Uyi-HIV/AIDS yini? Izimpawu, Izimbangela, & Ukwelashwa

I-HIV (i-Human Immunodeficiency Virus) iwumkhuhlane oqhubeka uhlasela isimiso sakho somzimba sokuvikela, ikakhulukazi uqondisa kumaseli e-CD4 asisiza ekulweni nezifo. Uma i-HIV ingalashwa, ingaqhubeka ibe yi-AIDS (i-Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), okuyisigaba esiphambili se-HIV. Ngokwemithi yanamuhla, abantu abane-HIV bangaphila impilo ende, enempilo futhi bavimbele ukudluliselwa kwabanye.

Iyini i-HIV?

I-HIV iwumkhuhlane obuthakathaka isimiso sakho sokuvikela ngokubhubhisa amaseli aqinisekisa ukuthi awuguli. Cabanga ngesistimu yakho sokuvikela njengeqembu lokuvikela lomzimba wakho, futhi i-HIV iqondisa abaphathi baleli qembu. I-virus iziphinda ngaphakathi kwala maseli okuvikela, kancane kancane inciphise ikhono lomzimba wakho lokulwa nezifo nezinye izinhlobo zomdlavuza.

I-HIV imele i-Human Immunodeficiency Virus ngoba ithinta abantu kuphela, ibangela ukungabi namandla okuvikela, futhi iyingxenye yomndeni wezifo. I-virus ihlasela ngokuqondile amaseli e-CD4 T-helper, okuyizicubu ezimhlophe zegazi eziqondisa impendulo yakho yokuvikela. Njengoba la maseli ebhujiswa, isimiso sakho sokuvikela sibuthakathaka kancane kancane.

Iyini i-AIDS?

I-AIDS yisigaba sokugcina se-HIV, ihlonishwa uma inani lamaseli akho e-CD4 liwela ngaphansi kwamaseli angu-200 nge-microliter noma uma uthuthukisa ezinye izifo ezinkulu noma umdlavuza. Akuwona wonke umuntu one-HIV othuthukisa i-AIDS, ikakhulukazi ngokwelashwa okufanele. I-AIDS ivela uma i-HIV yonakalise kakhulu isimiso sokuvikela, ikushiya ukhona ezingozini zezifo ezibulalayo ezivamile ukulwa nazo isimiso sokuvikela esinempilo.

Ukuqhubeka kusuka ku-HIV kuya ku-AIDS kuvame ukuthatha iminyaka ngaphandle kokwelashwa. Noma kunjalo, ngokwelashwa kwamanje kwe-antiretroviral, abantu abaningi abane-HIV abayi ku-AIDS futhi bangagcina umsebenzi wabo wokuvimbela ovamile noma oseduze novamile ekuphileni kwabo konke.

Ziyini izimpawu ze-HIV?

Izimpawu ze-HIV ziyahlukahluka kuye ngesigaba sokuqanduleka, futhi abanye abantu bangase bangabi nazimpawu iminyaka eminingi. Izimpawu zokuqala zingaba zimbi futhi zididaniswe kalula nezifo ezivamile. Ake siqonde ukuthi yini ongayibona ezigabeni ezahlukene.

Phakathi nesigaba sokuqanduleka okukhulu (amaviki angu-2-4 ngemuva kokudluliselwa), ungase ube nezimpawu ezifana ne-influenza ezifaka:

• Ukuthuthumela nokuqanduleka
• Ubuhlungu bokhanda obukhulu
• Ubuhlungu bemisipha nobuhlungu bezingxenye zomzimba
• Ubuhlungu komlomo
• Amathumbu avuvukile
• Isikhumba esiphukile (ngokuvamile esifubeni, ebusweni, noma ezingalweni)
• Ukukhathala okukhulu
• Ukukhipha ukushisa ebusuku

Lezi zimpawu ngokuvamile zihlala i-1-2 weeks bese ziyaphela njengoba umzimba wakho uqala ukukhiqiza ama-antibodies amelene ne-HIV. Abantu abaningi badidanisa lezi zimpawu ne-influenza noma enye into ebangelwa yi-viral.

