Ubukhulu Besihlalo Yini? Izimpawu, Izimbangela, & Ukwelashwa

Ubukhulu besilalo yisimo sezempilo lapho ubude bomuntu omdala bungaphansi kuka-4 feet no-10 inches (147 cm) ngenxa yesizathu sokuzalwa noma sezempilo. Kuthinta cishe umuntu o-1 kuyo yonke i-15,000 kuya ku-40,000 emhlabeni jikelele, okwenza uhambo lwabantu ngabanye lube yinto ehlukile kodwa ingxenye yomphakathi omkhulu.

Abantu abaningi abanebukhulu besilalo baphila impilo egcwele, enempilo futhi bahlanganyela kuzo zonke izici zomphakathi. Nakuba lesi simo siletha izinto ezithile zokucatshangelwa ngokomzimba, asiqondi amandla, ukuhlakanipha, noma amathuba okujabula nokuphumelela komuntu.

Ubukhulu besilalo yini?

Ubukhulu besilalo kubhekisela kubude obufinyelelekile obubangelwa izimo zofuzo, izifo zezokwelapha, noma ukushoda kwe-growth hormone. Uhlobo oluvamile kakhulu yi-achondroplasia, ethinta ukuthuthukiswa kwamathambo ne-cartilage.

Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-400 zobukhulu besilalo, ngayinye inezici zayo. Ezinye zithinta ubude kuphela, kanti ezinye zingase zihlanganise izici ezengeziwe zomzimba noma izinto zokucatshangelwa ngempilo.

Igama elithi \

Abanye abantu bangase babe nezinkinga zokuguquguquka kwamajozi noma ubuhlungu behlombe, ikakhulukazi ngezinhlobo ezithile zokuncane. Kodwa-ke, abantu abaningi abanazo ezinye izimpawu ngaphandle kokuba bafushane.

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi izimpawu zihluka kakhulu phakathi kwabantu, ngisho nangehlobo elifanayo lokuncane. Abanye abantu bangase babe nezici ezilula kakhulu, kanti abanye banezimpawu eziqandayo.

Ziyini izinhlobo zokuncane?

Ukuncane kuwela ezinhlotsheni ezimbili eziyinhloko: okulinganisekile nokungalingani. Uhlobo ngalunye lunezizathu nezimpawu ezahlukene eziqeda ukuthi umzimba ukhula kanjani.

Ukuncane okulinganisekile kusho ukuthi zonke izingxenye zomzimba zincinyane kodwa zilingana ngokulinganayo. Lo mkhuba uvamise ukubangelwa ukushoda kwe-growth hormone noma ezinye izimo zezokwelapha eziqeda ukukhula okujwayelekile.

Ukuncane okungalingani kuhilela ezinye izingxenye zomzimba ezinobubanzi obujwayelekile ngenkathi ezinye zincinyane. Umgogodla ungase ube ngobubanzi obujwayelekile ngenkathi izingalo nezinyawo zifushane, noma ngokuphambene nalokho.

I-Achondroplasia uhlobo oluvamile kunazo zonke, oluthinta cishe u-70% lwabantu abanokuncane. Yiluhlobo lokuncane okungalingani lapho umgogodla evame ukuba ngobubanzi obujwayelekile, kodwa amalungu afushane.

Ezinye izinhlobo zihlanganisa i-hypochondroplasia, i-spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, ne-primordial dwarfism. Ngamunye unezimpawu ezihlukile futhi ungase uhilele izinhlelo zomzimba ezahlukene ngaphandle kokuphakama nje kuphela.

Yini ebangela ukuncane?

Eziningi zezimo zokuncane zivela ekuhlukahlukenini kwe-genetic okuqeda ukukhula kwamathambo ne-cartilage. Lezi zinguquko ze-genetic zingadluliselwa kubazali noma zenzeke ngokungazelelwe phakathi nokuthuthukiswa kwasekuqaleni.

Cishe u-80% lwabantu abane-achondroplasia banabazali abaphezulu, okusho ukuthi uguquko lwe-genetic lwenzeke ngokungazelelwe. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukuncane kungenzeka emndenini noma yimuphi, kungakhathaliseki umlando womndeni.

