Glomerulonephritis

Izinso zisusa ukhondo nolwetshe olusele egazini ngezinsimbi zokuhlanza ebizwa ngokuthi ama nephron. I nephron ngayinye inensimbi yokuhlanza, ebizwa ngokuthi i glomerulus. Insimbi ngayinye yokuhlanza inezinsimbi zegazi ezincane ebizwa ngokuthi ama capillaries. Uma igazi ligeleza ku glomerulus, izingcezu ezincane, ebizwa ngama molecules, zamanzi, amaminerali namasondlo, nokukhononda kudlula odongeni lwe capillaries. Ama molecules amakhulu, njengeproteni nama cell abomvu egazi, awadluli. Ingxenye ehlanziweyo bese idlula kwenye ingxenye ye nephron ebizwa ngokuthi i tubule. Amanzi, amasondlo namaminerali umzimba awadingayo athunyelwa emuva egazini. Amanzi engeziwe nokukhononda kuba yimithambo egeleza esibindini.

IGlomerulonephritis (gloe-MER-u-loe-nuh-FRY-tis) iwukuvuvukala kwezinsimbi ezincane zokuhlanza ezinso (glomeruli). Ulwetshe olusele namanzi engeziwe i glomeruli (gloe-MER-u-lie) ewasusa egazini aphuma emzimbeni njengomchamo. I Glomerulonephritis ingaqala ngokuzuma (acute) noma kancane kancane (chronic).

IGlomerulonephritis ivela yodwa noma ingxenye yesifo esinye, njengolupus noma ushukela. Ukuvuvukala okukhulu noma okuhlala isikhathi eside okuhlotshaniswa ne Glomerulonephritis kungalimaza izinso. Ukwelashwa kuncike ohlotsheni lwe Glomerulonephritis onayo.

Izimpawu nezimpawu zeglomerulonephritis zingase zihluke kuye ngokuthi unefomu elinobudlova noma elingapheli nokuthi yini imbangela. Ungase ungaphawuli zimpawu zesifo esingapheli. Isibonakaliso sakho sokuqala sokuthi kukhona okungalungile kungase sivela emiphumeleni yokuhlolwa kwesisu okujwayelekile (urinalysis). Izimpawu nezimpawu zeglomerulonephritis zingafaka: I-Urine ebomvu noma ebomvu njenge-cola evela egazi elibomvu emathisini (hematuria).Urin eneminwe noma ephumile ngenxa yeprotheni engaphezulu emathisini (proteinuria).I-High blood pressure (hypertension).Ukugcinwa kwamanzi (edema) ngokukhula okubonakala ebusweni, ezandleni, ezinyaweni nasemathunjini.Ukuthamba kancane kunokujwayelekile.Ukupukelela nokugabha.Ukubamba kwemisipha.Ukukhathala.Yenza i-aphoyintimenti nodokotela wakho ngokushesha uma unezimpawu noma izimpawu zeglomerulonephritis.

Bopha i-aphoyintimenti nodokotela wakho ngokushesha uma unezimpawu zomkhuhlane we-glomerulonephritis.

