Isikhuhlane

I-frilu, ebizwa nangokuthi i-influenza, kuyisifo sesifuba, somphimbo nemiphunga, eyingxenye yesistimu yokuphefumula. I-frilu ibangelwa yi-virus. Ama-virus e-influenza ahlukile kuma-virus e-“frilu yesisu” abangela ukukopha nokugabha. Abantu abaningi abane-frilu bayaphila ngokwabo. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi, i-influenza nezinhlungu zayo zingabulala. Ukuze uvikele e-frilu yesizini, ungathola i-shot ye-frilu yonyaka. Nakuba i-vaccine ingasebenzi ngokuphelele, inciphise amathuba okuba nezinkinga ezinzima ze-frilu. Lokhu ikakhulukazi kubantu abasezingeni elikhulu lokungena ezinhlungwini ze-frilu. Ngaphandle kwe-vaccine, ungathatha amanye amanyathelo okuvimbela ukutheleleka yi-frilu. Ungacoca futhi ukhanyise izinto, ugeze izandla, futhi ugcine umoya oqhelelene nawe uhamba. Yenza uhlelo lwakho lokugoma oluqondene nawe.

Ama-virus abangela i-influenza asakazeka ngezilinganiso eziphezulu ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka ezingxenyeni zaseNyakatho naseNingizimu. Lezi zibizwa ngezikhathi ze-influenza. ENyakatho Melika, isikhathi se-influenza sivame ukubaleka phakathi kuka-Okthoba noMeyi. Izimpawu ze-influenza njengomkhuhlane nokhwehlela noma isifuba siqheleke kakhulu. Ungase futhi uthole lezi zimpawu ngezifo ezinye njengokubanda. Kepha ukubanda kuqala kancane, futhi i-influenza ivela ngokushesha, phakathi nezinsuku ezimbili noma ezintathu ngemva kokuthi uthintane ne-virus. Futhi ngenkathi ukubanda kungaba buhlungu, ngokuvamile uzizwa ubuhlungu kakhulu nge-influenza. Ezinye izimpawu ze-influenza eziqheleke kakhulu zihlanganisa: Ukuqhuma. Ukukhohlela. Intloko. Ubuhlungu bemisipha. Ukuzizwa ukhathele kakhulu. Ukukhanya nokubanda. Ezinganeni, lezi zimpawu zingabonakala ngokubanzi njengokuba nolaka noma ukucasuka. Izingane nazo zivame ukuba nobuhlungu beindlebe, zizwe zikhathele isisu, zikhaphe noma zibe nohudo nge-influenza. Ezimweni ezithile, abantu baba nobuhlungu emehlweni, amehlo amanzi noma bathole ukuthi ukukhanya kubalimaza amehlo. Abantu abaningi abathinteka yi-influenza bangayilawula ekhaya futhi ngokuvamile abadingi ukubona ochwepheshe bezempilo. Uma unezimpawu ze-influenza futhi unesongo lokuqina, bheka ochwepheshe bezempilo ngokushesha. Ukuqala imithi ye-antiviral phakathi nezinsuku ezimbili ngemva kokubonakala kwezimpawu zakho kungafushane isikhathi sesifo sakho futhi kusize ukuvimbela izinkinga ezingathi sína. Uma unezimpawu eziphuthumayo ze-influenza, thola ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha ngokushesha. Kubantu abadala, izimpawu eziphuthumayo zingafaka: Ubunzima bokuqeda umoya noma ukufushane komoya. Ubuhlungu noma ukucindezela esifubeni. Ukukhathazeka okuqhubekayo. Kunzima ukuvuka noma ukudideka. Ukuphelelwa amanzi. Ukubamba. Ukubiwa kwezimo zezokwelapha ezikhona. Ubuthakathaka obukhulu noma ubuhlungu bemisipha. Izimpawu eziphuthumayo ezinganeni zihlanganisa zonke izimpawu ezibonwa kubantu abadala, kanye ne: Ukuphefumula okusheshayo noma ama-ribs ahodla ngomoya ngamunye. Izindebe noma ama-nail beds amnyama noma aluhlaza. Akukho izinyembezi lapho ukhala futhi umlomo owomile, kanye nokungadingi ukuya emathisini. Izimpawu, njengokushisa noma ukukhohlela, eziphulukayo kepha zibuyela noma zibe zimbi.

