Bese ugeza izandla. Uma isipho namanzi kungatholakali, sebenzisa i-hand sanitizer. Uma ungenayo i-tissue, khokha noma uphefumule ehlombe lakho, hhayi ezandleni.
• **Sebenzisa iglasi lakho lokupha. ** Ungabelani iziglasi nabanye, ikakhulukazi uma othile emndenini wakho egula.
• Bhebhe, uma kungenzeka. Ukutheleleka kwe-respiratory kuncane kubantwana abanyesayo. ENyakatho Melika, i-respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) iyona nto evamile ebangela i-bronchiolitis ne-pneumonia kubantwana abaneminyaka engaphansi konyaka. Izindlela ezimbili zokugomela zingasiza ukuvimbela izingane ezincane ekutholeni i-RSV eqinile. Zombili ziyalelekile yi-American Academy of Pediatrics, i-American Academy of Family Physicians, i-American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, nabanye. Wena nodokotela wakho kufanele nixoxe ukuthi iyiphi indlela engcono kakhulu yokuvimbela ingane yakho:
• Imikhiqizo ye-antibody ebizwa nge-nirsevimab (Beyfortus). Lo mkhiqizo we-antibody uyisibhamu esisodwa esinikezwa ngenyanga ngaphambi noma ngesikhathi se-RSV season. Kuyizinsana ezisanda kuzalwa nalabo abaneminyaka engaphansi kwemi-8 ezalwa ngesikhathi noma ngaphambi kwesizini yabo yokuqala ye-RSV. E-U.S., i-RSV season ivame ukuba yiNovemba kuya kuMashi, kodwa iyahluka eFlorida, e-Alaska, eHawaii, ePuerto Rico, eGuam nakwezinye izindawo zase-U.S. zasePacific Island.
• I-Nirsevimab kufanele futhi inikezwe kubantwana abaneminyaka engama-8 kuya kwengu-19 abanengozi enkulu yesifo se-RSV esiqinile ngesizini yabo yesibili ye-RSV. Isimo esingozi enkulu sifaka:

• Abantwana abanesifo esiqinile se-lung sokuphila ngenxa yokuzalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi (prematurely).
• Abantwana abanesistimu yokulwa nezifo ebuthakathaka kakhulu.
• Abantwana abane-cystic fibrosis eqinile.
• Abantwana base-American Indian noma base-Alaska Native.

• Abantwana abanesifo esiqinile se-lung sokuphila ngenxa yokuzalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi (prematurely).
• Abantwana abanesistimu yokulwa nezifo ebuthakathaka kakhulu.
• Abantwana abane-cystic fibrosis eqinile.
• Abantwana base-American Indian noma base-Alaska Native.
• Isifo sokugoma kubantu abakhulelwe. I-FDA yamukela isifo sokugoma se-RSV esibizwa nge-Abrysvo kubantu abakhulelwe ukuvimbela i-RSV kubantwana kusukela ekuzalweni kuya ezinyangeni eziyisi-6. Isibawo esisodwa se-Abrysvo singanikwa ngesikhathi esithile kusukela evikini lama-32 kuya kuma-36 okukhulelwa phakathi kukaSepthemba kuya kuJanuwari e-U.S. I-Abrysvo ayinconyelwe izingane noma abantwana.
• Abantwana abanesifo esiqinile se-lung sokuphila ngenxa yokuzalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi (prematurely).
• Abantwana abanesistimu yokulwa nezifo ebuthakathaka kakhulu.
• Abantwana abane-cystic fibrosis eqinile.
• Abantwana base-American Indian noma base-Alaska Native. Ezimeni ezingavamile, uma i-nirsevimab ayitholakali noma ingane ingafanelekele, omunye umkhiqizo we-antibody obizwa nge-palivizumab unganikwa. Kodwa i-palivizumab idinga izibhamu zenyanga zonke ezinikezwa ngesikhathi se-RSV season, kuyilapho i-nirsevimab iyisibhamu esisodwa kuphela. I-Palivizumab ayinconyelwe izingane ezempilo noma abantu abadala. Amanye ama-virus angabangela i-bronchiolitis futhi. Lokhu kufaka i-COVID-19 ne-influenza noma i-flu. Ukuthola i-COVID-19 yonyaka ne-flu shots unyaka ngamunye kunconywa kubo bonke abantu abadala abaneminyaka engaphezu kwemi-6.