Izimo eziningi zingabangela i-glomerulonephritis. Ngezinye izikhathi isifo sivela emindenini futhi ngezinye izikhathi imbangela ayaziwa. Izici ezingabangela ukuvuvukala kwe-glomeruli zihlanganisa izimo ezilandelayo. Izifo ezithathelwanayo zingabangela i-glomerulonephritis ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile. Lezi zifo zihlanganisa: I-Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. I-Glomerulonephritis ingase ithuthuke ngesonto noma amabili ngemuva kokubuyela esimweni esijwayelekile ngemuva kokutheleleka komphimbo noma, ngokungavamile, ukutheleleka kwesikhumba okubangelwa yibhaktheriya ye-streptococcal (impetigo). Ukuvuvukala kwenzeka lapho ama-antibodies ebhaktheriya eqoqa kwi-glomeruli. Abantwana banamathuba amaningi okuthuthukisa i-post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis kunabantu abadala, futhi banamathuba amaningi okuphulukana ngokushesha. I-Bacterial endocarditis. I-Bacterial endocarditis iyisifo sokuqhekeka kwangaphakathi kwamakhamera nenhliziyo yakho. Akucaci ukuthi ukuvuvukala ezinso kuwumphumela wemisebenzi yesistimu yokuvikela umzimba kuphela noma ezinye izici. Ukutheleleka kwezinso okuyisifo. Ukutheleleka kwezinso okuyisifo, njenge-hepatitis B ne-hepatitis C, kubangela ukuvuvukala kwe-glomeruli nezinye izicubu zezinso. I-HIV. Ukutheleleka yi-HIV, i-virus ebangela i-AIDS, kungabangela i-glomerulonephritis nokonakala kwezinso okuqhubekayo, ngisho nangaphambi kokuthi kuqale i-AIDS. Izifo zokuzivikela umzimba ziyizifo ezibangelwa yisistimu yokuzivikela umzimba ehlasela izicubu eziphilile. Izifo zokuzivikela umzimba ezingabangela i-glomerulonephritis zihlanganisa: I-Lupus. Isifo esibuhlungu esiqhubekayo, i-systemic lupus erythematosus ingathinta izingxenye eziningi zomzimba wakho, kuhlanganise nesikhumba, izintambo, izinso, amangqamuzana egazi, inhliziyo nemiphunga. I-Goodpasture's syndrome. Kulesi sifo esingavamile, esaziwa nangokuthi yi-anti-GBM disease, isistimu yokuzivikela umzimba yenza ama-antibodies ezicubwini emaphaphwini nasezinso. Ingabangela ukonakala okuqhubekayo nokuhlala njalo kwezinso. I-IgA nephropathy. I-Immunoglobulin A (IgA) iyisibopho esiyilona lokuqala lokuvikela ezikhungweni ezithathelwanayo. I-IgA nephropathy iyenzeka lapho ama-deposits e-antibody eqoqa kwi-glomeruli. Ukuvuvukala nokwenzakala okulandelayo kungase kungabonakali isikhathi eside. Isibonakaliso esivamile kakhulu yigazi emanzini. I-Vasculitis ukuvuvukala kwezithelo zegazi. Izinhlobo ze-vasculitis ezingabangela i-glomerulonephritis zihlanganisa: I-Polyarteritis. Lolu hlobo lwe-vasculitis luthinta izithelo zegazi ezinkulu nezincane ezingxenyeni eziningi zomzimba wakho, kuhlanganise izinso, isikhumba, imisipha, izintambo kanye ne-digestive tract. I-Granulomatosis enenhliziyo. Lolu hlobo lwe-vasculitis, olukwaziwa ngaphambili njenge-Wegener's granulomatosis, luthinta izithelo zegazi ezincane nezinkulu emaphaphwini akho, emizileni yomoya ephezulu nasezinso. Ezinye izifo noma izimo zibangela ukukhuluphala kwe-glomeruli okubangela ukusebenza okubi nokuwohloka kwezinso. Lezi zihlanganisa: Ukuphindwa kwegazi. Ukuphindwa kwegazi okungalungiswa kahle isikhathi eside kungabangela ukukhuluphala nokuvuvukala kwe-glomeruli. I-Glomerulonephritis ivinela indima yekinso ekulawuleni ukucindezela kwegazi. Isifo sezinso se-Diabetic (i-diabetic nephropathy). Amazinga aphezulu kashukela egazini anikelela ekukhuleni kwe-glomeruli futhi andisa izinga lokugcwala kwegazi nge-nephrons. I-Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Kulesi simo, ukukhuluphala kuhlukaniswe phakathi kwezinye ze-glomeruli. Lokhu kungase kube umphumela wesinye isifo, noma kungase kwenzeke ngaphandle kwesizathu esaziwayo. Ngokungavamile, i-glomerulonephritis eqhubekayo ivela emindenini. Enye ifomu elidluliselwa ngezizukulwane, i-Alport syndrome, ingase ilimaze ukuzwa noma ukubona. I-Glomerulonephritis ihlotshaniswa nezinye izifo zomdlavuza, njengomdlavuza wesisu, umdlavuza wephunga kanye ne-chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Ezinye izifo zokuzikhukhumeza zihambisana ne-glomerulonephritis.

