Apraxia Yekukhuluma Yabantwana

Ukuqina kokukhuluma kwabantwana (CAS) kuyisifo esingavamile sokukhuluma. Abantwana abanesifo lesi banenkinga yokulawula izindebe, ama-jaw kanye nolimi lapho bekhuluma.

Ku-CAS, ubuchopho bunenkinga yokuhlela ukunyakaza kokukhuluma. Ubuchopho abukwazi ukuqondisa kahle ukunyakaza okudingekayo kokukhuluma. Imisipha yokukhuluma ayibuthakathaka, kodwa imisipha ayenzi amagama ngendlela efanele.

Ukuze kukhulume kahle, ubuchopho kufanele benze izinhlelo ezitshela imisipha yokukhuluma ukuthi iyawunyakaza kanjani izindebe, i-jaw kanye nolimi. Ukunyakaza kuvame ukubangela imisindo negama echanile elikhulunywe ngesivinini nesilinganiso esifanele. I-CAS ithonya le nqubo.

I-CAS ivame ukwelashwa ngokuqeqeshwa kokukhuluma. Phakathi kokwelashwa kokukhuluma, isazi sokukhuluma siqeqesha ingane ukuba iziqeqeshe indlela efanele yokusho amagama, izigaba namabinzana.

Abantwana abanephroblemu yokukhuluma i-apraxia yobudwana (CAS) bangaba nezimpawu ezahlukene zokukhuluma. Izimpawu ziyahlukahluka kuye ngokweminyaka yomntwana nobunzima bezinkinga zokukhuluma.

I-CAS ingabangela:

• Ukukhuluma kancane noma ukwenza imisindo emincane yokukhuluma kunokujwayelekile phakathi kweminyaka engu-7 kuya kwengu-12.
• Ukukhuluma amazwi okuqala sekwephuzile, ngokuvamile ngemuva kweminyaka engu-12 kuya kwengu-18 ubudala.
• Ukusebenzisa inani elincane le-consonants ne-vowels.
• Ukuhlala ushiya imisindo lapho ukhuluma.
• Ukusebenzisa inkulumo okunzima ukuyiqonda.

Lezi zimpawu ngokuvamile ziqale ziqapheleke phakathi kweminyaka engu-18 inyanga kuya kweminyaka engu-2. Izimpawu kule minyaka zingabonisa i-CAS ecingelwayo. I-CAS ecingelwayo isho ukuthi umntwana angaba naleli phroblemu lokukhuluma. Ukuthuthukiswa kokukhuluma komntwana kufanele kulandelelwe ukuze kubonwe ukuthi ukwelashwa kufanele kuqale yini.

Abantwana ngokuvamile bakhiqiza inkulumo eminingi phakathi kweminyaka engu-2 nengu-4. Izimpawu ezingabonisa i-CAS zihlanganisa:

• Ukuphambuka kwe-vowels ne-consonants.
• Ukumiswa phakathi kwama-syllables noma amazwi.
• Iphutha lokukhuluma, njengokuthi "pie" izwakale njenge "bye."

Abantwana abaningi abanephroblemu ye-CAS banenkinga yokufaka ama-jaws, izindebe nemihlathi yabo ezindaweni ezifanele ukuze benze umsindo. Bangaba nenkinga yokunyakaza ngokukhululekile emsindwini olandelayo.

Abantwana abaningi abanephroblemu ye-CAS banenkinga yolwimi, njengokuncane kwegama noma inkinga ngokuhlelelwa kwamagama.

Ezinye izimpawu zingaba ezihlukile kubantwana abanephroblemu ye-CAS, okusiza ekwenzeni ukuxilongwa. Noma kunjalo, ezinye izimpawu ze-CAS nazo yizimpawu zezinye izinhlobo zezinkinga zokukhuluma noma lolwimi. Kunzima ukuxilonga i-CAS uma umntwana enezimpawu kuphela ezitholakala kokubili ku-CAS nakwezinye izifo.

