Ubuhlwempu yini? Izimpawu, Izimbangela, Nokwelapha

Ubuhlwempu yigama elihlanganisa izinkinga zokulahleka kwenkumbulo nokucabanga eziphazamisa impilo yansuku zonke. Akuyona isifo esisodwa kodwa yiqembu lezimpawu ezihambisana nezimo ezihlukahlukene eziqeda ukusebenza komqondo.

Cabanga ngebuhlwempu njengesiqubulo esibanzi, njengoba nje igama elithi "isifo senhliziyo" lihlanganisa izimo ezahlukene zenhliziyo. Uhlobo oluvamile kakhulu yi-Alzheimer's disease, kodwa kunezinhlobo eziningi. Nakuba ubuhlwempu buqala kakhulu kubantu abadala, akuyona ingxenye evamile yokuguga.

Ubuhlwempu yini?

Ubuhlwempu buvela lapho amaseli ebuchosheni elimazeka futhi engahlali esakwazi ukuxhumana kahle. Lolu limazeka luqeda inkumbulo, ukucabanga, ukuziphatha, kanye nokwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yansuku zonke.

Lesi simo siqhubeka, okusho ukuthi izimpawu ziyaqhubeka ziyaqina ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kodwa-ke, ijubane kanye nesibonakaliso sokuwohloka kuyahluka kakhulu kumuntu nomuntu. Abanye abantu bangaba nezimpawu ezilula iminyaka, kanti abanye bangabona ukushintsha okusheshayo.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi ubuhlwempu buqeda umuntu ngendlela ehlukile. Nakuba ukulahleka kwenkumbulo kuvame ukuba yisibonakaliso sokuqala esiqaphelekayo, ubuhlwempu bungaqeda nokukhuluma, ukuxazulula izinkinga, ukunaka, kanye nokuqonda okubonwayo.

Ziyini izimpawu zobuhlwempu?

Izimpawu zokuqala zobuhlwempu zingaba zimbi futhi zingase zivele kancane kancane. Ungase uqaphele ukushintsha ekukhumuleni, ukucabangeni, noma ukuziphatheni okudlula ukukhohlwa okuvamile okuhambisana nobudala.

Izibonakaliso zokuqala ezivamile zihlanganisa:

• Ukukhohlwa izingxoxo zakamuva noma izehlakalo ngenkathi ukhumbula izikhumbuzo ezikude ngokucacile
• Ubunzima bokuthola amazwi afanele noma ukulandela izingxoxo
• Ukuphelelwa yindlela ezindaweni ozijwayele noma ukudideka ngesikhathi nemihla
• Ubunzima bokuqondisa izimali noma ukwenza izinqumo
• Ukulahlekelwa izinto ezindaweni ezingavamile
• Ukushintsha kwesimo sengqondo, ubuntu, noma ukuziphatha komphakathi
• Ubunzima bokuqedela imisebenzi ejwayelekile ekhaya noma emsebenzini
• Ikhono elibi lokwahlukanisa noma ukwenza izinqumo

Njengoba ubuhlwempu buqhubeka, izimpawu ziyaqina. Abantu bangase babe nokudideka okukhulu, ubunzima bokuqaphela amalungu omndeni, kanye nezinselele ngemisebenzi yokuzihlangula eyisisekelo. Ukuqhubeka kuyahluka kakhulu phakathi kwabantu, futhi abanye bangase bagcine amakhono athile isikhathi eside kunabanye.

Ziyini izinhlobo zobuhlwempu?

Izimo eziningi ezahlukene zingabangela ubuhlwempu, ngayinye inezici ezahlukene kanye nezindlela zokuqhubeka. Ukuqonda uhlobo kusiza ukuqondisa ukwelashwa nokucwaninga.