Phakathi nesigaba sokuqanduleka okungapheli, i-HIV ingase ibe nezimpawu ezimbalwa noma zingabikho iminyaka eminingi. Lokhu kubizwa ngesikhathi esingenazimpawu, kodwa i-virus iyaqhubeka nokukhula nokubulala isimiso sakho sokuvikela umzimba. Abanye abantu bangase babe nezimpawu ezilula njengamathambo avuvukile.

Njengoba i-HIV iqhubeka iye ku-AIDS, izimpawu ezinzima kakhulu zingase zivele:

• Ukuthuthumela okuphindaphindayo
• Ukuhlanza okungapheli okungaphezu kweviki
• Ukukhathala okungapheli, okungachazeki
• Ukwehla kwesisindo okusheshayo
• Ukuqanduleka okuvamile okunzima ukwelapha
• Isimo sesikhumba esingavamile noma isikhumba esiphukile
• Izinkinga zokukhumbula noma ukudideka
• Ukukhokha okungapheli

Khumbula ukuthi ukuba nalezi zimpawu akusho ukuthi une-HIV. Ezinye izimo eziningi zingabangela izimpawu ezifanayo, kungakho ukuhlolwa kuphela yindlela yokuqiniseka.

Yini ebangela i-HIV?

I-HIV ibangelwa ukutheleleka yi-Human Immunodeficiency Virus, ethunyelwa ngezinye izinto ezivela emzimbeni. I-virus ayikwazi ukuphila isikhathi eside ngaphandle komzimba womuntu futhi idinga ukuxhumana ngokuqondile nezinye izinto ezivela emzimbeni ukuze isakazeke kumuntu nomuntu.

I-HIV lidluliselwa ngezinye izinto eziphuma emzimbeni uma zithinta imembraney mucous, inyama elimelelekile, noma zingena ngqo egazini:

• Igazi
• Umalume kanye nesisindo sangaphambi komalume
• Izinto eziphuma esibelekweni nasemathunjini
• Ubisi lwasemazini

Izindlela ezivamile kakhulu zokudlulisela i-HIV zihlanganisa ubuhlobo bobulili obungavikelekile nomuntu onayo le virus, ukwabelana ngezindlela noma izipini, nokudluliselwa kunina kuye engwaneni phakathi kokukhulelwa, ukubeletha, noma ukuncelisa. Ukuthuthukiswa kwegazi kwake kwaba yindlela yokudlulisela, kodwa ukuhlolwa kwenze lokhu kube yinto engavamile kakhulu emazweni athuthukile kusukela ngo-1985.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi i-HIV ayikwazi ukudluliselwa ngokuthintana okuvamile njengokuqabulana, ukusangana, ukwabelana ngokudla, noma ukuthinta izinto ezingaphandle. I-virus ibuthakathaka kakhulu futhi ifa ngokushesha uma ivezwe emoyeni.

Kufanele ubone nini udokotela nge-HIV?

Kufanele ubheke udokotela ukuze uhlolwe i-HIV uma ukhombiswe le virus noma uhileleka emisebenzini eyenyusa ingozi yakho. Ukutholakala kwasekuqaleni nokuphathwa kubalulekile ekuvikeleni impilo enhle nokuvimbela ukudluliselwa kwabanye.

Funani ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha ngokushesha uma uhlangabezana nezimpawu ezifana ne-influenza emavikini angu-2-4 ngemuva kokukhombiswa okungenzeka kwe-HIV. Nakuba lezi zimpawu zingaba ngenxa yezizathu eziningi ezahlukene, kungcono ukuhlolwa futhi wazi ngokuqinisekile. Ukuphathwa kwasekuqaleni kungathuthukisa kakhulu imiphumela yakho yempilo yesikhathi eside.

Cabanga ukuhlolwa kwe-HIV njalo uma uneqabane elilodwa lobulili, usebenzisa izidakamizwa ezithunyelwa ngezindlela, uneqabane eline-HIV, noma utholakala unayo enye into yokudluliselwa ngokobulili. I-CDC iphakamisa ukuthi wonke umuntu ophakathi kweminyaka engu-13-64 ahlolwe okungenani kanye njengengxenye yokunakekelwa kwempilo okuvamile.