Abantu abaningi ababa ne-influenza bangayilawula ekhaya futhi ngokuvamile abadingi ukubona udokotela.

Uma unezimpawu ze-influenza futhi unesongo lokulimala, bheka udokotela wakho ngokushesha. Ukuqala imithi ye-antiviral phakathi nezinsuku ezimbili ngemuva kokubonakala kwezimpawu zakho kungafushane isikhathi sesifo sakho futhi kusize ukuvimbela izinkinga ezinkulu.

Uma unezimpawu eziphuthumayo ze-influenza, thola ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha ngokushesha. Kubantu abadala, izimpawu eziphuthumayo zingafaka:

• Ukuphefumula okuyinselele noma ukuphefumula okufushane.
• Ukukhungatheka okuqhubekayo.
• Kunzima ukuvuka noma ukudideka.
• Ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni.
• Ukuhlanza.
• Ukubi kakhulu kwezimo zezokwelapha ezikhona.
• Ubuthakathaka obukhulu noma ubuhlungu bemisipha.

Izimpawu eziphuthumayo kubantwana zihlanganisa zonke izimpawu ezibonwa kubantu abadala, kanye ne:

• Ukuphefumula okusheshayo noma ama-ribs ahodla ngaso sonke isiphefumulo.
• Izindebe noma ama-nail beds aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
• Azikho izinyembezi uma ukhala nomlomo owomile, kanye nokungadingi ukuya emathisini.
• Izimpawu, ezifana nokuqunjelwa noma ukukhokha, okuphulukayo kepha bese kubuyela noma kubi kakhulu.

I-influwenza ibangelwa yi-vairas. Lezi virusi zihamba emoyeni ngezicubu lapho umuntu onalesifo ekhwehlela, ethikameza noma ekhuluma. Ungakwazi ukuphefumula lezi zicubu ngokuqondile. Noma ungathola i-vairas ngokuthinta into, njengokhiyebodi yekhompyutha, bese uthinta amehlo akho, khona noma umlomo.

Kungenzeka ukusakaza i-vairas kwabanye kusukela ngosuku olulodwa ngaphambi kokuba izimpawu zivele kuze kube yizinsuku eziyi-5 kuya kwezi-7 ngemuva kokuba ziqale. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ukudlulisela. Abantwana nabantu abanesistimu yabo yokuthola amandla ebuthakathaka bangase badlulisele isikhathi eside kancane.

Ama-vairas e-influwenza ashintsha njalo, ngezinhlobo ezintsha ezivela njalo.

Ukutheleleka kokuqala komuntu kwe-flu kunikeza ukuvikelwa isikhathi eside ngokumelene nezinhlobo ezifanayo ze-flu. Kodwa izigqoko ezinikezwa unyaka ngamunye zenzelwe ukuhambisana nezinhlobo ze-vairas ze-flu ezinezindlela eziningi zokusakazeka kuleyo sizini. Ukuvikelwa okuhlinzekwa yilezi zigqoko kuhlala izinyanga eziningi kubantu abaningi.

Ziningi izinto ezingandisa amathuba okuthola isifo soflu noma ukuba nezinkinga ngenxa yesifo soflu.

Isifo soflu sesizini sivame ukuba nemiphumela embi kubantwana abancane, ikakhulukazi labo abaneminyaka emibili nangaphansi. Abantu abadala abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-65 nabo bavame ukuba nemiphumela embi.