Izinhlobo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

• I-Alzheimer's disease: Ihlanganisa ama-60-80% ezimo zobuhlwempu, ibonakala ngokwakheka kwamaprotheni ebuchosheni
• Ubuhlwempu be-vascular: Kubangelwa ukunciphisa kwegazi elikhulayo ebuchosheni, ngokuvamile ngemuva kokushaya kwesifo sohlangothi
• Ubuhlwempu be-Lewy body: Ibonakala ngama-protein deposits okuthiwa yi-Lewy bodies, ngokuvamile ihlanganisa ukubona izinto ezingabonakali
• Ubuhlwempu be-Frontotemporal: Luqeda ingxenye yangaphambili nezinhlangothi zebuchosheni, ngokuvamile luqala ebusheni
• Ubuhlwempu obuhlanganisiwe: Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlobo ezimbili noma ngaphezulu, ngokuvamile i-Alzheimer's ne-vascular

Ezinye izinhlobo ezingavamile zihlanganisa i-Huntington's disease, i-Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, kanye ne-normal pressure hydrocephalus. Uhlobo ngalunye lunama-features ahlukile, nakuba izimpawu zingase zihlangane kakhulu phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene.

Yini ebangela ubuhlwempu?

Ubuhlwempu buvela lapho amaseli ebuchosheni elimazeka noma efa, kuphazamise ukusebenza komqondo okuvamile. Izimbangela eziyisisekelo ziyahluka kuye ngohlobo lobuhlwempu.

Izici eziningi zingase zifake isandla ekubeni amaseli ebuchosheni alimazeke:

• Ukungaqondakali kwamaprotheni: I-Alzheimer's ihlanganisa i-tau tangles nama-amyloid plaques ahlanganisa ukusebenza kwamaseli ebuchosheni
• Izinkinga zezitho zegazi: Ukuphahlazeka kwegazi noma izimo ezingekho kahle eziqeda ukukhulayo kwegazi zingalimaza inyama yomqondo
• Ukuguqulwa kwe-genetic: Ezinye izinhlobo ezingavamile zidluliselwa ngqo, kanti ezinye i-genes zanda ingozi
• Ukulimala komqondo: Ukulimala kwekhanda okukhulu noma okuphindaphindayo kungabangela ubuhlwempu kamuva ekuphileni
• Ukutheleleka: Ama-viruses noma ama-bacteria athile angalimaza inyama yomqondo
• Ukudla okunobuthi: Ukudla isikhathi eside izinto ezinobuthi noma ama-heavy metals

Ezimeni ezingavamile, izimpawu ezifana nezobuhlwempu zingase zibe yimiphumela yezimo ezilaphekayo njengokuntuleka kwe-vitamin, izinkinga ze-thyroid, noma imiphumela yemithi. Yingakho ukuhlolwa komtholampilo kufanele kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze kutholakale ukuxilongwa okuqondile.

Nini okufanele ubone udokotela ngenxa yobuhlwempu?

Kufanele ubone udokotela uma uqaphela izinkinga zokukhumbula eziqhubekayo noma ukushintsha kokucinga okuphazamisa imisebenzi yansuku zonke. Ukuxilongwa ngokushesha kubalulekile ngoba ezinye izimo eziqeda izimpawu ezifana nezobuhlwempu zilapheka.

Funani usizo lokuthola ukwelashwa uma uhlangabezana nalokhu:

• Ukukhohlwa okuphazamisa impilo yansuku zonke noma umsebenzi
• Ubunzima bokuqedela imisebenzi ejwayelekile
• Ukudideka ngesikhathi, indawo, noma abantu
• Izinkinga ngokukhuluma noma ukuxhumana
• Ikhono elibi lokwahlukanisa noma ukwenza izinqumo
• Ukushintsha kwesimo sengqondo noma ubuntu

Ungalindi uma amalungu omndeni noma abangane bekhomba ukukhathazeka ngenkumbulo yakho noma ukucabanga. Ngezinye izikhathi abanye baqaphela ukushintsha ngaphambi kokuba siqaphele thina ngokwethu. Ukuxilongwa ngokushesha kuvumela ukuhlela kangcono nokufinyelela ekwelapheni okungasiza ekuqondiseni izimpawu.

Ziyini izinto ezikhuphula ingozi yobuhlwempu?

Nakuba noma ubani angaba nobuhlwempu, izici ezithile zikhuphula amathuba akho okuba naleli simo. Ezinye izinto ezikhuphula ingozi ungazilawula, kanti ezinye awukwazi.