Uma ukhulelwe noma uhlela ukukhulelwa, ukuhlolwa kwe-HIV kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba ukwelashwa kungavimbela ukudluliselwa engwaneni yakho. Ngokunakekelwa kwezokwelapha okufanele, ingozi yokudluliselwa kunina kuye engwaneni inganciphisa ngaphansi kuka-2%.

Ziyini izinto ezibeka engozini ye-HIV?

Izinye izenzo nezimo zingakwandisa ingozi yakho yokutheleleka yi-HIV, kodwa kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi noma ubani angathinteka kungakhathaliseki iminyaka, ubulili, uhlanga, noma ukuqondana kobulili. Ukuqonda izici zengozi kusiza ukwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi ngempilo yakho.

Izici zengozi ezingokobulili zihlanganisa:

• Ukuya ocansini okungaviwe ngokwebele, ngemuva, noma ngomlomo
• Ukuba nabalingani abaningi bokuya ocansini
• Ukuba nocansi nomuntu ongaziwa isimo sakhe se-HIV
• Ukuba nezinye izifo ezithathelwana ngobulili
• Ukuba umlingani othathayo ngesikhathi socansi olukhulu

Izici zengozi ezihlobene nezidakamizwa zihlanganisa ukuhlanganyela izimpumputhe, iziphuzo, noma eminye imishini yokugcoba izidakamizwa nomuntu onayo i-HIV. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlanganyela imishini yokugcoba izidakamizwa, ama-hormone, noma ama-steroids.

Ezinye izici zengozi zihlanganisa ukuthola igazi noma ukuhlinzwa kwamalungu ezweni elingenayo isikrini esanele, ukuba nomsebenzi obekela engcupheni igazi eline-HIV, nokuzalwa kunina onayo i-HIV ongazange athole ukwelashwa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa.

Ukuba nezici zengozi akusho ukuthi uzoba ne-HIV ngokuqinisekile, nabantu abaningi abanazo izici zengozi abazange batheleleke. Lezi zici zibonisa nje lapho izinyathelo zokuphepha ezengeziwe nokuhlolwa okuvamile kungaba usizo.

Ziyini izinhlanganisela ezingaba khona ze-HIV?

Ngaphandle kokwelashwa, i-HIV ingabangela izinhlanganisela ezinkulu njengoba ihlala iyancipha isimiso sakho sokuvikela umzimba. Noma kunjalo, ngokunakekelwa komtholampilo okufanele nokwelashwa, izinhlanganisela eziningi zingaqalekelwa noma ziphathwe kahle.

Ukutheleleka okusebenzisa ithuba kuyizinhlanganisela ezivamile ze-HIV engaphathwayo. Lezi yizifo ezibangela izinkinga ezimbalwa kubantu abanesimiso sokuvikela umzimba esinempilo kodwa zingaba yingozi ekuphileni uma ukulwa kwesistimu yokuvimbela umzimba kuye kwaphuka:

• I-Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
• Ubuhlungu bomphimbo
• I-Candidiasis (ukuthuthumela) emlonyeni, ehlombe, noma esibelethweni
• Ukutheleleka kwe-Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
• I-Toxoplasmosis ethonya ingqondo
• I-Cryptococcal meningitis

Ezinye izinhlobo zomdlavuza zivame kakhulu kubantu abane-HIV ephakeme, kufaka phakathi i-Kaposi's sarcoma, i-non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, kanye nomdlavuza wesibeletho kwabesifazane. Lezi ngezinye izikhathi zibizwa ngokuthi yizinhlobo zomdlavuza eziqondisa ku-AIDS ngoba zingabonisa ukuqhubeka kuya ku-AIDS.

Izinkinga zezinzwa zingase zenzeke uma i-HIV ithonya uhlelo lwezinzwa, okungenzeka kubangele izinkinga zokukhumbula, ukudideka, ubunzima bokuhlushwa, noma ukushintsha kwesimo sengqondo. Abanye abantu bangase bathuthukise i-dementia ehlobene ne-HIV ezinyathelweni eziphambili.

