Iyini i-Germ Cell Tumors? Izimpawu, Izimbangela, & Ukwelashwa

I-Germ cell tumors yizikhulu ezithuthukela emakhaleni okumele abe yisperm noma amaqanda emzimbeni wakho. La makhalikhulu akhethekile, abizwa ngokuthi yi-germ cells, ngezinye izikhathi angakha izikhulu esikhundleni sokukhula ngokujwayelekile abe yizicubu ezivelayo.

Nakuba igama lingase lizwakale liyikhathaza, i-germ cell tumors eziningi zilawuleka kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uma zitholakala ekuqaleni. Zingase zivele ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomzimba wakho, hhayi kuphela ezingutsheni ezivelayo, futhi zithinta abantu bazo zonke izigaba ezivela kubantwana abasanda kuzalwa kuya kubantu abadala.

Iyini i-germ cell tumors?

I-Germ cell tumors ivela kuma-primordial germ cells, okuyizicubu zokuqala ezigcina zithuthukela zibe yisperm kumadoda kanye namaqanda kwabesifazane. Lezi zicubu ngokuvamile ziya ezingutsheni ezivelayo phakathi nokuthuthukiswa kokuqala, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi zingase zihlale kwezinye izindawo zomzimba wakho.

Uma lezi germ cells zingathuthuki kahle, zingakha izikhulu. Cabanga ngakho njengembewu ezaziqokiwe ukukhula kwenye ingadi kodwa zaphela zikhula ezindaweni ezingalindelekile emzimbeni wakho.

I-Germ cell tumors eningi iyinhlanhla (engeyona umdlavuza) noma iphulukiswa kalula uma iyimpepho (umdlavuza). Indawo nohlobo lwesikhulu kuyasiza ekutholeni indlela yokwelapha engcono kakhulu yesimo sakho esithile.

Ziyini izinhlobo ze-germ cell tumors?

I-Germ cell tumors ihlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko ngokusekelwe lapho zithuthukela khona. Izikhulu ze-Gonadal zikhula ezingutsheni ezivelayo, kuyilapho izikhulu ze-extragonadal zivele ngaphandle kwalezi zindawo.

Nansi indlela abahlinzeki bezempilo abavame ukwahlukanisa ngayo lezi zikhulu:

• I-Testicular germ cell tumors - Evame kakhulu kubafana abasebasha abaneminyaka engama-15-35
• I-Ovarian germ cell tumors - Ivame ukuthinta amantombazane nabesifazane abasebasha
• Izikhulu ze-Extragonadal - Zithuthukela ezindaweni ezifana esibelethweni, esiswini, noma ebuchosheni
• I-Pediatric germ cell tumors - Zingase zivele kuphi lapho kubantwana, kufaka phakathi indawo yomsila

Uhlobo ngalunye lunamakha-thini alohlukile nezindlela zokwelapha ezahlukile. Iqembu lakho lokunakekelwa kwezempilo lizocacisa ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo olulokhu lunalo ngokuhlolwa okuhlukahlukene nokucubungula.

Ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwezinhlungu ze-Seminomatous nezingaSeminomatous

Odokotela baqhubeka nokuhlukanisa iziphuzo ze-germ cell ngokwendlela ezibukeka ngayo ngaphansi komkhiqizo. Izinhlungu ze-Seminomatous zivame ukukhula kancane futhi ziphendula kahle ekwelapheni ngomgqomo.

Izinhlungu ezingaSeminomatous zihlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi ezifana ne-embryonal carcinoma, i-yolk sac tumors, ne-teratomas. Lezi zivame ukukhula ngokushesha kodwa ngokuvamile ziphendula kahle ekwelapheni ngemithi.

Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kusiza iqembu lakho lezokwelapha ukukhetha uhlelo lokwelapha oluphumelelayo oluhambelana nohlobo lwakho oluthile lomdlavuza.

Ziyini izimpawu zezinhlungu ze-germ cell?

Izimpawu ziyahluka kakhulu kuye ngokuthi umdlavuza ukhulaphi emzimbeni wakho. Abantu abaningi bayabona kuqala i-lump noma ukukhula okungenaphi, nakuba lokhu kungelona icala njalo.

Ake sihambe ngezimpawu ezivame kakhulu ongazihlangabezana nazo, sikhumbula ukuthi ukuba nalezi zimpawu akusho ukuthi une-germ cell tumor.

Izimpawu ze-testicular germ cell tumor

• I-lump engenaphi noma ukukhula kwelinye itestile
• Ukuzizwa kokukhulu kwescrotal
• Ubuhlungu obuthambile esiswini esingezansi noma e groin
• Ukuqoqwa ngokuzumayo kwamanzi escrotal
• Ubuhlungu noma ukukhula kwamabele (ngoba kushintsho kwamahomoni)
• Ubuhlungu emhlane (uma umdlavuza usuqhamuke)

Amadoda amaningi aphawula i-lump ngesikhathi sokuhlola siqu noma ukugeza. Isici esiyinhloko yilokho okuvamile ukuba ingenaphi, okwenza abantu bathelele ukufuna ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha.

Izimpawu ze-ovarian germ cell tumor

• Ubuhlungu noma ukungakhululeki esiswini
• Ukukhula noma ukuzizwa ugcwele ngokushesha uma udle
• Isikhathi esingavamile sezinyanga
• Ukuphefumula nokugabha
• Ukungakhululeki noma ubuhlungu be-pelvic
• Ubuhlungu obukhulu besiswini ngokuzumayo (uma umdlavuza uqhuma)

Lezi zimpawu zingaba zingebonakali kalula futhi zingase zithuthuke kancane kancane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Zivame ukufana nezinye izimo ezivamile, kungakho ukwelashwa okufanele kudokotela kubalulekile.