Izinto ezikhuphula ingozi ongenakuzilawula zihlanganisa:

• Ubudala: Ingozi iyanda kabili cishe yonke iminyaka emihlanu ngemuva kweminyaka engama-65
• I-Genetics: Umlando womndeni kanye nezinye izinhlobo ze-gene zikhuphula ingozi
• Ubulili: Abesifazane banamathuba amaningi okuba ne-Alzheimer's disease
• Uhlanga nobuzwe: Amanye amaqembu anamathuba amaningi ngenxa yezici ze-genetic kanye nezenhlalo

Izinto ezikhuphula ingozi ongazilawula:

• Impilo yomzimba: Ukuphindaphinda kwegazi, isifo sikashukela, kanye nesifo senhliziyo zikhuphula ingozi
• Ukuzivocavoca komzimba: Ukungasebenzi komzimba kuhlanganiswa nengozi enkulu yobuhlwempu
• Ukuhlanganyela komphakathi: Ukuhlala wedwa nokuzizwa uwedwa kungase kukhuphule ukuwohloka komqondo
• Imfundo nokuqeqeshwa komqondo: Amazinga aphansi emfundo ahlanganiswa nengozi enkulu
• Ukuphumula okulala kahle: Izindlela zokulala ezimbi zingase zifake isandla ekushintsheni komqondo
• Ukubhema nokusebenzisa utshwala ngokweqile: Kokubili kungalimaza amaseli ebuchosheni ngokuhamba kwesikhathi

Ukuqondisa izinto ezikhuphula ingozi ongazilawula ngokwenza izinqumo ezinhle zempilo kungasiza ekuqedeni ingozi yakho yonke, nakuba kungakuqinisekisi ukuvimbela, ikakhulukazi izinhlobo ze-genetic zobuhlwempu.

Ziyini izinselele ezingase zivele ngenxa yobuhlwempu?

Ubuhlwempu bungabangela izinselele eziningi ezahlukene njengoba lesi simo siqhubeka. Ukuqonda lezi zinselele zingasiza imindeni ukuba ilungiselele futhi ifune ukunakekelwa okufanele.

Izinselele zomzimba zingase zihlanganise:

• Ukuwa nokulimala: Ukudideka nokungalingani kungakhulisa ingozi yengozi
• Ukondliwa okungalungile: Ukukhohlwa ukudla noma ubunzima bokuginya kungabangela ukwehla kwesisindo
• Ukutheleleka: Ukuhlanzeka okungalungile noma ukushintsha kwesistimu yokulwa nezifo kungakhulisa ingozi yokutheleleka
• Iphutha lemithi: Ukudideka ngemithi kungabangela amaphutha ayingozi
• Ukuhambahamba: Ukuphelelwa yindlela noma ukuhamba ezindaweni ezingaphephile

Izinselele zokuziphatha nezingqondo zihlanganisa ukucindezeleka, ukukhathazeka, ukuthukuthela, kanye nokungalali kahle. Lezi zimpawu zingase zibe buhlungu kokubili kumuntu onebuhlwempu kanye namalungu omndeni wakhe.

Ezinyathelweni eziphambili, izinselele zingase zihlanganise ubunzima bokuginya, ukwanda kokutholakala kwe-pneumonia, kanye nokuqonda ngokuphelele kwabanye ngokunakekelwa kwansuku zonke. Kodwa-ke, abantu abaningi abanebuhlwempu baphila impilo enhle iminyaka ngokusekelwa okufanele nokunakekelwa komtholampilo.

Ubuhlwempu bungavimbeka kanjani?

Nakuba ungakwazi ukugwema ubuhlwempu ngokuphelele, ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi izinqumo ezithile zempilo zingasiza ekuqedeni ingozi yakho noma ukulibazisa ukuqala kwezimpawu.