Ezinye izinkinga zingafaka isifo sokugula kwesikhumba, izinkinga zesibindi (ikakhulukazi kubantu abane-hepatitis B noma C), isifo senhliziyo, nezingqinamba emathanjeni njenge-osteoporosis. Eziningi zalezi zinkinga manje zingekho kubantu abamukela ukwelashwa kwe-HIV okuqhubekayo.

I-HIV ihlonishwa kanjani?

I-HIV ihlonishwa ngokuhlolwa kwegazi okubukela i-virus ngokwayo noma ama-antibodies umzimba wakho awenza ukuze ulwe ne-HIV. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezivivinyo ezikhona, ngayinye inezibali zokutholakala nezinga lokuchoboza.

Izivivinyo ezivamile zokuhlola yi-antibody tests, ezibuka amaprotheni ohlelo lwakho lokulwa nezifo oluwakhiqiza njengomphumela wokutheleleka kwe-HIV. Lezi zivivinyo zingenziwa ngokusebenzisa igazi elivela emithanjeni, igazi elivela ekunyatheleni kweminwe, noma uketshezi lomlomo. Imiphumela ivame ukuba khona phakathi kwezinsuku ezimbalwa kuya kwesonto.

Izivivinyo ezisheshayo zingakhiqiza imiphumela ngaphansi kwemizuzu engama-20 futhi zitholakala ezindaweni eziningi zokwelapha, ezikhungweni zomphakathi, nakwasekhaya. Nakuba kulula, ukuhlolwa okusheshayo okuhle kuvame ukudinga ukuqinisekiswa ngokuhlolwa kwelebhu okuphambili.

Izivivinyo ze-antigen/antibody zingakwazi ukuthola uHIV ngokushesha kunokuhlolwa kwe-antibody kuphela ngoba zibheka kokubili ama-antibody e-HIV ne-p24 antigen, iproteni engxenye ye-virus. Lezi zivivinyo ezihlanganisiwe zingakwazi ukuthola uHIV emasontweni angu-2-6 ngemuva kokutheleleka.

Uma izivivinyo zokuqala ziyisithombe esiqondile, udokotela wakho uzoyala ukuhlolwa okuqinisekisayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imiphumela iyachuba. Bangase futhi bayalele ukuhlolwa ukuze balinganise i-viral load yakho (ubuningi be-virus egazini lakho) ne-CD4 count (amandla esistimu yakho yokuvimba).

Iyini impilo ye-HIV?

Ukuphathwa kwe-HIV kuhilela ukuthatha inhlanganisela yemithi ebizwa ngokuthi yi-antiretroviral therapy (ART) nsuku zonke. Le miyekezo isebenza ngokuvimba izigaba ezahlukene zokuphila kwe-HIV, ukuvimba i-virus ekukhuleni futhi kuvumela isistimu yakho yokuvimba ukululama.

Ukuphathwa kwe-HIV kwamanje kuvame ukuhilela ukuthatha amaphilisi angu-1-3 nsuku zonke, ngokuvamile kuhlanganiswe kwiphilisi elilodwa lokulula. Umgomo ukunciphisa i-viral load yakho kumazinga angabonakali, okusho ukuthi i-virus ayikwazi ukutholakala ekuhlolweni kwegazi oluqondile futhi ayikwazi ukudluliselwa kubalingani bobulili.

Izinhlobo ezivamile zemithi ye-HIV zihlanganisa:

• Abaphikisi be-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (NRTIs)
• Abaphikisi be-non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (NNRTIs)
• Abaphikisi be-Protease (PIs)
• Abaphikisi be-Integrase strand transfer (INSTIs)
• Abaphikisi bokungenela noma ukuxuba

Udokotela wakho uzokhetha inhlanganisela engcono kakhulu ngokuya ngezinto ezinjengempilo yakho jikelele, eminye imithi oyithathayo, imiphumela emibi engenzeka, nezifiso zakho. Abantu abaningi baqala ukwelashwa ngokushesha ngemuva kokuxilongwa, kungakhathaliseki i-CD4 count yabo.