Izimpawu ze-tumour ye-germ cell ezingaphandle kwe-gonad

Uma ama-tumour e-germ cell evela ngaphandle kwamalungu okukhiqiza izingane, izimpawu ziyahluka kuye ngendawo ethile. Ama-tumour esifubeni angabangela ubunzima bokuqeda umoya, kanti ama-tumour esiswini angabangela izinkinga zokugaya ukudla.

• Ubuhlungu besifuba noma ukuphefumula okunzima (ama-tumour esifubeni)
• Ubuhlungu besiswini noma i-mass (ama-tumour esiswini)
• Izinhlungu zikhanda noma ukushintsha kokubona (ama-tumour ebuchosheni)
• Ubuhlungu behlombe noma izimpawu zezinzwa (ama-tumour omgogodla)
• I-mass yentamo noma ukukhula (ama-tumour yentamo)

Lezi zindawo azivamile, kodwa zidinga ukunakekelwa okusheshayo njengama-tumour emalungwini okukhiqiza izingane. Ukutholakala kwasekuqaleni kuyaqeda kakhulu imiphumela yokwelashwa.

Izimpawu ezingavamile nemiphumela ehlobene ne-hormone

Amanye ama-tumour e-germ cell akhiqiza ama-hormone angabangela izimpawu ezingavamile. Ungase ube nokuhluka okuqakathekile emzimbeni wakho okubonakala kungena-xhumano ne-tumour.

Lezi tumours ezakha ama-hormone zingabangela ukuthuthukiswa kwamabele kumadoda, ukuqala kwesikhathi sokuvuthwa kwabantwana, noma izikhathi ezingavamile kwabesifazane. Abanye abantu bathuthukisa izimpawu ezifana nokuhluka kwesimo sengqondo, ukwanda kobunzima, noma ukukhula okukhulu kwezinwele.

Nakuba kungavamile, abanye abantu baba nezimpawu zesimiso ezifana nokuqeda amandla okungachazeki, ukufiphaza, noma ukubila ebusuku. Lezi zimpawu ezijwayelekile ezihlangene nanoma yiziphi izimpawu zendawo zidinga ukwelashwa kudokotela.

Yini ebangela ama-tumour e-germ cell?

Imbangela eqondile yama-tumour e-germ cell isalwazi, kodwa abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi abangelwa amaphutha ekukhuleni kwesikhumba sokuqala. La maphutha enzeka lapho ama-germ cells ehamba eya ezindaweni zawo ezifanele embuthweni ophakamayo.

Ngokungafani namanye ama-cancer amaningi, ama-germ cell tumors awaxhunyaniswa ngokuvamile nezici zokuphila njengokubhema noma ukudla. Kunalokho, kubonakala sengathi athuthukela ekuchithweni kwe-genetic okwenzeka ekuqaleni kokuphila, ngokuvamile ngaphambi kokuzalwa.

Ososayensi baye baqaphela izici eziningi ezingase zisekele ukuthuthukiswa kwazo, nakuba ukuba nalezi zici akusho ukuthi uzophulaphula i-tumor.

Izici zokuthuthukiswa

Phakathi nokuthuthukiswa kwesisu, ama-germ cells kufanele ahambe endaweni yawo yokuqala aye ezihlabathini zokuzala ezithuthukayo. Ngezinye izikhathi la maseli alahleka endleleni noma awathuthuki kahle uma efika.

Isimo njengezitho zokuzala ezingahleli kahle (cryptorchidism) zanda kakhulu ingozi yama-testicular germ cell tumors. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwama-germ cell okuhle nokubunjwa kwayo kudlala indima ebalulekile ekunciphiseni ukwakheka kwe-tumor.

Ukungahambisani okuhlukile kokuthuthukiswa kwesistimu yokuzala kungase futhi kuhlanganyele ekwandiseni ingozi, nakuba ukuxhumana akuhlali kucace.

Izici ze-genetic

Umbukiso womndeni udlala indima kwezinye izimo, abafowethu nabantwana babantu abathintekayo banengozi enkulu. Noma kunjalo, iningi lama-germ cell tumors kwenzeka kubantu abangenayo imbali yomndeni yesimo.

Ezinye izimo ze-genetic, njenge-Klinefelter syndrome, zingakwandisa ingozi yakho. Lezi zimo zithinta ukuthuthukiswa okujwayelekile kobulili futhi zingase zikhuthaze amaseli ukuba abe yi-tumorous.

Abacwaningi baye baqaphela ukuguqulwa okuqondile kwe-genetic kumaseli e-tumor, kodwa lokhu kuvame ukutholwa phakathi nokuthuthukiswa kwe-tumor kunokuba kuzuzwe kubazali.

Izici ezingezona ezivamile ezihlanganyela

Ezinye izimo zezokwelapha kanye nokwelashwa kungase kukhulise kancane ingozi, nakuba le miqondiso ingavamile. Ukwelashwa kwangaphambili kwe-cancer, ikakhulukazi i-radiation therapy e-pelvis, kungakhuphula amathuba okuthuthukisa ama-germ cell tumors kamuva.

Ezinye izimo ze-autoimmune kanye nezehlakalo zesimiso se-immune zingase futhi zidlale indima, nakuba izindlela ezingaziwa ngokugcwele. Izici zemvelo zifundwe kakhulu, kodwa azikho izixhumanisi ezicacile eziye zamiswa.

Ezimweni eziningi, iziphumo ze-germ cell zithuthukela ngaphandle kwesizathu esiqondiwe noma isici sobungozi, okwenza amasu okuvimbela abe mancane kodwa ukutholakala kwasekuqaleni kubalulekile.

Nini kufanele ubona udokotela ngeziphumo ze-germ cell?

Kufanele ubona udokotela ngokushesha uma uqaphela noma yiziphi izicubu ezihlala njalo, ukukhula, noma izimpawu ezingavamile ezingxenyeni zakho zokuzala. Ukubheka kwasekuqaleni kuyisihluthulelo semiphumela emihle kakhulu, futhi izimpawu eziningi ezinkulu zinezichazelo ezilula.