Abantu abahlala ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi, njengezikhungo zokunakekela abantu abadala, banamathuba amaningi okuthola isifo soflu.

Isimo somzimba esingasusi kalula i-flu virus singandisa amathuba okuthola isifo soflu noma ukuba nezinkinga zesifo soflu. Abantu bangaba nesimo somzimba esibuthakathaka kusukela ekuzalweni, ngenxa yesifo, noma ngenxa yokwelashwa kwesifo noma imithi.

Izimo ezingapheli zingandisa amathuba okuthola izinkinga zesifo soflu. Isibonelo sibandakanya i-asthma nezinye izifo zephunga, isifo sikashukela, isifo senhliziyo, izifo zesimiso sezinzwa, umlando wangaphambili wokuqhaqhazela, ukuphazamiseka kokuguqulwa komzimba, izinkinga zezindlela zokuphefumula, kanye nezifo zezinso, isibindi noma igazi.

E-United States, abantu abangama-Native American noma ama-Alaska Native, abamnyama, noma ama-Latino bangaba nethuba elikhulu lokudinga ukunakekelwa esibhedlela ngenxa yesifo soflu.

Intsha esebenzisa i-aspirin isikhathi eside inengozi yokuthola i-Reye's syndrome uma ithola isifo soflu.

Abantu abakhulelwe banamathuba amaningi okuthola izinkinga zesifo soflu, ikakhulukazi ekhatrini yesibili neyesithathu.

Abantu abane-body mass index (BMI) engu-40 noma ngaphezulu banesongo elikhulu lezingozi zesifo soflu.

Uma usencane futhi unempilo enhle, isifo sikagciwane soqandukile ngokuvamile asibi kakhulu. Nakuba ungase uzizwe ubuhlungu kakhulu ngesikhathi unaso, isifo sikagciwane soqandukile ngokuvamile siyaphela ngesonto noma amabili ngaphandle kwemiphumela ehlala njalo.

Kodwa abantu abasezingeni elikhulu lokulimala bangase bathuthukise ezinye izinkinga zempilo ngemuva kwesifo sikagciwane soqandukile, okuthiwa yizinkinga.

Ukuthola ukutheleleka okunye kungaba yinkinga yokuthola isifo sikagciwane soqandukile. Lokho kufaka phakathi izifo ezinjengokugqwala nokuvuvukala kwesinusa noma kwezindlebe. Ukutheleleka kwamaphaphu kuyinkinga enye. Ukutheleleka kwemisipha yentliziyo noma ukugqwala kwentliziyo kungase kwenzeke ngemuva kokuthola isifo sikagciwane soqandukile. Futhi kwezinye izimo, abantu bangase babe nokutheleleka kokusebenza komzimba.

Ezinye izinkinga zingaba:

• I-Acute respiratory distress syndrome.
• Ukonakala kwemisipha, okuthiwa yi-rhabdomyolysis, noma ukuvuvukala kwemisipha, okuthiwa yi-myositis.
• I-Toxic shock syndrome.
• Ukubi kakhulu kwesifo esingapheli, njengokuphefumula okunzima noma isifo sezinso.

AmaZiko ase-U.S. okuLawula izifo nokuvimbela (CDC) ayeluleka ukugwetshwa kwemithi yomgogodla minyaka yonke kubantu abaneminyaka engu-6 ubudala nangaphezulu abangenawo isizathu sokuthi bangayitholi le mithi. Ukuthola umuthi womgogodla kunciphisa:

• Ingozi yokuthola umgogodla. Uma umuthi uthathwa kamuva ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, umuthi womgogodla uqeda ukuba umntwana osanda kuzalwa angawutholi umgogodla.
• Ingozi yokuba nesifo esinzima ngenxa yomgogodla nokuthi kudingeke uhlale esibhedlela ngenxa yomgogodla.
• Ingozi yokufa ngenxa yomgogodla. Imithi yomgogodla yesizini ka-2024-2025 ngayinye inikeza isivikelo emagcikeni amathathu e-influenza abacwaningi abalindele ukuthi bayoba yona avamile kule sizini yomgogodla. Umuthi uyatholakala njengesiphuzo, i-jet injector kanye nokufaka ngempumulo. Kubantwana abadala nabantu abadala, isiphuzo somgogodla sivame ukunikwa emsinyeni wengalo. Abantwana abancinyane bangathola isiphuzo somgogodla emsinyeni wezinyawo. Ukufaka ngempumulo kuvunyelwe kubantu abaneminyaka engu-2 kuya kwengu-49 ubudala. Akululeki kwamanye amaqembu, njengokuthi:
• Abantu abake baba nokulimala okukhulu ngenxa yomuthi womgogodla esikhathini esidlule.
• Abesifazane abakhulelwe.
• Intsha ethatha i-aspirin noma imithi enesaliyisate.
• Abantu abanesistimu yokukhulisa ebuthakathaka nabantu abangabahlengikazi noma abaxhumana eduze nabantu abanesistimu yokukhulisa ebuthakathaka.
• Abantwana abaneminyaka engu-2 kuya kwengu-4 ubudala abaxilongwe nge-asthma noma ukuphefumula okunzima ezinyangeni eziyi-12 ezedlule.
• Abantu abasanda kuthatha imithi yokulwa ne-antiviral ngenxa yomgogodla.
• Abantu abane-cerebrospinal fluid leak noma amathuba okuvuza, njengoba kunjalo nge-cochlear implant. Hlola neqembu lakho lokunakekelwa kwezempilo ukuze ubone ukuthi udinga yini ukuba oqaphile mayelana nokuthola umuthi womgogodla wokufaka ngempumulo. Kukhona nezinye izigqoko ezinikezwayo ebizwa ngokuthi yizigqoko ezinamandla noma eziqediwe. Lezi zigqoko zingasiza abanye abantu ukuba bagweme isidingo sokukhathalelwa esibhedlela ngenxa ye-influenza. Abantu abaneminyaka engu-65 nangaphezulu bangathola lezi zigqoko. Lezi zigqoko futhi ziyalelekile kubantu abaneminyaka engu-18 nangaphezulu abanesihlalo somzimba esiqinile futhi bathatha imithi yokunciphisa impendulo yabo yokukhulisa. Uma une-egg allergy, usengathola umuthi womgogodla. Isikhathi sokuqala abantwana abaneminyaka engu-6 kuya kwengu-8 ubudala bethola umuthi womgogodla, bangadinga izilinganiso ezimbili ezinikezwe okungenani ngamasonto amane. Ngemva kwalokho, bangathola izilinganiso zaminyaka yonke zomuthi womgogodla. Hlola nochwepheshe wakho wezokunakekelwa kwezempilo yengane yakho. Futhi, hlola neqembu lakho lokunakekelwa kwezempilo ngaphambi kokuthola umuthi womgogodla uma ube nokulimala okukhulu ngenxa yomuthi womgogodla wangaphambili. Abantu abake baba ne-Guillain-Barre syndrome nabo kufanele bahlole nochwepheshe wezokunakekelwa kwezempilo ngaphambi kokuthola umuthi womgogodla. Futhi uma uzizwa ugula uma uya ukuthola isiphuzo, hlola neqembu lakho lokunakekelwa kwezempilo ukuze ubone ukuthi kufanele ulibambeze yini ukuthola umuthi. Umuthi we-influenza awunamandla angama-100%. Ngakho kubalulekile ukuthatha izinyathelo zokunciphisa ukusabalala kokutheleleka, okuhlanganisa:
• Geza izandla zakho. Geza izandla zakho kahle futhi njalo ngensipho namanzi okungenani imizuzwana engu-20. Uma insipho namanzi ayatholakali, sebenzisa i-hand sanitizer esekelwe e-alcohol enama-60% okungenani e-alcohol. Qiniseka ukuthi abangani nomndeni obaxhumana nabo njalo, ikakhulukazi abantwana, bayazi ukubaluleka kokugeza izandla.
• Gwema ukuthinta ubuso bakho. Ukugcina izandla zakho kude namehlo, impumulo nomlomo kusiza ukugcina amagciwane kude nalezo zindawo.
• Vala ukukhokha nokuphefumula. Khokha noma uphefumule esitsheni noma ehlombe lakho. Bese ugeza izandla zakho.
• Hlanza izinto eziqhutshwayo. Hlanza njalo izinto eziqhutshwayo kaningi ukuvimbela ukusabalala kokutheleleka ngokuthinta ubuso ngemva kokuthinta ubuso.
• Gwema izixuku. Umgogodla usabalala kalula lapho abantu bebuthene khona — ezikhungweni zokunakekelwa kwabantwana, ezikoleni, ezakhiweni zehhovisi nasezindlini zokuhlela nasezithuthini zomphakathi. Ngokugwema izixuku ngesikhathi sesizini yomgogodla, unciphise amathuba okuthola ukutheleleka. Futhi gwema noma ubani ogula. Uma ugula, hlala ekhaya uze uzizwe kangcono futhi ungabi nomkhuhlane isikhathi esigcwele sehora lengu-24, futhi awuthathanga imithi yomkhuhlane ngaleso sikhathi. Uma umkhuhlane wakho ubuyela noma uqala ukuzizwa ubuhlungu, hlala uhlukene nabanye uze izimpawu zakho zibe ngcono futhi ungabi nomkhuhlane ngaphandle kwemithi isikhathi esingu-24. Ukwenza kanjalo kuzonciphisa amathuba akho okuthola abanye.