Izimbangela ezivamile zihlanganisa:

• Ukuguqulwa kwe-jeni okuthinta ukukhula kwamathanga (njengokuguqulwa kwe-jeni le-FGFR3 ku-achondroplasia)
• Ukwehluleka kokukhula kwe-hormone evela ezinkingeni ze-pituitary gland
• I-Turner syndrome (ithinta abesifazane)
• I-Chronic kidney disease phakathi nobuntwana
• Ukondleka okubi kakhulu phakathi nezinkathi zokukhula ezibalulekile

Kwezinye izimo ezingavamile, imithi ethile noma ukukhishwa kweradieysheni ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kungase kuhlanganyele ezinkingeni zokukhula. Noma kunjalo, iningi lezimiso ze-dwarfism livela ezimbangelweni ze-genetic ezivela ngokwemvelo.

Ukuqonda imbangela kusiza odokotela ukuba banikeze ukunakekelwa okuhle futhi kusize imindeni ukwazi ukuthi yini okulindelekile. Ukwelulekwa kwe-genetic kungase kunikeze ukuqonda okuyigugu emindenini ethintekile yizinhlobo ze-dwarfism ezifuywayo.

Nini kufanele ubona udokotela nge-dwarfism?

Kufanele ubone umhlinzeki wezinsizakalo zezempilo uma ukukhula kwengane yakho kubonakala kuhamba kancane kakhulu kunabangane bayo noma kuwela ngaphansi kwamagrafu okukhula ajwayelekile. Ukubheka kusenesikhathi kungasiza ekutholeni noma yiziphi izimo ezingaphansi futhi kuqale ukunakekelwa okufanele.

Ukuhlolwa okujwayelekile kwengane kuvame ukuthola ukukhathazeka kokukhula, kodwa themba izinzwa zakho uma kukhona okubonakala kungavamile. Udokotela wengane yakho uzolandelela izindlela zokukhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okubaluleke kakhulu kunokulinganisa okulodwa.

Funani ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha uma uqaphela:

• Ukukhula okuqhubekayo ngaphansi kwe-3rd percentile kumagrafu okukhula
• Ukuhamba kancane ngokungazelele kwesilinganiso sokukhula
• Izici zomzimba ezibonisa izinhlobo ezithile ze-dwarfism
• Ubunzima bokuqeda umoya noma izinkinga zokulala
• Ukutheleleka kwemilenze okuvamile noma izinkinga zokuzwa
• Ubuhlungu be-back noma izinselele zokunyakaza

Kubantu abadala abane-dwarfism, ukuvakashela okujwayelekile kwezokwelapha kusiza ekuqapheleni izinkinga ezingase zenzeke futhi kugcinwe impilo yonke. Ukwakha ubuhlobo nabaphakeli bezinsizakalo zezempilo abaqondi i-dwarfism kungenza umehluko omkhulu ekulinganisweni lokunakekelwa.

Ziyini izici ezingozi ze-dwarfism?

Imikhakha eminingi yokukhula okuncane kwenzeka ngokungahleliwe, kodwa izinto ezithile zingandisa amathuba okuba nomntwana onokukhula okuncane. Ukuqonda lezi zinto zingasiza imindeni ukuba ithathe izinqumo ezinolwazi mayelana nohlelo lwemfanelo yomndeni.

Ubudala obukhulu babazali buyakwandisa kancane ingozi yokushintsha kwezinto eziphilayo ezingahleliwe okungabangela i-achondroplasia. Noma kunjalo, ingozi iyonke ihlala iphansi kakhulu kuwo wonke amaqembu omndeni.

Izinto ezingozi zihlanganisa:

• Ukuba nomzali oyedwa noma bobabili abanekukhula okuncane (izinhlobo ezifuywayo)
• Ubudala bababa obukhulu (ngaphezulu kweminyaka engu-40)
• Umntwana wangaphambili onokukhula okuncane
• Umbukiso womndeni wokuntuleka kwamahomoni okukhula
• Ezinye izifo zezinto eziphilayo emndenini

Uma bobabili abazali benama-achondroplasia, kunethuba elingu-25% lokuba nomntwana ophezulu, ithuba elingu-50% le-achondroplasia, nethuba elingu-25% lesimo esibi kakhulu esibizwa ngokuthi i-achondroplasia ehlanganisiwe.