Umhlinzeki wezempilo yengane yakho uvamise ukwazi ukuxilonga i-bronchiolitis ngezimpawu nokulalela amaphaphu engane yakho nge-stethoscope.

Izivivinyo nama-X-ray avamile ukudingeka ukuze kuxilongwe i-bronchiolitis. Kodwa umhlinzeki wezingane zakho angase acebise izivivinyo uma ingane yakho isengozini ye-bronchiolitis eqatha, uma izimpawu ziya ziba zimbi noma uma umhlinzeki ecabanga ukuthi kungenzeka kube khona enye inkinga.

Izivivinyo zingafaka:

• I-X-ray yesifuba. I-X-ray yesifuba ingabonisa ukuthi kukhona izimpawu ze-pneumonia.
• Ukuhlolwa kwe-viral. Isibonelo se-mucus ekhaleni lengane yakho singasetshenziswa ukuhlola i-virus ebangela i-bronchiolitis. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa i-swab efakeka kancane ekhaleni.
• Izivivinyo zegazi. Ngezinye izikhathi, izivivinyo zegazi zingasetshenziswa ukuhlola inani le-white blood cell lengane yakho. Ukwanda kwe-white blood cells kuvame ukuba yisibonakaliso sokuthi umzimba ulwa nokutheleleka. Uvivinyo lwegazi lungabonisa futhi uma amazinga oksijini egazini lengane yakho aphansi.

Umhlinzeki wezingane zakho angase afune izimpawu zokuphelelwa amanzi, ikakhulukazi uma ingane yakho iye yala ukuphapha noma ukudla noma iye yasuka. Izimpawu zokuphelelwa amanzi zihlanganisa umlomo owomile nokhumba, ukukhathala okukhulu, nokwenza kancane noma kungekho manzi.

I-Bronchiolitis ihlala ihlala amasonto angu-1 kuya kwangu-2, kodwa izimpawu ngezinye izikhathi zihlala isikhathi eside. Abantwana abaningi abane-bronchiolitis bangakunakekelwa ekhaya ngezindlela zokunethezeka. Kubalulekile ukuba ulalele izinkinga zokuphefumula eziya ziya ziba zimbi. Isibonelo, ukuhlupheka ngaso sonke isiphefumulo, ukungakwazi ukukhuluma noma ukukhala ngenxa yokulwa nokuphefumula, noma ukwenza imisindo yokubhonga ngaso sonke isiphefumulo. Ngenxa yokuthi ama-virus abangela i-bronchiolitis, ama-antibiotic — asetshenziswa ekwelapheni ukutheleleka okubangelwa yibhaktheriya — awasebenzi ngokumelene nama-virus. Ukutheleleka ngamabhaktheriya njenge-pneumonia noma ukutheleleka kwezinye zendlebe kungahle kwenzeke kanye ne-bronchiolitis. Kulesi simo, umhlinzeki wezempilo yengane yakho anganika i-antibiotic yokutheleleka ngamabhaktheriya. Imithi ebizwa ngokuthi yi-bronchodilators evula izindlela zokuphefumula ayibonakali ikusiza i-bronchiolitis, ngakho-ke ngokuvamile ayinikiwe. Ezimweni ezinzima, umhlinzeki wezempilo yengane yakho angazama ukwelashwa kwe-albuterol okuhlanganisiwe ukubona ukuthi kusiza yini. Ngalesi sikhathi sokwelashwa, umshini udala umusi omncane wemithi engane yakho ephefumula emaphaphweni. Imithi ye-corticosteroid yomlomo nokugqolozela esifubeni ukuqeda ukhulu, ukwelashwa okuthiwa yi-physiotherapy yesifuba, akuzange kubonakale kusebenza nge-bronchiolitis futhi ayinconywa. Ukukhathalelwa esibhedlela Inani elincane lezingane lingadinga ukuhlala esibhedlela. Ingane yakho ingathola i-oksijini ngomaskhi wobuso ukuze ithole i-oksijeni eyanele egazini. Ingane yakho ingathola futhi izinto ezinwetshiwe nge-vein ukuvimbela ukuphelelwa amanzi. Ezimweni ezinzima, i-tube ingaqondiswa emphefumulweni ukuze isize ukuphefumula. Cela i-aphoyintimenti