Ukuphathwa kusekupilweni konke, kodwa ngokunamathela kwemithi okuqhubekayo, abantu abane-HIV bangalindela ukuphila isikhathi eside njengabantu abangenayo i-HIV. Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imithi isebenza futhi kuvumela ukulungiswa uma kudingeka.

Indlela yokuphatha i-HIV ekhaya?

Ukuphatha i-HIV ekhaya kuhilela ukuthatha imithi yakho ngokuqondile njengoba kulotshiwe nokulondoloza imikhuba yempilo enempilo esekela isimiso sakho somzimba. Ukuqina ngohlelo lwakho lokwelashwa yiyona nto ebaluleke kakhulu ongayenza.

Thatha imithi yakho ye-HIV ngesikhathi esifanayo nsuku zonke, ungalokothi uphuthelwe izilinganiso, futhi ungayeki ukuyithatha ngisho noma uzizwa kahle. Setha i-alamu yefoni, sebenzisa abahlanganisi bamaphilisi, noma thola noma yiluphi uhlelo olusebenza kangcono ukuze kukusize ukukhumbula. Ukuphuthelwa izilinganiso kungavumela i-virus ukuba iphindaphinde futhi ikhule amandla okumelana nemithi yakho.

Sekela impilo yakho yonke ngokudla okunempilo, ukuzivocavoca njalo, ukulala okwanele, nokuphathwa kwengcindezi. Dlala ukudla okulinganiselayo okunamafutha amaningi, imifino, amaprotheni ahlanzekile, nama-grain aphelele. Hlala usebenza ngokomzimba ngaphakathi kwezinga lakho lokududuzeka, uqonde okungenani imizuzu engama-30 yomsebenzi ophakathi nsuku eziningi.

Zivikele wena nabanye ngokwenza ubulili obulondekile, ugweme ukwabelana ngezindlela, futhi ube othembekile kubanikezeli bezempilo ngesimo sakho se-HIV. Gcina uqaphele ukuvakasha kwakho kwemithi njalo nokukhethwa okunconyiwe kwezinye izimo zempilo.

Yenza inethiwekhi eqinile yokusekela yomndeni, abangane, abanikezeli bezempilo, kanye namagqembu wokusekela i-HIV. Ukuphatha noma yiliphi isimo esingapheli kulula uma ungazizwa wedwa kulolu phuculo.

Kungenzeka kanjani ukuvimbela i-HIV?

Ukuvimbela i-HIV kuhilela ukunciphisa ingozi yakho yokudluliselwa yi-virus ngezindlela ezahlukene. Indlela ephumelelayo kakhulu ngokuvamile ihlanganisa izindlela eziningi zokuvimbela ngokusekelwe ezimweni zakho zomuntu siqu nezici zengozi.

Imikhuba yobulali obulondekile iyisisekelo sokuvimbela i-HIV. Sebenzisa amakhondomu elatex noma i-polyurethane ngokuqondile nangokuqhubekayo ngesikhathi sobulili besilisa, sobulili besifazane, nangesikhathi sobulili bomlomo. Khawukhawulele inani labangane bakho bobulili, futhi ube nezingxoxo ezivulekile ngokuhlolwa kwe-HIV nesimo nabalingani.

Ukuvikela ngaphambi kokubhebhethwa (PrEP) yimithi yansuku zonke enganciphisa ingozi ye-HIV ngaphezu kuka-90% kubantu abasezingozini eziphezulu. I-PrEP ingase icelwe uma uneqabane eline-HIV, izimbangi eziningi zobulili, noma uhlanza izidakamizwa.

Uma usebenzisa izidakamizwa, ungalokothi wabelane ngezinsimbi zokuhlaba, izipompo, noma ezinye izinto zokuhlaba. Imiphakathi eminingi inikeza izinhlelo zokushintshana ngezinsimbi ezihlanzekile. Cabanga ngokuphishekela ukwelashwa kokusebenzisa izidakamizwa uma usulungile.