Ukuqondisa ngezinto eziphilayo ngaphambi kokukhulelwa kungasiza imindeni ukuthi iqonde izingozi zabo ezithile futhi ithathe izinqumo ezinolwazi. Khumbula ukuthi izinto ezingozi azinaqinisekisi imiphumela, futhi abantwana abaningi abanekukhula okuncane bazalelwa emindenini engenazo izinto ezingozi ezaziwayo.

Ziyini izinhlanganisela ezingaba khona zokukhula okuncane?

Nakuba abantu abaningi abanekukhula okuncane bephila impilo enempilo ngaphandle kwezinkinga ezinkulu, ezinye izinhlobo zingabandakanya ukunakekelwa kwezempilo ezengeziwe. Ukwazi ngezinkinga ezingaba khona kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuqapha okufanele nokungenelela kwangaphambi kwesikhathi uma kudingeka.

Izinhlanganisela ezithile ziyahluka kakhulu ngohlobo lokukhula okuncane, futhi abantu abaningi abanawo noma abanawo ubunzima bezempilo ngaphandle kokuphakama kwabo okuphansi.

Izinhlanganisela ezingaba khona zingabandakanya:

• Ukuphefumula okunzima ngenxa yezinsimbi zomoya ezincane
• Ukutheleleka kwemikhono okuvamile okuholela ekubeni ulahlekelwe ukuzwa
• I-Spinal stenosis (ukuncishiswa komthambo womgogodla)
• Ukugoqa kwezinyawo noma ezinye izinkinga zamathambo
• Izinkinga zamajozi, ikakhulukazi emadoyeni nasezinqeni
• Ukuqina kwamazinyo ngenxa yokuphansi komlomo
• Ingozi enkulu yokukhuluphala

Izinkinga ezingavamile kodwa ezingathi sína zihlanganisa:

• I-Hydrocephalus (ukubuthana kwamanzi ebuchosheni)
• Ukucindezelwa okukhulu komgogodla
• Izinkinga zenhliziyo (ezinhlotsheni ezithile)
• Ubunzima bokuqeda umoya ebuntwaneni

Ukubhekwa njalo kwemithi kusiza ekutholeni izinkinga ezingase zenzeke ngokushesha lapho zilungiseka kalula. Izinkinga eziningi zingaphathwa kahle ngokunakekelwa komtholampilo okufanele, kuvumela abantu abane-dwarfism ukuba baqhubeke nokuphila impilo esebenzayo, enempilo.

Ubuncane bungavinjelwa kanjani?

Izinhlobo eziningi ze-dwarfism azikwazi ukumiswa ngoba zivela ekuchithweni okungahleliwe kwezinto zakwa-genetic noma ezimweni ze-genetic ezidluliselwe. Noma kunjalo, ukuqonda umlando wezinto zakwa-genetic womndeni wakho kungasiza ekwaziseni izinqumo zokuhlela umndeni.

Ngokwemvelo ye-dwarfism elidluliselwa ezizukulwaneni, ukwelulekwa kwe-genetic ngaphambi kokukhulelwa kungasiza izibhangqwana ekuqondeni ingozi yazo nokucwaninga ngezinketho ezitholakalayo. Ulwazi lolu lunika amandla imindeni ukuba enze izinqumo ezisekelwe olwazini oluhambisana nezimiso zabo nezimo zabo.

Ukuhlolwa ngaphambi kokuzalwa, kufaka phakathi i-ultrasound kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-genetic, ngezinye izikhathi kungase kubone izinhlobo ezithile ze-dwarfism ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa. Ulwazi lolu lusiza imindeni ukuba zilungiselele futhi ixhumane nezinsiza zokusekela ngokushesha.

Ngokwemvelo ye-dwarfism ehlobene nokuntuleka kwe-growth hormone, ukutholakala kwangaphambi kwesikhathi nokuphathwa ngezinye izikhathi kungasiza ekuthuthukiseni ubude bomuntu omdala. Ukunakekelwa njalo kwengane kanye nokunaka izindlela zokukhula kuyisihluthulelo.