Ungalindi izimpawu zibe zimbi noma uthemba ukuthi ziyophulukana zodwa. Izimpawu eziningi ze-germ cell zitholakala kalula uma zitholakala kwasekuqaleni, okwenza ukunakekelwa kwasekuqaleni kwezokwelapha kubalulekile.

Ukukhathalelwa kwezokwelapha okusheshayo okudingekayo

Ezinye izimpawu zidinga ukubhekisiswa kwezokwelapha okusheshayo, njengoba zingase zibonise izinkinga noma iziphumo ezikhula ngokushesha. Lezi zimo zidinga ukunakekelwa ngosuku olufanayo noma ukunakekelwa kwezimo eziphuthumayo.

• Ubuhlungu obukhulu besisu noma i-pelvic ngokuzumayo
• Ukwanda okusheshayo ngobukhulu banoma iyiphi i-lump noma i-mass
• Ukuqina okukhulu komoya noma ubuhlungu besifuba
• Ukuqala ngokuzumayo kwezimpawu ze-neurological
• Izibonakaliso zokuqhekeka noma ukuphuza kwe-tumor

Lezi zimpawu zingase zibonise izinkinga ezinkulu njengokuqhekeka kwe-tumor, ukuqhekeka, noma ukukhula okusheshayo okudinga ukungenelela ngokushesha.

Hlela i-aphoyintimenti maduze

Ezinye izimpawu zidinga ukubhekisiswa kwezokwelapha phakathi nezinsuku ezimbalwa kuya emaviki, kuye ngokubaluleka kwazo kanye nokuqaphela kwakho. Themba izinzwa zakho mayelana nezinguquko emzimbeni wakho.

• Noma iyiphi i-lump noma i-mass entsha, ikakhulukazi uma ingabuli
• Ukukhula okumi njalo kwesisu noma ukungakhululeki
• Ukuhluka okungachazwanga kweminyaka yokuya esikhathini
• Ukwanda kancane ngobukhulu besisu
• Ubuhlungu obuhlala njalo emuva ngaphandle kwesizathu esicacile
• Ukuhluka okungavamile kwamabele kumadoda

Khumbula ukuthi izimpawu eziningi zalezi zinazizathu ezingalimi, kodwa ukwelashwa okufanele kwezokwelapha kuphela okungabona isizathu esiyimbangela.

Iyini ingozi yokuthola i- germ cell tumors?

Izinto eziningi zingandisa amathuba akho okuthola i-germ cell tumors, nakuba ukuba nezinto ezingozi akusho ukuthi uzoyithola ngokuqinisekile. Ukuqonda lezi zinto kusiza ekutholeni kwasekuqaleni nasekwazini.

Abantu abaningi abatholakala be-germ cell tumors abanazo izinto ezingozi ezaziwayo, kanti abanye abanezingozi eziningi abazitholi lezi tumors. Lokhu kungakwazi ukubikezela kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokwazi kunokukhathazeka.

Izinto eziphathelene nobudala nobulili

• Amadoda amancane eneminyaka engu-15-35 (ubudala obukhulu be-testicular tumors)
• Izingane ezincane kanye nezingane (ngezinhlobo ezithile)
• Amantombazane asebasha kanye namantombazane amancane (ngezinhlobo ze-ovarian)
• Amadoda aneminyaka engaphezu kuka-50 (ngezinhlobo ezithile ezingavamile)

Izindlela zobudala ziyahluka kakhulu ngohlobo lwe-tumor nendawo. I-Testicular germ cell tumors ikhungathekisa ikakhulukazi amadoda amancane, kuyilapho izinhlobo ze-ovarian zivame ukuvela kwabesifazane abancane.

Izinto ezingozi zezokwelapha nezezakhiwo

Izimo ezithile zezokwelapha kanye nezinto eziphathelene nezakhiwo zingandisa ingozi yakho, nakuba eziningi zikhona kusukela ekuzalweni noma ebuntwaneni.

• Ama-testicles angahleli kahle (cryptorchidism)
• Umlando womndeni we-germ cell tumors
• I-germ cell tumor yangaphambili (iyandisa ingozi kwenye i-testicle)
• I-Klinefelter syndrome
• Ukungaqali noma ukuthuthukiswa okungalungile kwe-sperm
• Izimo ezithile ze-intersex

Ukuba nama-testicles angahleli kahle kuyandisa ingozi ngisho nalapho kulungiswe ngokusebenza, kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokuthola kwasekuqaleni kulaba bantu.

Izinto ezingozi ezingavamile

Ezinye izinto ezingavamile zingase zikhulise kancane ingozi, nakuba ubudlelwano buvame ukuba bubuthakathaka futhi abukwazi kahle.

Ukwelashwa kwesikhathi esidlule kungalandela ukwanda komngcipheko eminyakeni noma amashumi eminyaka kamuva, ikakhulukazi ukwelashwa ngomgogodla. Amanye ama-study abonisa ukuthi ukukhombisa emsebenzini kungaba nomthelela, kodwa ubufakazi buhlala bufinyeleleka.

Izici zema-ma ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, njengokukhombisa kwama-hormone noma imithi ethile, kuye kwafundwa kodwa kubonisa ukuxhumana okungalingani. Ucwaningo oluningi lugxile ekuqondeni kunokuvimbela lezi zici ezingavamile zengozi.

Ziyini izinhlanganisela ezingaba khona ze-germ cell tumors?

Nakuba iningi le-germ cell tumors liyaphatheka kakhulu, lingabangela izinhlanganisela uma lingaphathwa noma uma likhula laze laqeda ukusebenza kwamalungu aseduze. Ukuqonda izinhlanganisela ezingaba khona kusiza ukugcizelela ukubaluleka kokwelashwa ngokushesha.

Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi ngezindlela zokwelapha zanamuhla, izinhlanganisela ezinkulu azivamile. Abantu abaningi abane-germ cell tumors bayaqhubeka bephila impilo evamile, enempilo ngemuva kokwelashwa.

Izinhlanganisela zendawo

I-tumors ingabangela izinkinga endaweni lapho ikhula khona, ikakhulukazi uma ikhula noma icinezela izakhiwo eziseduze.

• Ukuqiniswa kwamalungu aseduze noma imithambo yegazi
• Ukugoqa kwe-tumor (ukugoqa), kubangela ubuhlungu obukhulu
• Ukuqhekeka kwe-tumor, okuholela ekopha okungaphakathi
• Ukuvinjelwa kokusebenza komzimba okuvamile
• Ukutheleleka uma i-tumor iphuka

Lezi zinhlanganisela zivame ukubangela izimpawu ezibuhlungu ngokushesha ezidinga ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha ngokushesha. Ukwelashwa ngokushesha kuvame ukuxazulula lezi zinkinga ngokuphumelelayo.

Izinhlanganisela zesimiso

Ezinye i-germ cell tumors zingasakazeka kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba noma zikhiqize izinto eziqeda impilo yakho yonke.

• Ukusabalala kwama-lymph nodes, amaphaphu, noma ezinye izingxenye zomzimba
• Ukukhiqizwa kwama-hormone okubangela izimpawu ezahlukahlukene
• I-tumor lysis syndrome ngesikhathi sokwelashwa
• Izinkinga zokugandeka kwegazi
• Imiphumela yesistimu yokuvimba

Ngisho noma izicubu eziyizimpukane zisakazeka, izicubu eziyizimpukane ze-germ cell zihlala zibala phakathi kwezinhlungu ezilapheka kakhulu ngokwelashwa okufanele. Ukubona kwasekuqaleni nokwelashwa kunciphisa kakhulu ingozi yalezi zinkinga.

Izinkinga ezihlobene nokuzala

Izicubu eziyizimpukane ze-germ cell nokwelashwa kwazo kungaqeda ukuzala, okuyikhathazo elikhulu kubantu abaningi, ikakhulukazi abantu abadala abasebancane.

Umpukane ngokwawo ungase uqede ukuzala ngokuthinta ukuthuthukiswa kwe-germ cell evamile noma ukukhiqizwa kwamahomoni. Ukwelashwa ngokuhlinzwa, i-chemotherapy, noma ukushiswa kungase futhi kuqede ukuzala kwesikhathi esizayo.

Kodwa-ke, abantu abaningi bagcina bekhona ukuzala ngemva kokwelashwa, futhi izinketho zokulondoloza ukuzala ziyatholakala ngaphambi kokuba ukwelashwa kuqale. Iqembu lakho lokunakekelwa kwezempilo lizokuxoxela ngalezi zinketho ekuqaleni kwenqubo yokuhlela ukwelashwa.

Izinkinga ezingavamile kodwa ezinzima

Ezimweni ezingavamile kakhulu, izinhlobo ezithile zezicubu eziyizimpukane ze-germ cell zingaguquka zibe izinhlobo ezithile zezinhlungu noma zibangele izinkinga ezinkulu ze-metabolic.

Ezinye izicubu ezingenasimanje zingathuthuka zibe izinhlobo zezinhlungu ezinamandla kakhulu uma zingalashwa isikhathi eside. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izicubu ezikhula ngokushesha zingabangela ukungalingani kwe-metabolic okudinga ukuphathwa ngokushesha kwezokwelapha.

Lezi zinkinga azivamile ngezindlela zanamuhla zokubona kwasekuqaleni nokwelashwa, kodwa zikugcizelela ukubaluleka kokungalihli ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha uma izimpawu zivele.

Izicubu eziyizimpukane ze-germ cell zitholakala kanjani?

Ukubona izicubu eziyizimpukane ze-germ cell kuhilela izinyathelo eziningi, kuqale ngomlando wezokwelapha ophelele nokuhlolwa komzimba. Udokotela wakho uzokubuza ngezimpawu zakho, umlando womndeni, nanoma yiziphi izingozi onazo.

Inqubo yokuxilonga yenzelwe ukungagcini nje ngokuqinisekisa ukuba khona kompukane kodwa futhi nokuqonda uhlobo lwawo oluqondile nobubanzi bawo. Ulwazi lolu lubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni uhlelo lokwelashwa oluphumelelayo olufanele isimo sakho esithile.

Ukulingwa kokuqala

Udokotela wakho uzoqala ngokuhlolwa okuhlelekile komzimba, egxile endaweni lapho uhlushwa khona yizimpawu. Uzothinta noma iyiphi izibuko, amasimba, noma izindawo eziqabukile.

Ngokuqondene nezinkinga zamabele, lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa okucophelelayo kwamabele womabili nendawo ezungeze.

Ngezimpawu zesisu, udokotela wakho uzothola amasimba, ukwakheka kwamanzi, noma izindawo ezibuhlungu.

Lokhu kuhlola kokuqala kusiza ukuqondisa ukuthi yiziphi izivivinyo ezengeziwe ezizosiza kakhulu ekufinyeleleni ekuxilongweni.

Izivivinyo zegazi namarkers ezivela ezibukoneni

Izivivinyo zegazi zidlalela indima ebalulekile ekuxilongweni kwezifo ze-germ cell ngoba eziningi zikhiqiza amaprotheni athile abizwa ngokuthi yi-tumor markers. Le markers ingalinganiswa egazini lakho futhi isize ukubona uhlobo lwe-tumor.

• Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) - iphakamile eziningi ze-tumors ezingezona ze-seminomatous
• Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) - ingaphakama ezinhlwini ezahlukene
• Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) - ibonisa ukuphazamiseka kweselula nomsebenzi we-tumor
• Ukubalwa kwamagazi okuphelele nephakheji yokuguqula okusekelwe

Le markers iyasiza futhi ekuqapheleni impendulo yokwelashwa nokubona noma iyiphi impendulo ngemuva kokuba ukwelashwa kuphelile.