Imikhuba enempilo yenhliziyo izuzisa ubuchopho bakho:

• Ukuzivocavoca komzimba njalo: Hlose imizuzu engama-150 yemisebenzi ephakathi nsuku zonke
• Ukudla okunempilo: Ukudla kwe-Mediterranean noma i-DASH okunama-fruits, imifino, kanye nenhlanzi
• Ukulawula ukuphahlazeka kwegazi: Gcina amazinga anempilo ngokudla, ukuzivocavoca, kanye nemithi uma kudingeka
• Ukulawula isifo sikashukela: Gcina amazinga eshukela egazini ngaphakathi kwamazinga okuhlosiwe
• Ukulawula i-cholesterol: Lawula amazinga ngokudla kanye nemithi uma kudingeka

Imisebenzi ekhuthaza ubuchopho ingase isize futhi:

• Ukuqhubeka nokufunda nemfundo
• Ukuhlanganyela komphakathi nokugcina ubuhlobo
• Imisebenzi yomqondo ephikisanayo njenge-puzzles noma ukufunda
• Ukufunda amakhono amasha noma izinto ezintsha

Ukuphumula okulala kahle, ukugwema ukubhema, ukulinganisela ukusebenzisa utshwala, kanye nokulawula ukucindezeleka futhi kuhlanganiswa nempilo yomqondo. Nakuba lezi zindlela zingasiza ekuqedeni ingozi, azikuqinisekisi ukuvimbela, ikakhulukazi izinhlobo ze-genetic zobuhlwempu.

Ubuhlwempu buxilongwa kanjani?

Ukuxilongwa kobuhlwempu kuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwabasebenzi bezempilo. Ayikho i-test eyodwa yobuhlwempu, ngakho odokotela basebenzisa izindlela eziningi ukuze bafinyelele ekuxilongweni okuqondile.

Inqubo yokuxilongwa ngokuvamile ihlanganisa:

• Umlando wezokwelapha: Ingxoxo eningiliziwe yezimpawu, umlando womndeni, kanye nemithi
• Ukuhlolwa komzimba: Ukuhlola ezinye izimo zezempilo ezingase zibangele izimpawu
• Ukuhlolwa komqondo: Ukuhlolwa kwenkumbulo, ukuxazulula izinkinga, kanye namakhono okucabanga
• Izivivinyo zegazi: Ukuqeda ukuntuleka kwe-vitamin, izinkinga ze-thyroid, noma ukutheleleka
• Ukuhlolwa kobuchopho: I-CT noma i-MRI scans ukuze kubonwe ukushintsha kwesakhiwo noma ukushaya kwesifo sohlangothi

Ukuhlolwa okukhethekile kungase kuhlanganise ukuhlolwa kwe-neuropsychological, i-PET scans, noma ukuhlaziywa kwe-spinal fluid ezimweni ezithile. Umgomo ukunquma ukuthi ubuhlwempu bukhona yini, uhlobo luni, kanye nokuthi yini ebangelayo.

Ukuthola ukuxilongwa okuqondile kungathatha isikhathi futhi kungase kudinge ukubona ochwepheshe njengoo-neurologists noma o-geriatricians. Ungadangali uma inqubo ibonakala ide - ukuhlolwa okuphelele kuholela ekucwaningweni okungcono.

Yini ukwelashwa kobuhlwempu?

Nakuba njengamanje ayikho indlela yokwelapha izinhlobo eziningi zobuhlwempu, izindlela ezahlukene zokwelapha zingasiza ekuqondiseni izimpawu nokwenza impilo ibe ngcono. Izindlela zokwelapha zigxile ekuqedeni ukuqhubeka nasekuqondiseni izimpawu ezithile.

Imithi yobuhlwempu ingase ihlanganise:

• I-Cholinesterase inhibitors: I-Donepezil, i-rivastigmine, kanye ne-galantamine zingasiza ngenkumbulo nokucabanga
• I-NMDA antagonist: I-Memantine ingasiza ngezimpawu ze-Alzheimer's ezingaphakathi nendawo kuya kwezinkulu
• Izindlela ezintsha zokwelapha: I-Aducanumab ne-lecanemab yizindlela ezintsha ze-Alzheimer's disease yokuqala
• Imithi ehambisana nezimpawu: Imithi yokwelapha ukucindezeleka, imithi yokulala

Izindlela ezingasetshenziswa imithi ziyabaluleka ngokulinganayo:

• Izindlela zansuku zonke ezihleliwe nezindawo ezijwayelekile
• Ukuzivocavoca komzimba njalo nemisebenzi yomphakathi
• Ukuqeqeshwa komqondo nge-puzzles, imidlalo, noma izingxoxo
• I-Music therapy, i-art therapy, noma i-pet therapy
• I-Occupational therapy ukuze kugcinwe amakhono okuphila kwansuku zonke

Izinhlelo zokwelapha kufanele zibe ngezomuntu ngamunye kuye ngohlobo lobuhlwempu, isigaba sokuqhubeka, kanye nezifiso zomuntu. Ukulandelela njalo ngabasebenzi bezempilo kusiza ekuhleni izindlela zokwelapha njengoba izidingo zishintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Indlela yokwelapha ekhaya ngesikhathi sobuhlwempu?