Nakuba ukuvimbela kungekho khona ezigamekweni eziningi, ukugxila empilweni jikelele ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kuweseka ukuthuthukiswa okuhle komntwana. Lokhu kufaka ukudla okufanele, amavithamini okukhulelwa, ukugwema izinto eziyingozi, kanye nokunakekelwa njalo kokukhulelwa.

Utholakala kanjani ubukhulu?

Ukutholakala kobukhulu kuvame ukufaka ukuqapha ubude nokuqhathanisa nohlelo oluqondile lokukhula, kanye nokuhlolwa komzimba kanye nokubuyekezwa komlando womndeni. Inqubo ivame ukuba lula futhi ayibuhlungu.

Udokotela wakho uzolandelela izindlela zokukhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kunokuthembela ekuqapheni okukodwa. Ukukhula okuqhubekayo okungaphansi kwezinga elikhulu, kanye nezici zomzimba, kusiza ukuqondisa inqubo yokutholakala.

Izindlela zokutholakala zihlanganisa:

• Ukuqapha ubude nobunzima njalo okubekwe emahlelweni okukhula
• Ukuhlolwa komzimba kwezici ezibonakalayo
• Izithombe ze-X-ray ukuhlola ukuthuthukiswa kwamathambo kanye nezingxenye
• Ivivinyo le-genetic ukuthola izinhlobo ezithile
• Ivivinyo le-growth hormone uma kunokungabikho okucatshangelwayo
• Ukubuyekezwa komlando womndeni nomlando wokukhulelwa

Ukutholakala ngaphambi kokuzalwa ngezinye izikhathi kungenzeka nge-ultrasound, okungabonisa amalungu omzimba amafushane noma ezinye izici. Ukuhlolwa okuthuthukile kwe-genetic kungathola izimo ezithile ngaphambi kokuzalwa.

Ukutholakala okuchaneka kusiza iqembu lakho lokukhathalela impilo ukunikeza ukunakekelwa okuhle kakhulu nokuxhuma nawo wonke amandla kanye namaqembu asekelayo. Kusiza nemindeni ukuqonda ukuthi yini okulindelekile nokuhlela ngokufanele.

Iyini impilo yobukhulu?

Ukwelashwa kobukhulu kugxila ekulawuleni noma yiziphi izinkinga zempilo ezihambisana nalo nokweseka ikhwalithi yempilo jikelele. Ayikho impilo eguqula ubude bomuntu omdala ngezinhlobo eziningi zobukhulu, futhi abantu abaningi abadingi noma yiluphi ukwelashwa kwezokwelapha.

Indlela esetshenziswayo ixhomeke ngokuphelele ohlotsheni oluthile lwe-dwarfism nanoma yiziphi izinkinga ezihambisana nayo. Abantu abaningi abane-dwarfism baphila impilo enempilo ngokungenelela okuncane kwezokwelapha.

Izindlela zokwelapha zingafaka:

• Ukwelashwa nge-growth hormone (kuphela ngenxa yokushoda kwe-growth hormone)
• Izindlela zokucathulwa kwe-bone abnormalities noma izinkinga
• I-Physical therapy ukuze kugcinwe ukuhamba nokomelela
• Ukwelashwa kwe-sleep apnea (ama-CPAP machines, ukuhlinzwa)
• Izinsiza zokuzwa ngenxa yokulahlekelwa ukuzwa
• Ukuphathwa kobuhlungu ngenxa yezinkinga zamajoyinti noma emuva
• Ukubonisana ngokudla ukuze kugcinwe isisindo esinempilo

I-limb-lengthening surgeries ezingxabaniyo ziya khona kodwa zihlanganisa izingozi ezinkulu nezikhathi ezinde zokubuyela esimweni esijwayelekile. Odokotela abaningi nabantu abane-dwarfism abayincomi le miqondo ngenxa yezinkinga kanye nezinzuzo ezilinganiselwe.

Ukugxila kufanele kube ekuqondeni izinkinga ezithile zempilo kunokuzimasa ukushintsha ubude. Le ndlela iholela emiphumeleni emihle kakhulu nekhwalithi yempilo kubantu abaningi.

Ukuthi ungayiphatha kanjani i-dwarfism ekhaya?