Izifundo zokwakha izithombe

Izivivinyo ezahlukene zokwakha izithombe zisiza ukubona i-tumor nokuthola ukuthi isakazeke yini kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba wakho. Udokotela wakho uzothola izivivinyo ezifanele kakhulu ngokuya ngezimpawu zakho nendawo ye-tumor ecingelwayo.

• Ultrasound - ngokuvamile iviviyo lokuqala lamabele noma amasimba e-ovarian
• I-CT scans - izithombe ezinemininingwane yesifuba, isisu, ne-pelvis
• I-MRI - iwusizo kuma-tumors ebuhlungwini noma ukulinganiswa okuningiliziwe kwezicubu ezithambile
• I-X-ray yesifuba - ukuhlola ukubandakanyeka kwamaphaphu
• I-PET scan - ngezinye izikhathi isebenza ekutholeni izindawo ezincane zokusakazeka kwe-tumor

Lezi zivivinyo azina buhlungu futhi zinikeza ulwazi olunemininingwane ngosayizi, indawo, nezici zanoma iyiphi i-tumors etholakele.

Ukuxilongwa kwezicubu

Emasimweni amaningi, ukuxilongwa okuqinisekileyo kudinga ukuhlolwa kwezicubu zezimpukane ngaphansi komkhiqizo. Indlela yokuthola izicubu ihluka kuye ngendawo yempukane.

Ngezimpukane zethisti, ithisti elimele yonke ihlanjululwa ngokuvamile ngokusebenza (okubizwa ngokuthi i-orchiectomy). Le ndlela ivikela ingozi yokusabalala kwamaselula e-cancer okutholakala nge-biopsy yensimbi.

Ngezimpukane ze-ovari, indlela ixhomekeke ebukhoneni nasezimpawu zomthamo. Ngezinye izikhathi i-biopsy yenziwa ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa, kanti ngezinye izikhathi yonke impukane isuswa ukuze ihlolwe.

Ngezimpukane ze-extragonadal, i-biopsy yensimbi noma i-biopsy yokuhlinzwa ingase yenziwe ukuze kutholakale izicubu zokuxilongwa.

Izivivinyo ezikhethekile

Uma izicubu seziqediwe, ochwepheshe bezifo bayenza i-analysis eningiliziwe ukuze baqonde uhlobo oluqondile lwe-germ cell tumor. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlola ukubonakala kwamaselula nokwenza imibala ekhethekile ebonisa izici ezithile.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-genetic kwezicubu zezimpukane kungase futhi kwenziwe ukuze kuqondwe izinguquko noma izici ezithile ezingaqondisa izinqumo zokwelashwa.

Yonke le mininingwane ihlanganiswe embikweni ophelele osizayo iqembu lakho lokunakekelwa kwezempilo ukwakha uhlelo lokwelashwa olufanele kakhulu isimo sakho esithile.

Iyini impilo ye-germ cell tumors?

Ukwelashwa kwe-germ cell tumors kuphumelela kakhulu, ngezilinganiso zokwelashwa ezingaphezu kuka-95% ezinhlotsheni eziningi uma kubanjwe ngokushesha. Uhlelo lwakho lokwelashwa luzokwenziwa ngokwezidingo zohlobo lwakho oluthile lwe-tumor, indawo, nobukhulu besifo.

Izindlela zokwelapha eziyinhloko zihlanganisa ukuhlinzwa, i-chemotherapy, futhi ngezinye izikhathi i-radiation therapy. Abantu abaningi bathola ukuxubana kwalezi zindlela zokwelapha ukuze bathole imiphumela emihle kakhulu.

Ukwelashwa Ngokuhlinzwa

Ukuhlinzwa kuvame ukuba yisinyathelo sokuqala ekwelapheni futhi kusebenza imigomo yokuxilonga nokwelapha. Ubukhulu bokuhlinzwa buxhomeke endaweni nobukhulu be-tumor.

• Ukuhlinzwa kwe-orchiectomy (ukususa ithisti) ngezinhlungu zethisti
• Ukususwa kwesikhumba se-ovari, ngezinye izikhathi ne-ovari
• Ukususwa kwesikhumba ezindaweni ezingaphandle kwe-gonadal
• Ukususwa kwama-lymph node uma umdlavuza usuvele usakazeke
• Ukususwa kwama-masses asale ngemuva kokwelashwa nge-chemotherapy

Izindlela zanamuhla zokwelapha ngokuhlinzwa zivame ukunikeza izindlela zokulondoloza izitho uma kungenzeka, ikakhulukazi ngezinhlungu ze-ovari kubesifazane abasebancane abafuna ukulondoloza ukukhulelwa.

I-Chemotherapy

I-Chemotherapy isebenza kakhulu ngokumelene nezinhlungu ze-germ cell, ngisho noma sezisakazeke kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba. Uhlelo olusetshenziswa kakhulu lubizwa nge-BEP, oluhlanganisa imithi emithathu enamandla yokulwa nomdlavuza.

Uhlelo olujwayelekile lwe-BEP luhlanganisa i-bleomycin, i-etoposide, ne-cisplatin. Abantu abaningi bathola ama-cycle angu-3-4 okwelashwa, ngalinye i-cycle lithatha amasonto angu-3.

Izinhlelo ezihlukile njenge-EP (i-etoposide ne-cisplatin) zingasetshenziswa kubantu abangakwazi ukuthola i-bleomycin ngenxa yezinkinga zephunga. Udokotela wakho we-oncologist uzothola uhlelo oluhle kakhulu ngesimo sakho esithile.

Imiphumela emibi evela ku-chemotherapy ilawuleka ngokunakekelwa okuhambisanayo okwanamuhla, futhi abantu abaningi bangagcina ikhwalithi yokuphila efanele ngesikhathi sokwelashwa.