Ukuqondisa ubuhlwempu ekhaya kudinga ukwakha indawo ephephile, enesekelo ngenkathi kugcinwa isithunzi somuntu nokuzimela ngangokunokwenzeka.

Ukwenza izinguquko zokuphepha ekhaya kuhlanganisa:

• Ukususa izinto ezingase zibangele ukuwela njengezigqoko eziqhekekile noma udoti
• Ukufaka ama-grab bars ezihlanzini nokukhanya okuhle kulo lonke ikhaya
• Ukuqinisa izinto ezingase zibe yingozi njengezikhali, amakhemikhali, noma izinkinobho zezimoto
• Ukusebenzisa ama-locks noma ama-alarms emnyango ukuvimbela ukuhambahamba
• Ukubhala amagama egumbi, amakhabethe, kanye nezinto ezibalulekile ngezithombe noma amazwi

Izindlela zokunakekelwa kwansuku zonke ezisiza:

• Ukuqalisa izindlela zansuku zonke ezihlala njalo zokudla, imithi, kanye nemisebenzi
• Ukwephula imisebenzi enzima ibe yizinyathelo ezilula, ezilawuleka
• Ukusebenzisa izibonakaliso zobonakaliso kanye nezikhumbuzo zemisebenzi ebalulekile
• Ukugcina izinto ezijwayelekile nezithombe ezindaweni zokuphila
• Ukwenza amathuba njalo okuzivocavoca komzimba kanye nokuhlanganyela komphakathi

Abanakekeli kufanele baqaphe impilo yabo ngokusebenzisa amaqembu wokusekela, ukunakekelwa okukhulu, nokufuna usizo uma kudingeka. Ukunakekela wena uqobo kukuvumela ukuba unikeze ukunakekelwa okungcono kumuntu omthandayo.

Kufanele ulungiselele kanjani i-appointment yakho yokuya kudokotela?

Ukulungiselela i-appointment yokuya kudokotela ehambisana nobuhlwempu kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uthola okuningi kakhulu kwi-appointment yakho. Ukuletha ulwazi olufanele nemibuzo kungase kuholele ekunakekelweni okungcono.

Ngaphambi kwe-appointment yakho, butha:

• Uhlu oluphelele lwemithi yonke, kuhlanganise nemithi yokuthengwa ngaphandle komthetho kanye nezinye izinto
• Umlando wezokwelapha kuhlanganise nemiphumela yokuhlolwa yangaphambili kanye nokungeniswa esibhedlela
• Inkulumo eningiliziwe yezimpawu, lapho zaqala khona, kanye nendlela eziye zashintsha ngayo
• Uhlu lwezinselele ezithile noma imibuzo ofuna ukuyixazulula
• Amakhadi yomshuwalense nama-documents okuhlonza

Cabanga ukuletha ilungu lomndeni noma umngane oseduze onga:

• Unikeze ulwazi olwengeziwe ngokushintsha okuqaphelwe
• Asize ukukhumbula imininingwane ebalulekile exoxwe ngayo ngesikhathi sokuvakasha
• Anikeze ukusekelwa ngokomzwelo ngesikhathi sezingxoxo ezinzima
• Asize ngokuthutha uma kudingeka

Bhala phansi imibuzo yakho ebaluleke kakhulu ngaphambi kwesikhathi, njengoba ama-appointments angase azizwe ecindezelayo. Unganqikazi ukucela incazelo uma ungaqondi lutho - iqembu lakho lezokwelapha lifuna ukukusiza uqonde isimo sakho ngokuphelele.

Yini okufanele uyikhumbule ngobuhlwempu?