Ezinye izici, ezibizwa ngezinye izikhathi ngokuthi ama-markers, zisiza ekuhlukaniseni i-CAS kwezinye izinhlobo zezinkinga zokukhuluma. Lezo ezihlobene ne-CAS zihlanganisa:

• Inkinga yokunyakaza ngokukhululekile kusuka emsindwini, i-syllable noma igama eliya kwelinye.
• Ukunyakaza okuhluphekayo nge-jaw, izindebe noma ulimi ukuzama ukwenza ukunyakaza okulungile kwemisindo yokukhuluma.
• Ukuphambuka kwe-vowels, njengokuzama ukusebenzisa i-vowel efanele kepha uyisho ngokungalungile.
• Ukusebenzisa ukugcizelela okungalungile egameni, njengokuthi "banana" njenge "BUH-nan-uh" esikhundleni se "buh-NAN-uh."
• Ukusebenzisa ukugcizelela okulinganayo kuwo wonke ama-syllables, njengokuthi "BUH-NAN-UH."
• Ukuhlukaniswa kwama-syllables, njengokubeka ukumiswa noma isikhala phakathi kwama-syllables.
• Ukungalingani, njengokwenza amaphutha ahlukene lapho uzama ukusho igama elifanayo okwesibili.
• Ukuba nenkinga yokulingisa amazwi alula.
• Iphutha lokukhuluma, njengokusho "down" esikhundleni se "town."

Ezinye izinkinga zomculo wokukhuluma zivame ukudideka ne-CAS ngoba ezinye izimpawu zingafana. Lezi zinkinga zomculo wokukhuluma zihlanganisa izinkinga zokukhuluma, izinkinga ze-phonological ne-dysarthria.

Umntwana onenkinga yokukhuluma noma ye-phonological unenkinga yokufunda ukwenza nokusebenzisa imisindo ethile. Ngokungafani ne-CAS, umntwana akanenkinga yokuhlela noma ukuqondanisa ukunyakaza ukukhuluma. Izinkinga zokukhuluma ne-phonological ziyavame kakhulu kunesi-CAS.

Amaphutha okukhuluma e-articulation noma e-phonological angafaka:

• Ukushintsha imisindo. Umntwana angase asho "fum" esikhundleni se "thumb," "wabbit" esikhundleni se "rabbit" noma "tup" esikhundleni se "cup."
• Ukushiya ama-consonants okugcina. Umntwana onenkinga ye-CAS angase asho "duh" esikhundleni se "duck" noma "uh" esikhundleni se "up."
• Ukumisa umoya. Umntwana angase asho "tun" esikhundleni se "sun" noma "doo" esikhundleni se "zoo."
• Ukwenza lula ukuhlanganiswa kwemisindo. Umntwana angase asho "ting" esikhundleni se "string" noma "fog" esikhundleni se "frog."

I-Dysarthria yinkinga yokukhuluma eyenzeka ngoba imisipha yokukhuluma ibuthakathaka. Ukwenza imisindo yokukhuluma kunzima ngoba imisipha yokukhuluma ayikwazi ukunyakaza kakhulu, ngokushesha noma ngamandla njengoba kwenza ngesikhathi sokukhuluma okujwayelekile. Abantu abanephroblemu ye-dysarthria bangaba nengqondo ehluphekayo, ebuthakathaka noma ecindezelekile. Noma bangaba nenkulumo ehluphekayo noma ehamba kancane.

I-Dysarthria ngokuvamile kulula ukuyibona kunesi-CAS. Noma kunjalo, lapho i-dysarthria ibangelwa ukulimala kwezindawo zobuchopho eziqondanisa, kungaba nzima ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwe-CAS ne-dysarthria.

Ukuhluleka kokukhuluma kwabantwana (CAS) kunozimbangela ezininingi ezingase zibe khona. Kodwa-ke, ngokuvamile imbangela ayikwazi ukunqunywa. Ngokuvamile akukho inkinga ebonakalayo ebuchosheni bomntwana onale CAS.