Ukwelashwa ngomgqomo

Ukwelashwa ngomgqomo kusebenza kakhulu ngezinhlungu ze-seminomatous germ cell. Kusebenzisa imisebe yamandla aphezulu yokubhubhisa amaseli omdlavuza futhi kuvame ukusetshenziswa ngemuva kokwelashwa ngokuhlinzwa ukuvimbela ukubuyela kwesifo.

Umgqomo uhlelwe ngokucophelela ukuqondisa izindawo lapho amaseli omdlavuza angase ahlale khona ngenkathi uvikela izitho ezempilo eziseduze. Ukwelashwa kuvame ukunikezwa nsuku zonke phakathi kwamasonto angu-2-3.

Imiphumela emibi evela emgqomweni ivame ukuba mncane futhi yesikhashana, kuhlanganise nokukhathala nokucasuka kwesikhumba endaweni yokwelashwa.

I-chemotherapy enesilinganiso esiphezulu kanye nokuhlinzwa kwamaseli estem

Ngengxenye encane yabantu abanezinhlelo ezingaphenduli ekwelapheni okujwayelekile, i-chemotherapy enesilinganiso esiphezulu elandelwa ukuhlinzwa kwamaseli estem kungase kunconywe.

Lolu phiko lokwelashwa oluqine kakhulu luhilela ukuqoqwa kwama-stem cells akho ngaphambi kokunikezwa imithamo ephakeme kakhulu ye-chemotherapy, bese ubuyisela ama-stem cells ukuze usize ubuhlungu lwamathambo bakho buphulukane.

Nakuba kunzima kakhulu, le ndlela ingawelapha abantu abaningi abanezinhlungu ezingaphendulanga ekwelapheni kokuqala.

Ukwelashwa kwezimo ezikhethekile

Abesifazane abakhulelwe abanokukhula kwe-germ cell tumors badinga ukunakekelwa okukhethekile ukuvikela umama nomntwana. Ukwelashwa kuvame ukubambezeleka ngokuphepha kuze kube ngemuva kokubeletha kwezinhlungu ezikhula kancane.

Abantwana abanokukhula kwe-germ cell tumors bavame ukuthola izinhlelo zokwelapha eziguquliwe ezimisiwe ukunciphisa imiphumela yesikhathi eside ngenkathi begcina amazinga aphezulu okuphulukisa.

Abantu abanezimo eziningi zezokwelapha bangase bathole izinhlelo zokwelapha ezilungisiwe ezibheka isimo sabo sonke sempilo ngenkathi besanikeza ukwelashwa komdlavuza okuphumelelayo.

Ungayiphatha kanjani imiphumela emibi ekhaya ngesikhathi sokwelashwa?

Ukuphatha imiphumela emibi nezimpawu ekhaya kuyiyingxenye ebalulekile yebanga lakho lokwelashwa. Izimpawu eziningi zingalawulwa kahle ngezindlela ezilula, zikusiza ugcine ikhwalithi yempilo yakho ngesikhathi sokwelashwa.

Hlala uxhumana neqembu lakho lokunakekelwa kwezempilo mayelana nanoma iyiphi impumela emibi oyibonayo. Bangakunikeza isiqondiso esithile futhi balungise uhlelo lwakho lokwelashwa uma kudingeka.

Ukuphatha ukugula nokwehluleka kokudla

Ukugula kuyimpumela emibi evamile ye-chemotherapy, kodwa kungalawulwa kahle ngendlela efanele. Udokotela wakho uzokunikeza imithi yokulwa nokugula ukuyithatha ngaphambi nangemva kokwelashwa.

• Dla ukudla okuncane, okuvamile usuku lonke
• Khetha ukudla okungenamthondo njenge-crackers, i-toast, noma urayisi
• Hlala uthambile ngokuphuza amanzi acacile kancane kancane
• Gwema izinongo ezinamandla nokudla okunoshukela
• Zama itiye lejinja noma amaswidi ejinja
• Phumula endaweni enhle, enomoya omuhle

Uma uhlushwa ukudla, gxila ekudleni okunamafutha amaningi, okunamahluleki amaningi uma uzizwa ufuna ukudla. Izithasiselo zezondlo zingasiza ekuqedeni izikhala ekudleni kwakho.

Ukuphathwa kokukhathala

Ukukhathala okuhlobene nomdlavuza kuhlukile ekukhathaleni okuvamile futhi kungase kungaphuli ngokuphumula kuphela. Noma kunjalo, kunezindlela ezingakusiza ukuba ugcine amazinga akho amandla.

• Linganisa umsebenzi nokuphumula usuku lonke
• Thatha ubuthongo obufinyelela (imizuzu engama-20-30) uma kudingeka
• Hlala usebenza ngangokunokwenzeka ngokuzivocavoca okuthambile
• Beka phambili imisebenzi ebalulekile bese wabelana nabanye
• Gcina isimiso sokulala esiqondile
• Cela usizo ngemisebenzi yansuku zonke uma kudingeka

Ukuzivocavoca okulula njengokuhamba kungasiza ekuthuthukiseni amazinga amandla, ngisho noma kungabonakala kuyinqaba uma uzizwa ukhathele.

Ukuvimbela ukutheleleka

I-Chemotherapy inganciphisa izinga le-white blood cell yakho okwesikhashana, okukwenza ube sengozini yokutheleleka. Ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuvikela kungakusiza ukuba uhlale uphilile ngesikhathi sokwelashwa.

• Geza izandla zakho njalo ngesepha namanzi
• Gwema izixuku nabantu abagulayo
• Pheka inyama namaqanda kahle
• Geza izithelo nemifino ngaphambi kokudla
• Gcina umlomo wakho uhlanzekile ngokunakekelwa komlomo okuthambile
• Qaphela izimpawu zokutheleleka njengobushushu noma ukuthamba

Xhumana neqembu lakho lokunakekelwa kwezempilo ngokushesha uma uthola ubushushu obungaphezu kuka-100.4°F (38°C) noma ezinye izimpawu zokutheleleka.