Ukuvikela ngemuva kokubhebhethwa (PEP) yimithi yesimo esiphuthumayo engavimbela ukutheleleka kwe-HIV uma iqalwa phakathi namahora angu-72 ngemuva kokubhebhethwa okungenzeka. I-PEP ihilela ukuthatha imithi ye-HIV izinsuku ezingu-28 futhi icelwa ngemuva kokubhebhethwa komsebenzi okungenzeka noma udlwengulo.

Ukuhlolwa okuvamile kwe-HIV kukusiza ukwazi isimo sakho bese ufuna ukwelashwa ngokushesha uma kudingeka. Abantu abane-HIV futhi bathatha imithi njengoba kulotshiwe bangafinyelela emazingeni angabonakali e-viral, okusho ukuthi abanakudlulisela i-HIV kubalingani babo bobulili.

Kufanele uzilungiselele kanjani ukubona udokotela wakho?

Ukulungiselela ukubona udokotela wakho mayelana nezinkinga ze-HIV noma ukuphathwa kwayo kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uthola okuningi kakhulu ekuhambeleni kwakho. Ukuba uhlelile nobuqotho nodokotela wakho kuyakhokelela ekunakekelweni nasemiphumeleni engcono.

Bhala phansi imibuzo yakho ngaphambi kokubona udokotela ukuze ungakhohlwa izinkinga ezibalulekile. Faka imibuzo mayelana nokuhlolwa, izinketho zokwelashwa, imiphumela emibi, ukushintsha kwendlela yokuphila, noma amasu okuvimbela. Ungakhathazeki ngokubuza imibuzo eminingi kakhulu - udokotela wakho ufuna ukukusiza ukuqonda isimo sakho ngokuphelele.

Letha uhlu oluphelele lwemithi yonke, izongezelelo, namavithamini owaqaphela manje, kufaka phakathi izilinganiso nokuthi uziqaphela kangakanani. Ulwazi lolu lusiza udokotela wakho ukugwema ukusebenzisana okubi komuthi futhi akhe indlela yokwelashwa engcono kakhulu.

Lungiselela ukuxoxa ngomlando wakho wokusebenzisa izidakamizwa nobulili ngokwethembeka. Udokotela wakho udinga ulwazi olunembile ukuze ahlole ingozi yakho, ancome ukuhlolwa okufanele, futhi anikeze ukunakekelwa okungcono kakhulu. Khumbula ukuthi abahlinzeki bezempilo baboshwe yi-confidentiality futhi abakhona ukuzokwahlulela.

Cabanga ukuthi ulethe umngane othembekile noma ilungu lomndeni ukuze likusize, ikakhulukazi uma ukhathazekile ngokuqokwa. Ukuba nomuntu onaye kungakusiza ukuba ukhumbule ulwazi olubalulekile futhi unikeze ukwesekwa ngokomzwelo phakathi kokuxoxa okuyinselele.

Iyini into ebaluleke kakhulu mayelana ne-HIV?

Into ebaluleke kakhulu okumele uyiqonde mayelana ne-HIV ukuthi iyisimo esingapheli esilawuleka ngezinhlalakahle zanamuhla, hhayi isahlulelo sokufa njengoba kwakunjalo ngaphambili. Abantu abaxilongwe yi-HIV abathola ukunakekelwa okufanele kwezokwelapha bangaphila impilo ende, enempilo futhi babe nobudlelwano obunethezeka.

Ukutholakala kwangaphambi kwesikhathi nokuphathwa kubalulekile ekufezeni imiphumela enhle yempilo. Imithi ye-HIV inganciphisa i-virus iye ezilinganisweni ezingabonakali, okusho ukuthi awukwazi ukudlulisa i-HIV kubalingani bakho bobulili futhi isimiso sakho sokugcina sibe namandla. Lo mbono, owaziwa ngokuthi “ukungabonakali kufana nokungadluliseki” noma i-U=U, uguqule ukuvimbela nokuphathwa kwe-HIV.

Ukuvimbela kuhlala kubalulekile, futhi amathuluzi asebenzayo atholakala noma ngabe awunayo i-HIV futhi ufuna ukuhlala unjalo noma une-HIV futhi ufuna ukuvikela abanye. Kusuka kumakhondomu ne-PrEP kuye ekwelapheni njengokuvikela, amasu amaningi anganciphisa kakhulu ingozi yokudlulisela.