Ukuthola ukuthi ugula yini nge-influenza, okuthiwa futhi yi-flu, ochwepheshe bakho bezempilo bayakwenza izivivinyo zomzimba, bafune izimpawu ze-flu futhi mhlawumbe babeke izivivinyo ezithola ama-virus e-flu. Ama-virus abangela i-flu asakazeka ngezilinganiso eziphezulu ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka ezingxenyeni zaseNyakatho naseNingizimu. Lezi zibizwa ngezikhathi ze-flu. Ngesikhathi i-flu isakazekile kakhulu, kungenzeka ungadingi ukuhlolwa kwe-flu. Kodwa ukuhlolwa kwe-flu kungase kuphakanyiswe ukusiza ukuqondisa ukunakekelwa kwakho noma ukwazi ukuthi ungasakaza yini i-virus kwabanye. Ukuhlolwa kwe-flu kungenziwa yi-pharmacy, ehhovisi lochwepheshe bakho bezempilo noma esibhedlela. Izinhlobo zokuhlolwa kwe-flu ongazihlola zihlanganisa: - Ukuhlolwa kwe-molecular. Lezi zivivinyo zifuna izinto eziphilayo ze-virus ye-flu. Izivivinyo ze-polymerase chain reaction, ezifushaniswe zibe yi-PCR, ziyivivinyo ze-molecular. Ungase futhi uzwe lo mkhuba wokuhlolwa ubizwa ngokuthi yi-NAAT, okuyifushane ye-nucleic acid amplification test. - Izivivinyo ze-Antigen. Lezi zivivinyo zifuna amaprotheni e-viral abizwa ngama-antigen. Izivivinyo ezisheshayo zokuxilonga i-influenza yisibonelo esisodwa sezivivinyo ze-antigen. Kungenzeka ukuthi ube nokuhlolwa ukuthola i-flu nezinye izifo zokuphefumula, njenge-COVID-19, emele i-coronavirus disease 2019. Ungaba ne-COVID-19 ne-influenza ngesikhathi esifanayo. Dala uhlelo lwakho lokugoma oluqondene nawe. isixhumanisi sokuzisusa i-imeyili.