Ukusekelwa kwempilo yengqondo nomzwelo

Ukubhekana nokuxilongwa komdlavuza nokwelashwa kungaba inselele ngokomzwelo. Kuvamile ukuzizwa unemizwelo ehlukahlukene, futhi kunezinto ezitholakalayo ezizosisa.

Cabanga ukujoyina iqembu lokusekela labantu abanezingxaki ezifanayo, noma ngokomuntu siqu noma ku-inthanethi. Abaningi bathola kuwusizo ukuxhumana nabanye abaqonda ukuthi bahlangabezana nani.

Ungangabazi ukucela usizo lokwelulekwa ngokusebenza uma uhlushwa ukukhathazeka, ukucindezeleka, noma ezinye izinkinga zomzwelo. Impilo yengqondo iyisigaba esibalulekile sohlelo lwakho lokwelashwa.

Kufanele ulungiselele kanjani isikhathi sakho sokuya kudokotela?

Ukulungiselela izikhathi zakho zokwelashwa kungakusiza uqinisekise ukuthi uthola okuningi ngesikhathi sakho neqembu lakho lokunakekelwa kwezempilo. Ukufika ukhulu ngemibuzo nolwazi kusiza ekuthuthukiseni ukuxhumana nokwenza izinqumo.

Khumbula ukuthi akekho umbuzo omncane noma ongenamsebenzi. Iqembu lakho lokunakekelwa kwezempilo lifuna ukukusiza ukuthi uqonde isimo sakho futhi uzizwe ukhululekile ngohlelo lwakho lokwelashwa.

Ulwazi olumele uqokelele ngaphambi kwesikhathi sakho sokuya kudokotela

Ukuqoqa ulwazi olufanele kusengaphambili kusiza udokotela wakho ukuthi aqonde isimo sakho ngokuphelele futhi enze izincomo zokwelashwa ezingcono.

• Uhlu oluphelele lwemithi nezinhlanganisela ezikhona manje
• Umbukiso womndeni womdlavuza, ikakhulukazi i-tumors ye-germ cell
• Isikhathi lapho izimpawu zavelela khona okokuqala
• Nanoma yimaphi amarekhodi ezempilo adlule ahambisana nesimo sakho
• Ulwazi lwe-inshorensi nama-paperwork okudluliselwa
• Uhlu lwabanye odokotela obabona

Uma uke wenza izifundo zokwenza izithombe noma ukuhlolwa kwegazi kwenye indawo, zama ukuthola amakhophi ukuze ulethe nawe noma uwafake ehhovisi lika-dokotela wakho kusengaphambili.

Imibuzo okumele uyibuze iqembu lakho lokunakekelwa kwezempilo

Ukubhala phansi imibuzo yakho kusengaphambili kuqinisekisa ukuthi awulibali izindaba ezibalulekile ngesikhathi sakho sokuya kudokotela. Nazi ezinye izindawo ezibalulekile okumele uzicabangele ukubuza ngazo.

• Ngumfutho muni we-germ cell tumor enginawo?
• I-stage yethumba lami yiyiphi, futhi kusho ukuthini lokho?
• Ziyini izinketho zami zokwelashwa?
• Ziyini izinzuzo nezingozi zokwelashwa ngakunye?
• Ukwelashwa kuzothinta kanjani impilo yami yansuku zonke?
• Ziyini imiphumela ezingaba khona yesikhathi eside?
• Sizokwazi kanjani ukuthi ukwelashwa kusebenza?
• Kufanele ngenzeni uma ngibhekana nemiphumela emibi?

Ungakhathazeki ngokubuza imibuzo eminingi kakhulu. Iqembu lakho lokunakekelwa kwezempilo liyakuqaphela futhi liyamukela imibuzo yakho, njengoba kubonisa ukuthi uhileleke ekunakekelweni kwakho.

Okufanele ukulethe emihlanganweni

Ukuba ulungile emihlanganweni kusiza konke ukuba siqhubeke ngokushelela futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi unezinto ozidingayo zokwenza izinqumo.

• Ukuhlonza isithombe nekhadi le-inshurensi
• Uhlu oluphelele lwemithi nge-dosages
• Incwadi noma ifoni yokuthatha amanothi
• Uhlu lwemibuzo ofuna ukuyibuza
• Imiphumela yokuhlola yangaphambili noma amarekhodi ezempilo
• Ulwazi lokuxhumana lwabanye odokotela
• Umuntu wokusekela uma ufuna

Abantu abaningi bathola ukuthi kuwusizo ukuletha umngane othembekile noma ilungu lomndeni emihlanganweni ukuze bathole ukwesekwa ngokomzwelo nokubasiza ukuba bakhumbule ulwazi oluxoxwe.

Ukuhlela izinqumo zokwelashwa

Awudingi ukwenza izinqumo zokwelashwa ekuhlanganyeleni kwakho kokuqala, futhi kulungile ukuthatha isikhathi sokucabangela izinketho zakho. Noma kunjalo, ukucabanga ngezinto ozikhathalelayo kusengaphambili kungaba usizo.

Cabanga ngalokho okubaluleke kakhulu kuwe, njengokulondoloza ukukhulelwa, ukunciphisa isikhathi sokude emsebenzini, noma ukukhetha ukwelashwa olunezinga eliphezulu lokwelapha. Ukuxoxa ngalezi zinto ozikhathalelayo neqembu lakho lokunakekelwa kwezempilo kubasiza ukuba balungiselele izincomo ngezindinganiso zakho.