Kodwa-ke, i-CAS ingumphumela wezimo zebuchosha noma ukulimala. Lokhu kungafaka phakathi isithombe, ukutheleleka noma ukulimala kobuchopho.

i-CAS ingase ivela njengophawu lokuhlupheka okuvela ngokufuywayo, i-syndrom noma isimo somzimba.

i-CAS ngezinye izikhathi ibhekwa njengokungakhulumi kahle okuthuthukayo. Kodwa abantwana abane-CAS abenzi amaphutha okuzwakala okuthuthukayo okuvamile futhi abakulimi i-CAS. Lokhu akufani nabantwana abanesikhathi sokulibaziseka kokukhuluma noma izinkinga zokuthuthuka abavame ukulandela izindlela zokuthuthuka kokukhuluma nokuzwakala kodwa ngesivinini esiphasi kunokujwayelekile.

Ukushintsha kwe-gene FOXP2 kubonakala sengathi kukhuphula ingozi yokuphazamiseka kokukhuluma kwabantwana (CAS) nezinye izinkinga zokukhuluma nolimi. I-gene FOXP2 ingase ihileleke ekuthuthukiseni kwamanye amithambo nezinzila ebuchosheni. Abacwaningi baqhubeka becwaninga ukuthi ukushintsha kwe-gene FOXP2 kungathinta kanjani ukuxhumanisa komzimba nokucubungula kokukhuluma nolimi ebuchosheni. Amanye ama-gene nawo angase athinte ukuthuthuka kokukhuluma komzimba.

Abantwana abaningi abane-childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) banezinye izinkinga eziphazamisa ikhono labo lokuthuthukisa. Lezi zinkinga azibangelwa yi-CAS, kodwa zingabonakala kanye ne-CAS.

Izimpawu noma izinkinga ezivame ukubonakala kanye ne-CAS zihlanganisa:

• Ukubambezeleka kokukhuluma. Lokhu kungafaka nobunzima bokuqonda inkulumo, isichazamazwi esincane, noma ukungasebenzisi grammar efanele uma uhlanganisa amagama esigabeni noma esigwebeni.
• Ukubambezeleka ekuthuthukiseni ingqondo kanye nomzimba kanye nezingqinamba zokufunda, ukubhala kanye nokubhala.
• Ubunzima ngamakhono okunyakaza komzimba omkhulu kanye nowomzimba omncane noma ukuxhumanisa.
• Ubunzima bokusebenzisa ukuxhumana ekuhlanganyeleni komphakathi.

Ukuxilongwa nokuphathwa kwengxaki yokukhuluma yabantwana (Childhood Apraxia of Speech) ekuqaleni kunganciphisa ingozi yokuba le ngxaki ihlale ixesha elide. Ukuba umntwana wakho uneengxaki zokukhuluma, cela iqakambiso lochwephesha lokukhuluma kwelwimi ukuba ahlole umntwana wakho ngokukhawuleza uqaphela nayiphi na ingxaki yokukhuluma.

Ukuhlola isimo sengane yakho, isazi sokukhuluma nelimi libuyekeza izimpawu zengane yakho kanye nomlando wayo wezokwelapha. Isazi sokukhuluma nelimi liphinde lenze ukuhlolwa kwemisipha esetshenziswa ekukhulumeni, futhi libheke ukuthi ingane yakho ikhiqiza kanjani imisindo yokukhuluma, amazwi namabinzana.

Isazi sokukhuluma nelimi lengane yakho singahlola futhi amakhono olimi lengane yakho, kufaka phakathi isichazamazwi, ukwakheka kwemisho kanye nekhono lokuqonda inkulumo.

Ukuxilongwa kwe-CAS akuqali ngokuhlolwa okulodwa noma ukubona. Ukuxilongwa kwenziwa ngokusekelwe esiqondisweni sezinkinga ezibonwayo. Izivivinyo ezithile ezenziwayo ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kuncike ebudaleni bengane yakho, ikhono lokubambisana kanye nobunzima benkinga yokukhuluma.