Ukuphathwa kwekhaya le-dwarfism kubandakanya ikakhulu ukwakha indawo efinyeleleka futhi kugcinwe impilo jikelele. Ukuguqulwa okulula kungenza imisebenzi yansuku zonke ibe lula futhi ibe mnandi.

Gxilisa ekuthuthukiseni ukuzimela ngenkathi uqinisekisa ukuphepha. Amathuluzi amaningi okuhlanganisa nezinguquko ziyatholakala ukusiza ngemisebenzi yansuku zonke ekhaya.

Ukuguqulwa kwekhaya kungafaka:

• Izitebhisi noma ama-platforms okuthola izindawo eziphezulu
• I-light switches ephansi, izinkinobho zezinyango, nezinto zokuhlanza
• Ama-pedals amade noma ukulungiswa kwamadolobha okuqhuba
• Ama-grab bars ezihlanzini ngenxa yokuphepha
• Izixazululo zokugcina ezifinyeleleka emazingeni afanele

Ukuphathwa kwempilo ekhaya kubandakanya:

• Ukugcina isisindo esinempilo ngokudla okulinganisekile nokuzivocavoca
• Ukuzivocavoca okuvamile okuhambisana namakhono akho
• Ukuhlanza kahle kokulala, ikakhulukazi uma i-sleep apnea iyinkinga
• Ukukhathalela kahle izindlebe ukuvimbela ukutheleleka
• Ukukhathalela umhlane nemikhuba emihle yokuqina komzimba

Ukukwakha ukuzethemba namakhono okuzikhulumela kubalulekile. Ukuthinta amaqembu kanye nezinkampani ezisekela abantu abana-dwarfism kungakunika izinsiza eziwusizo kanye nokuhlangana komphakathi.

Kufanele ulungiselele kanjani i-aphoyintimenti yakho nodokotela?

Ukulungiselela i-aphoyintimenti yezokwelapha kusiza uqinisekise ukuthi uthola ukunakekelwa okuphelele ngangokunokwenzeka. Ukuletha ulwazi olufanele nemibuzo kwenza izivakashi zibe nomphumela omkhulu kubo bonke abahilelekile.

Gcina amarekhodi aphelele ezimpawu, ukukhathazeka, nanoma yiziphi izinguquko ozibonile. Lolu lwazi lusiza umhlinzeki wakho wezinsizakalo zezempilo ukuthi aqonde isimo sakho kangcono futhi enze izinqumo ezisekelwe olwazini mayelana nokunakekelwa.

Ngaphambi kwe-aphoyintimenti yakho:

• Bala zonke izimpawu noma ukukhathazeka okwamanje
• Bula amarekhodi ezempilo wangaphambili nemiphumela yokuhlola
• Lungiselela uhlu lwemithi nezinsiza ezikhona manje
• Bhala phansi imibuzo ofuna ukuyibuza
• Letha ilungu lomndeni noma umngani ukuze uthole ukwesekwa uma kuwusizo
• Hlola ukumbozwa kwe-inshorensi yakho kunoma iyiphi impilo ecelwe

Imibuzo okufanele uyicabangele ukuyibuza:

• Yiluphi uhlobo lwe-dwarfism engilunayo mina noma ingane yami?
• Yiziphi izinkinga okufanele sizilinde?
• Kufanele sibe ne-aphoyintimenti zokulandelela kangaki?
• Ingabe kunabachwepheshe okufanele sibabone?
• Yiziphi imisebenzi ephephile futhi ecelwe?
• Singazitholaphi amaqembu wokusekela noma izinsiza?

Unganqikazi ukucela incazelo uma ungaqondi lutho. Umhlinzeki wakho wezinsizakalo zezempilo ufuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uzizwa ulwazi futhi ukhululekile ngecebo lokunakekelwa.

Iyini into ebalulekile mayelana ne-dwarfism?

Ubukhulu obuphansi yisimo sezokwelapha esithinta ubude, kodwa asiqondi amandla, ukuqonda, noma ikhono lomuntu lokuphila impilo egcwele. Ngokunakekelwa okufanele kwezokwelapha nokwesekwa, abantu abanobubukhulu obuphansi bahlanganyela ngokugcwele kuzo zonke izici zomphakathi.