Ungazizwa ucindezelekile ukwenza izinqumo ngokushesha ngaphandle kokuba kukhona ukuphazamiseka kwezokwelapha. Iningi le-germ cell tumors lingaphathwa kahle ngisho noma uthatha izinsuku ezimbalwa ukuze ucabangele izinketho zakho futhi ufuna umbono wesibili uma ufuna.

Iyini iphuzu eliyinhloko mayelana nezimila ze-Germ cell?

Okubaluleke kakhulu okufanele kuqondwe ngezimila ze-Germ cell ukuthi zihlanganiswe ezimila zekansa ezilapheka kakhulu, ngamanani okuphulukisa angaphezu kuka-95% ezinhlotsheni eziningi uma zitholakala ekuqaleni. Ngisho noma seziyanda, lezi zimila zihlala zilapheka kakhulu.

Ukutholakala ekuqaleni kwenza umehluko omkhulu emiphumeleni yokwelashwa, ngakho ungangabazi ukufuna ukwelashwa kwezokwelapha kunoma yiziphi izimpawu ezikhathazayo. Izimpawu eziningi zinazichazelo ezilula, kodwa ukulingwa kwezokwelapha kuphela okungabona imbangela.

Izindlela zokwelapha zanamuhla ziyasebenza kakhulu ngenkathi zinciphisa imiphumela emibi yesikhathi eside. Abantu abaningi abanezinhlobo zezimila ze-Germ cell baqhubeka bephila impilo evamile, enempilo ngemva kokwelashwa, kuhlanganise nokulondoloza ukuzala nokuba nemindeni.

Ukuqonda ukubaluleka kokuba nolwazi, ukuxhumana ngokukhululekile neqembu lakho lokunakekelwa kwezempilo, nokufuna ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha ngokushesha kunoma yiziphi izimpawu ezikhathazayo. Ngokusebenzisa izinketho zokwelapha zanamuhla, ukuxilongwa kwezimila ze-Germ cell kuphatheka kakhulu futhi kulapheka kakhulu.

Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa mayelana nezimila ze-Germ cell

Ingabe izimila ze-Germ cell zingavikeleka?

Ngeshwa, izimila eziningi ze-Germ cell azikwazi ukuvinjelwa ngoba ngokuvamile zivela ezinqumeni zokuthuthukiswa ezenzeka ngaphambi kokuzalwa. Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo eziningi zekansa, azixhunyaniswanga nezici zesitayela sokuphila njengokubhema, ukudla, noma ukukhombisa imvelo.

Kodwa-ke, ukutholakala ekuqaleni ngokwazi izimpawu nokunakekelwa okuvamile kwezokwelapha kungabangela ukwelashwa okusheshayo nemiphumela emihle. Amadoda kufanele enze ukuhlolwa okuvamile kwezitho zokuzala, futhi noma ubani onama-risk factors kufanele axoxe ngokuhlola nodokotela wakhe.

Ngizokwazi yini ukuba nezingane ngemva kokwelashwa kwezimila ze-Germ cell?

Abantu abaningi bagcina ukukhulelwa kwabo ngemva kokwelashwa kwezifo ze-germ cell tumors, kodwa lokhu kuncike ezintweni eziningi ezihlanganisa uhlobo lokwelashwa abalutholayo nezimo zomuntu ngamunye. Kukhona izinketho zokulondoloza ukukhulelwa ezikhona ngaphambi kokuba ukwelashwa kuqale.

Iqembu lakho lokunakekelwa kwezempilo lizokuxoxela ngezinkinga zokukhulelwa ekuqaleni kwenqubo yokuhlela ukwelashwa. Izinketho zingase zihlanganise ukugcina isidoda kumadoda noma ukugcina amaqanda/izinyanga kubesifazane. Abantu abaningi bayaphumelela ukuba nezingane ngemva kokuphelela ukwelashwa kwezifo ze-germ cell tumors.

Zingaphinda zingaki izifo ze-germ cell tumors ngemva kokwelashwa?

Amanani okuphindaphinda kwezifo ze-germ cell tumors aphansi, ikakhulukazi uma zitholwe ngendlela efanele ekuqaleni. Iningi lokuphindaphinda kwenzeka phakathi neminyaka emibili yokuqala ngemva kokwelashwa, kungakho ukulandelela okuqhubekayo kubalulekile.

Ngisho noma isifo siphinde sibuye, izifo ze-germ cell tumors zihlala zilawuleka kakhulu ngokwelashwa okwengeziwe. Uhlelo lwakho lokulandelela luzoba namaviki okuhlola igazi, izifundo zokuthola izithombe, nokukheka komzimba ukuqapha noma yiziphi izimpawu zokubuya.

Ingabe izifo ze-germ cell tumors ziyizefa?

Nakuba umlando womndeni ungakhuphula ingozi kancane, iningi lezifo ze-germ cell tumors aliyona ifa. Abantu abaningi abathuthukisa lezi zifo abanalo umlando womndeni wesimo.

Abafowabo namadodana amadoda ane-testicular germ cell tumors banengozi enciphekile, kodwa lokhu kusacishe kube phansi. Ukuqondisa ngezakhiwo ze-genetic kungase kunconywe emindenini enamalungu amaningi athintekayo, nakuba lokhu kungavamile.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwezifo ze-germ cell tumors ezinhle nezibi?

Izifo ze-germ cell tumors ezinhle, njenge-mature teratomas, azisasali ezingxenyeni zomzimba futhi zilawuleka ngokususwa ngokukhanda kuphela. Izifo ze-germ cell tumors ezibi zinamandla okusasazeka kodwa zisala zilawuleka kakhulu ngokwelashwa okufanele.

Ngisho nemikhuhlane yeseli ye germ eyingozi iphendula kahle ekwelapheni, kunezinga lokululama elidlula i-95% ezinhlotsheni eziningi. Ukwahlukaniswa kusiza ukuqondisa ukuhlelwa kokwelapha, kodwa womabili amaqembu anemiphumela emihle uma aphathwa kahle.