Ngezinye izikhathi kungaba nzima ukuxilonga i-CAS, ikakhulukazi uma ingane ikhuluma kancane kakhulu noma inenkinga yokuxhumana nesazi sokukhuluma nelimi.

Nokho, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi ingane yakho ibonisa yini izimpawu ze-CAS ngoba i-CAS iphathwa ngendlela ehlukile kunamanye ukuphazamiseka kokukhuluma. Isazi sokukhuluma nelimi lengane yakho singakwazi ukuthola indlela engcono kakhulu yokwelapha ingane yakho ngisho noma ukuxilongwa kungaqinisekile ekuqaleni.

Izivivinyo zingafaka:

• Izivivinyo zokuzwa. Udokotela wakho angase ayekele izivivinyo zokuzwa ukuze aqonde ukuthi izinkinga zokuzwa zingase zibe nomthelela ezinkingeni zokukhuluma zengane yakho.

• Ukuhlolwa kokukhuluma. Ikhono lengane yakho lokwenza imisindo, amazwi namagama angase abhekwe ngesikhathi sokudlala noma ezinye imisebenzi.

  Ingane yakho ingase icelwe ukuba ibizwe izithombe. Lokhu kuvumela isazi sokukhuluma nelimi ukuthi sihlole ukuthi ingane yakho inenkinga yokwenza imisindo ethile noma ukukhuluma amazwi athile noma izigaba.

  Isazi sokukhuluma nelimi lengane yakho singahlola futhi ukubambisana nokulula kokunyakaza ekukhulumeni. Ingane yakho ingase icelwe ukuba iphindaphinda izigaba ezifana ne "pa-ta-ka" noma ikhulume amazwi afana ne "buttercup."

  Uma ingane yakho ingakhuluma imisho, isazi sokukhuluma nelimi sibheka izingoma nezingqikithi zenkulumo yengane yakho. Izingoma nezingqikithi zizwakala endleleni ingane yakho ebekela ngayo ukucindezela ezigabeni namazwini.

  Isazi sokukhuluma nelimi lengane yakho singasiza ingane yakho ngokunikeza izinkomba, njengokukhuluma igama noma umsindo kancane noma ukunikeza izinkomba zokuthinta ebusweni.

Isazi sokukhuluma nelimi lengane yakho sizobheka indlela ingane yakho ehambisa ngayo izindebe, olulimi nomlomo emisebenzini efana nokuphefumula, ukuhleka nokuqabula.

Ukuhlolwa kokukhuluma. Ikhono lengane yakho lokwenza imisindo, amazwi namagama angase abhekwe ngesikhathi sokudlala noma ezinye imisebenzi.

Ingane yakho ingase icelwe ukuba ibizwe izithombe. Lokhu kuvumela isazi sokukhuluma nelimi ukuthi sihlole ukuthi ingane yakho inenkinga yokwenza imisindo ethile noma ukukhuluma amazwi athile noma izigaba.

Isazi sokukhuluma nelimi lengane yakho singahlola futhi ukubambisana nokulula kokunyakaza ekukhulumeni. Ingane yakho ingase icelwe ukuba iphindaphinda izigaba ezifana ne "pa-ta-ka" noma ikhulume amazwi afana ne "buttercup."

Uma ingane yakho ingakhuluma imisho, isazi sokukhuluma nelimi sibheka izingoma nezingqikithi zenkulumo yengane yakho. Izingoma nezingqikithi zizwakala endleleni ingane yakho ebekela ngayo ukucindezela ezigabeni namazwini.

Isazi sokukhuluma nelimi lengane yakho singasiza ingane yakho ngokunikeza izinkomba, njengokukhuluma igama noma umsindo kancane noma ukunikeza izinkomba zokuthinta ebusweni.

Uvivinyo lokwelashwa kokukhuluma ukuze kubonwe ukuthi ingane yakho iphendula kanjani ekwelapheni le-CAS kungasiza isazi sokukhuluma nelimi ukuqinisekisa i-CAS.