Khumbula ukuthi i-HIV ayikhethi ngokweminyaka, uhlanga, ubulili, noma ukuqondana kobulili. Noma ubani angathinteka, kungakho ukuhlolwa okuvamile nokuxhumana okuvulekile mayelana nempilo yobulili kubalulekile kuwo wonke umuntu. Ngokwazi, ukulungiselela, nokukhathalelwa okufanele kwezokwelapha, i-HIV ayidingi ukulinganisela imigomo yakho yokuphila noma ubudlelwano.

Imibuzo evamile ebuzwa mayelana ne-HIV

Ungayithola yini i-HIV ngokusuthisana?

Ukuqabulana okujulile, okwesabekayo ngokwezinga leqhinga kuholela engozini encane kakhulu uma bobabili abantu benamahlumela egazini noma izilonda emlonyeni, kodwa azikho izimo ezibhalwe phansi ezivela ekuqabulaneni kuphela. Ukuqabulana okuvamile akubangeli lutho ngoba i-HIV ayidluliselwa ngesaliva. I-virus idinga ukufinyelela ngqo egazini lakho noma kuma-membranes e-mucous ngegazi elinensisi, i-semen, amafutha e-vaginal, noma ubisi lwasemazini.

Ungaphila isikhathi esingakanani nge-HIV ngaphandle kokwelashwa?

Ngaphandle kokwelashwa, i-HIV ivame ukuqhubekela phambili iye ku-AIDS phakathi kweminyaka engu-8-10, nakuba lokhu kuhlukahluka kakhulu kubantu. Abanye abantu bangase baqhubeke ngokushesha, kanti abanye (abizwa ngokuthi abangaphuli isikhathi eside) bagcina umsebenzi oqinile wokulwa nezifo iminyaka eminingi. Noma kunjalo, ngokwelashwa kwe-antiretroviral yanamuhla, abantu abane-HIV bangalindela ukuphila isikhathi esifana nalabo abangenayo i-HIV.

Ingabe i-HIV iyakwelatshwa?

Okwamanje, ayikho impumuzo ye-HIV, kodwa ukwelashwa kungalawula i-virus ngempumelelo kangangokuthi ayibonakali ekuhlolweni kwegazi. Abacwaningi baqhubeka besebenza ezimpumulweni ezingase zibe khona, kufaka phakathi amasu “okuqhuma nokubulala” nezindlela zokwelapha i-gene. Inani elincane kakhulu labantu liye laphela ngokusebenza ngokufakelwa kwestem cell, kodwa lokhu akuyona indlela yokwelapha ebonakalayo kubantu abaningi.

Ingabe i-HIV ingadluliselwa ngokudla noma ngamanzi?

I-HIV ayikwazi ukudluliselwa ngokudla, amanzi, noma ukuxhumana okuvamile. I-virus ibuthakathaka kakhulu futhi ifa ngokushesha uma ivezwe emoyeni, ekushiseni, noma ezidakamizweni ezijwayelekile. Awukwazi ukuthola i-HIV ngokwabelana ngokudla, iziphuzo, izitsha, izindawo zokuhlanza, noma ama-swimming pools. Ukudluliselwa kudinga ukuxhumana ngqo negazi elinensisi, i-semen, amafutha e-vaginal, noma ubisi lwasemazini.

Kusho ukuthini i-viral load engabonakali?

I-viral load engabonakali kusho ukuthi imithi ye-HIV iye yanciphi­sa inani le-virus egazini lakho liye kwizinga eliphansi kangangokuba ukuhlolwa okuvamile akunakuyithola. Lokhu ngokuvamile kusho ukuba kukhona amakhophi angaphansi kwama-50 e-virus nge-milliliter yegazi. Uma i-viral load yakho ingabonakali futhi ihlale njalo okungenani izinyanga eziyisithupha, awukwazi ukudlulisa i-HIV kubalingani bakho bobulili, ngisho noma ungasebenzisi amakhondomu.