I-glomerulonephritis ithonya ikhono le-nephrons lokucwecwa kwegazi ngokuphumelelayo. Ukuphazamiseka kokucwecwa kuholela ku: Ukubuthana kwezinto ezingcolile noma izinto eziyingozi egazini. Ukungalawulwa kahle kweziminerali ezibalulekile nezakhamzimba. Ukulahleka kwamaseli egazi abomvu. Ukulahleka kwamaprotheni egazi. Izingozi ezingase zenzeke ngenxa ye-glomerulonephritis zihlanganisa: Ukuhluleka kwesibindi akuthe ngqo. Ukuhluleka kwesibindi akuthe ngqo yindlela yokwehla ngokukhawuleza nokungalindelekile kokusebenza kwesibindi, okuvamise ukuxhumene nesizathu esithathelwanayo se-glomerulonephritis. Ukubuthana kwezinto ezingcolile nezinye izinto ezingcolile kungaba yingozi eyingozi uma kungaphathwa ngokushesha ngomshini wokucwecwa okwenziwe ngabantu (i-dialysis). Izibindi zivame ukuqala ukusebenza njengoba kwakunjalo ngaphambi kokululama. I-Chronic kidney disease. Ukuvuvukala okuqhubekayo kuholela ekubhujisweni kwesikhathi eside nokunciphisa kokusebenza kwesibindi. I-Chronic kidney disease ngokuvamile ichazwa njengokulimala kwesibindi noma ukunciphisa kokusebenza izinyanga ezintathu noma ngaphezulu. I-Chronic kidney disease ingathuthuka ibe yi-end-stage kidney disease, efuna i-dialysis noma ukuhlinzwa kwesibindi. Ukuphindaphindeka kwegazi. Ukulimala kwe-glomeruli okuvela ekukhubekiseni noma ezikhombweni kungabangela ukwanda kwegazi. I-Nephrotic syndrome. I-Nephrotic syndrome yisimo lapho kukhona khona amaprotheni egazi amaningi kumchamo futhi amancane egazini. La maprotheni adlala indima ekulawuleni amanzi nama-cholesterol levels. Ukwehla kwamaprotheni egazi kuholela e-cholesterol ephakeme, ukwanda kwegazi nokukhuluphala (edema) ebusweni, ezandleni, ezinyaweni nasemathunjini. Kwezinye izikhathi, i-nephrotic syndrome ingabangela i-blood clot embiyelweni yegazi yesibindi.

Akuvamile ukuba kungekho ndlela yokuvimbela ezinye izinhlobo zeglomerulonephritis. Kodwa-ke, nansi eminye imigomo engase ibe usizo:

• Funani ukwelashwa okusheshayo kokutheleleka kwe-strep okunehlombe noma i-impetigo.
• Ukuvimbela ukutheleleka okungholela kwezinye izinhlobo zeglomerulonephritis, njenge-HIV ne-hepatitis, landelani imiyalelo yokuphepha ubulili bese nigwema ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa nge-intravenous.
• Lawulani ushukela lwegazi ukuze kuvivinywe i-diabetic nephropathy.

Phakathi nesampula yempumputhe yokugaya, ochwepheshe bezempilo basebenzisa unhlanzi ukukhipha isampula encane yethishu yempumputhe ukuze kuhlolwe elabhoratri. Unhlanzi wesampula yempumputhe ufakwa ngesikhumba ukuya empumputhe. Le nqubo ivame ukusebenzisa idivayisi yomfanekiso, njengomthwali we-ultrasound, ukuqondisa unhlanzi.

Glomerulonephritis ingabonakala ngezivivinyo uma unegciwane elikhulu noma ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa okujwayelekile ngesikhathi sokuvakasha kokuphila kahle noma isikhathi sokuphathwa sesifo esingapheli, njengoshukela. Izivivinyo zokuhlola umsebenzi wempumputhe yakho nokwenza ukuxilongwa kwe-glomerulonephritis zihlanganisa:

• Uvivinyo lwamanzi. Ukuhlaziywa kwamathumbu kungaveza izimpawu zomsebenzi wempumputhe embi, njengezisele ezipulazi nemikhiqizo engekho emanzini noma amangqamuzana amhlophe okuyisibonakaliso sokuvuvukala. Kungase futhi kube nokuntuleka kwezinga lokulindelekile lemikhiqizo yokuphuma.
• Izivivinyo zegazi. Ukuhlaziywa kwamasampula egazi kungaveza amazinga aphezulu kunalokhu okulindelekile kwemikhiqizo yokuphuma egazini, ukuba khona kwamathumbu angase abonise isifo sokuzimela komzimba, ukutheleleka ngamabhaktheriya noma i-viral, noma amazinga okusanhlamvu legazi abonisa ushukela.
• Izivivinyo zomfanekiso. Uma udokotela wakho ethola ubufakazi besifo sempumputhe, angase akukhuthaze ukuhlolwa komfanekiso okungase kubonise ukungalingani esimweni noma usayizi wempumputhe. Lezi zivivinyo zingaba yi-X-ray, ukuhlolwa kwe-ultrasound noma isikhombisi se-CT.
• Isampula yempumputhe. Le nqubo ihilela ukusebenzisa unhlanzi olukhulu ukukhipha izingcezu ezincane zethishu yempumputhe ukuze kubhekwe ngaphansi komkhiqizo. Isampula yempumputhe isebenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukuxilongwa nokuhlola izinga nobuntu lokulimala kwethishu.