Abantwana abanawo ukungakhulumi kahle okuvela ebuntwaneni (CAS), abakuli mali, kodwa ukwelashwa kokukhuluma kungabasiza ukuba benze intuthuko enkulu. Ochwepheshe bokukhuluma nolwimi bangase baphathe i-CAS ngezindlela eziningi zokwelapha. Ukwelashwa kokukhuluma Uchwepheshe wokukhuluma nolwimi lomntanakho ngokuvamile uhlinzeka ngokwelashwa okugxile ekuqeqeshweni kwama-syllable, amazwi nezaga. Kuye ngokwanda kwezinkinga zokukhuluma, umntanakho angase adinge ukwelashwa kokukhuluma izikhathi eziyi-3 kuya kwezi-5 ngesonto. Njengoba umntanakho ephucuka, inani lezikhathi zokwelashwa kokukhuluma masonto onke lingase linciphise. Abantwana abanawo i-CAS ngokuvamile bayazuza ekwelapheni komuntu siqu. Ukwelashwa komuntu siqu kuvumela umntanakho ukuba abe nesikhathi esiningi sokuqeqesha ukukhuluma ngesikhathi seseshini ngayinye. Kubalulekile ukuthi abantwana abanawo i-CAS bathole ukuqeqeshwa okuningi kokusho amazwi nezaga ngesikhathi seseshini ngayinye yokwelashwa kokukhuluma. Kuthatha isikhathi nokuqeqeshwa ukufunda ukuthi ungasho kanjani amazwi nezaga ngendlela efanele. Ngenxa yokuthi abantwana abanawo i-CAS banenkinga yokuhlela ukunyakaza kokukhuluma, ukwelashwa kokukhuluma kuvame ukugxila ekuqapheleni komntanakho umsindo nokubukeka kokunyakaza kokukhuluma. Ochwepheshe bokukhuluma nolwimi bangase basebenzise izinhlobo ezahlukene zezimpawu ekwelapheni kokukhuluma. Isibonelo, uchwepheshe wokukhuluma nolwimi lomntanakho angase acele umntanakho ukuba alalele ngokucophelela. Umntanakho angase futhi acelwe ukuba abuke umlomo wochwepheshe wokukhuluma nolwimi usenza igama noma isaga. Uchwepheshe wokukhuluma nolwimi lomntanakho angase futhi athinte ubuso bomntanakho njengoba umntanakho enza imisindo ethile noma ama-syllable. Isibonelo, uchwepheshe wokukhuluma nolwimi angase asize ukuqala izindebe zomntanakho ukusho "oo." Akukho ndlela yokwelapha kokukhuluma eyodwa eboniswe ukuthi iyona ephumelela kakhulu ekwelapheni i-CAS. Kodwa amanye amasu abalulekile okwelapha kokukhuluma kwe-CAS afaka: Ukuqeqeshwa kokukhuluma. Uchwepheshe wokukhuluma nolwimi lomntanakho angase acele umntanakho ukuba asho amazwi noma izaga izikhathi eziningi ngesikhathi seseshini yokwelapha. Ukuzivocavoca komsindo nokunyakaza. Umntanakho angase acelwe ukuba alalele uchwepheshe wokukhuluma nolwimi futhi abuke umlomo wochwepheshe wokukhuluma nolwimi ngenkathi ekhuluma igama noma isaga. Ngokubuka umlomo wochwepheshe wokukhuluma nolwimi, umntanakho ubona ukunyakaza okuhambisana nemisindo. Ukuqeqeshwa kokukhuluma. Umntanakho cishe uzoqeqeshwa ama-syllable, amazwi noma izaga, kunokuba kube yimimindo ehlukene. Abantwana abanawo i-CAS badinga ukuqeqeshwa kokwenza ukunyakaza kusuka omunye umsindo kuya komunye. Ukuqeqeshwa kwama-vowel. Abantwana abanawo i-CAS bavame ukuguqula imisindo yama-vowel. Uchwepheshe wokukhuluma nolwimi angase akhethe amazwi omntanakho okuzoqeqeshwa anama-vowel ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zama-syllable. Isibonelo, umntanakho angase acelwe ukuba asho "hi," "mine" nokuthi "bite." Noma umntanakho angase acelwe ukuba asho "out," "down" nokuthi "house." Ukufunda okuqondiswe. Kuye ngokukhulu kokuphazamiseka kokukhuluma komntanakho, uchwepheshe wokukhuluma nolwimi angase asebenzise iqembu elincane lamazwi okuqeqeshwa ekuqaleni. Inani lamazwi okuqeqeshwa cishe lizokhuphuka kancane njengoba umntanakho ephucuka. Ukuqeqeshwa kokukhuluma ekhaya Ukuqeqeshwa kokukhuluma kubaluleke kakhulu. Uchwepheshe wokukhuluma nolwimi lomntanakho angase akukhuthaze ukuba uhileleke ekuqeqeshweni kokukhuluma komntanakho ekhaya. Uchwepheshe wokukhuluma nolwimi angase akunike amazwi nezaga okuzoqeqeshwa nawo umntanakho ekhaya. Iseshini ngayinye yokuqeqeshwa ekhaya ingaba mfushane, njengeminithi emihlanu ubude. Ungase uqeqeshe nomntanakho kabili ngosuku. Abantwana badinga futhi ukuqeqesha amazwi nezaga ezimweni zokuphila kwangempela. Dala izimo zomntanakho ukusho igama noma isaga. Isibonelo, cela umntanakho ukuba asho "Sawubona, Mama" njalo uma umama engena ekamelweni. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ngomntanakho ukusho amazwi okuqeqeshwa ngokuzenzakalelayo. Izindlela zokuxhumana ezihlukile Uma umntanakho engeke akwazi ukuxhumana kahle ngokukhuluma, ezinye izindlela zokuxhumana zingasiza. Ezinye izindlela zingafaka ulimi lokuqagela noma ukunyakaza kwemvelo, njengokukhombisa noma ukubukeka sengathi uya kudla noma uphuza. Isibonelo, umntanakho angase asebenzise izibonakaliso ukucela ikhukhi. Ngezinye izikhathi amadivayisi e-elekthronikhi afana nama-tablet angasiza ekuxhumaneni. Ngokuvamile kubalulekile ukusebenzisa izindlela zokuxhumana ezihlukile ekuqaleni. Kungasiza umntanakho ukuba angabi nasiphithiphithi uma ezama ukuxhumana. Kungasiza futhi umntanakho ukuba athuthukise amakhono olulimi njengolwimi kanye nekhono lokufaka amazwi ndawonye ezimisweni. Ukwelashwa kwezinkinga ezihambisana nazo Abantwana abaningi abanawo i-CAS banokulibaziseka ekukhuleni kolwimi lwabo. Bangase badinge ukwelashwa ukuqondisa izinkinga zolwimi. Abantwana abanawo i-CAS abanenkinga yokunyakaza okuhle nokuqondile kwezandla noma imilenze yabo bangase badinge ukwelashwa komzimba noma ukwelashwa komsebenzi. Uma umntwana onayo i-CAS enenye isimo sezokwelapha, ukwelashwa kwaleso simo kungase kube kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukukhuluma komntwana. Izindlela zokwelapha ezingasizi i-CAS Ezinye izindlela zokwelapha azisizi ekuthuthukiseni ukukhuluma kwabantwana abanawo i-CAS. Isibonelo, asikho ubufakazi bokuthi ukuzivocavoca ukuqinisa imisipha yokukhuluma kuzosiza ekuthuthukiseni ukukhuluma kubantwana abanawo i-CAS. Cela i-aphoyintimenti

Kungaba nzima ukuba nezingane ezinobunzima bokuqondana. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zeqembu lokusekela ezikhona kubazali bezingane ezine-childhood apraxia of speech. Amaqembu okusekela angakunika indawo yokuthola abantu abaqonda ukuthi uhamba ngani, futhi abangabelana namava afanayo. Ukuze ufunde ngamaqembu okusekela endaweni yakini, bheka iwebhusayithi ye-Apraxia Kids.