Into ebaluleke kakhulu okumele siyibone ukuthi ubukhulu obuphansi buyisici esisodwa somuntu, njengombala wezinwele noma umbala wamehlo. Abantu abanobubukhulu obuphansi banephupho elifanayo, imigomo, namandla njenganoma ubani.

Ukuxilongwa kwasekuqaleni nokunakekelwa okufanele kwezokwelapha kungasiza ekulawuleni noma yiziphi izinkinga zezempilo ezihambisana nazo ngokuphumelelayo. Ukwakha inethiwekhi eqinile yokusekela nokuxhumana nomphakathi wobubukhulu obuphansi kunikeza izinsiza eziyigugu nobungane.

Uma wena noma ingane yakho inobubukhulu obuphansi, gxila emakhonweni kunokulinganiselwa. Ngokusekelwa okufanele, ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha, nezindlela zokuziphatha, ayikho isizathu sokuthi ubukhulu obuphansi kufanele buvimbele noma ubani ekufezeni imigomo yakhe nokuphila ngenjabulo.

Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa mayelana nobukhulu obuphansi

Ingabe ubukhulu obuphansi buzuzwe kubazali?

Cishe amaphesenti angu-80 abantu abanesihlobo esivamile sobukhulu obuphansi (achondroplasia) banabazali abaphezulu, okusho ukuthi kwenzeke ngokungalindelekile. Noma kunjalo, uma omunye umzali enobubukhulu obuphansi, kunethuba elingu-50% lokudlulisela ingane ngayinye. Uma bobabili abazali banobubukhulu obuphansi, izindlela zokudluliselwa ziyaba nzima futhi zidinga iseluleko se-genetic ukuze ziqondwe ngokugcwele.

Ingabe abantu abanobubukhulu obuphansi bangaba nezingane eziphezulu?

Yebo, abantu abanobubukhulu obuphansi bangaba nezingane eziphezulu. Eqinisweni, uma omunye umzali enesifo se-achondroplasia kanti omunye unemilenze ephakeme, kunethuba elingu-50% lokuthi ingane ngayinye ibe nomilebe ophezulu. I-genetics iyahlukahluka ngohlobo lobukhulu obuphansi, ngakho-ke ukuxoxa ngezinhlelo zokuzala nomxhumanisi we-genetic kungakunikeza ulwazi oluqondile sesimo sakho.

Uyini umehluko phakathi komuntu omfushane nomuntu omncane?

Lawo zombili zibhekisela kubantu abane-dwarfism, kodwa igama elithi "umuntu omncane" liyakhethwa yiqembu labo abane-dwarfism ngoba lihloniphekile futhi liqala ngumuntu. Igama elithi "dwarf" ngezinye izikhathi lingase lizwakale lingokwelapho noma lisele liphelile, nakuba abanye abantu banokuthula ngalawo magama womabili. Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuphatha wonke umuntu ngobuhle bese ubuza ngokuthanda kwakhe uma ungaqiniseki.

Ukwelashwa ngohormoni yokukhula kungenza umuntu onedwarfism akhule?

Ukwelashwa ngohormoni yokukhula kusebenza kuphela kubantu abane-dwarfism ebangelwa ukushoda kohormoni yokukhula, okungavamile. Ngohlobo olufana ne-achondroplasia, uhormoni yokukhula awukhuphuli kakhulu ubude bomuntu uma sekukhulu. Ukuqala ukwelashwa ebuntwaneni kubalulekile ukuze kube nomphumela, futhi kudinga iminyaka yokugadwa imithi nsuku zonke kanye nokulandelelwa njalo.

Ingabe kukhona imisebenzi abantu abane-dwarfism abangayenzi?

Abantu abane-dwarfism bangabamba iqhaza ezintweni eziningi ngezinguquko ezifanele noma ukulungiswa. Abanye bangadinga imishini ekhethekile yezemidlalo, izindawo zokusebenza ezilungisiwe emisebenzini, noma ukulungiswa kwezimoto zokuqhuba. Imisebenzi ethile enomthelela omkhulu ingase ibe mncane uma kukhona ukukhathazeka ngomgogodla, kodwa abantu abaningi abane-dwarfism baphila impilo esebenzayo kuhlanganise nemidlalo, imisebenzi, uhambo, nezinto abazithandayo njengabanye abantu.