Ubuhlwempu yisimo esinzima esiqeda izigidi zabantu emhlabeni jikelele, kodwa akuyona into okufanele uyibhekane nayo wedwa. Nakuba ukuxilongwa kungase kuzizwe kukucindezela, ukuqonda ubuhlwempu kukusiza ukuba wenze izinqumo ezifanele mayelana nokunakekelwa nokwelashwa.

Khumbula ukuthi ubuhlwempu buqeda wonke umuntu ngendlela ehlukile. Abanye abantu bagcina amakhono abo isikhathi eside kunabanye, futhi abaningi baqhubeka bejabulela ubuhlobo obukhulu nemisebenzi iminyaka eminingi ngemuva kokuxilongwa. Okubalulekile ukugxila kulokho okusekhona kunokuthi yini elahlekile.

Ukuxilongwa ngokushesha nokungenelela kungenza umehluko omkhulu ekuqondiseni izimpawu nasekuhleleni ikusasa. Uma ukhathazekile ngokushintsha kwenkumbulo kuwe noma kumuntu omthandayo, ungalindi ukufuna ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha. Abasebenzi bezempilo banamathuluzi namasu amaningi okusiza abantu abanebuhlwempu ukuba baphile kahle ngangokunokwenzeka.

Ukusekelwa kukhona ngabasebenzi bezempilo, izinhlangano zomphakathi, namaqembu wokusekela. Awudingi ukubhekana nale ndlela wedwa - ukufuna usizo kuyisibonakaliso sobukhulu, hhayi ubuthakathaka.

Imibuzo Evamile Ngobuhlwempu

UMbuzo 1: Ingabe ubuhlwempu bufana ne-Alzheimer's disease?

Cha, ubuhlwempu yigama elihlanganisa izimpawu eziqeda inkumbulo nokucabanga, kanti i-Alzheimer's disease iyimbangela evamile kakhulu yobuhlwempu. Cabanga ngobuhlwempu njengesimpawu kanti i-Alzheimer's njengimbangela eyodwa enokwenzeka, nakuba kunezinhlobo eziningi njengobahlwempu be-vascular ne-Lewy body dementia.

UMbuzo 2: Ingabe abantu abasebasha bangaba nobuhlwempu?

Yebo, nakuba kungavamile, ubuhlwempu bungase buqede abantu abangaphansi kweminyaka engama-65, okuthiwa yi-early-onset noma i-young-onset dementia. Lokhu kuhlanganisa cishe ama-5-10% azo zonke izimo zobuhlwempu. Ubuhlwempu be-Frontotemporal kanye nezinhlobo ze-genetic zivame kakhulu kubantu abasebasha, futhi izimbangela zingase zihluke kulobuhlwempu oluqala kamuva.

UMbuzo 3: Ubuhlwempu buqhubeka ngokushesha kangakanani?

Ukuqhubeka kobuhlwempu kuyahluka kakhulu phakathi kwabantu kanye nezinhlobo. Abanye abantu bahlangabezana nokushintsha kancane kancane eminyakeni eminingi, kanti abanye bangase bawonakale ngokushesha. Izici njengempilo yonke, uhlobo lobuhlwempu, ukufinyelela ekwelapheni, kanye nokusekelwa komphakathi konke kuqeda ijubane lokuqhubeka.

UMbuzo 4: Ingabe abantu abanebuhlwempu bangaphila ngokuzimela?

Abantu abaningi abanebuhlwempu ekuqaleni bangaphila ngokuzimela ngokusekelwa okuthile nokwenza izinguquko zokuphepha. Njengoba lesi simo siqhubeka, ukwanda kwezinga lokusiza kuyadingeka. Okubalulekile ukulinganisa njalo ukuphepha namakhono, ngezinhlelo zokunakekelwa ezilungisiwe ngokufanele.

UMbuzo 5: Ingabe ubuhlwempu budluliselwa emindenini?

Umlando womndeni ungakhulisa ingozi yobuhlwempu, kodwa izimo eziningi azidluliselwa ngqo. Ukuba nomzali noma umfowethu onebuhlwempu kungase kubeke ingozi yakho kabili, kodwa lokhu kusho ukuthi abantu abaningi ngeke babe naleli simo. Izinhlobo ze-genetic ezingavamile kuphela eziqinisekisa ukudluliselwa, ziqeda ngaphansi kwama-5% azo zonke izimo.