Ukuqina Kwegazi (Hyperglycemia): Izimpawu, Izimbangela, Nokwelapha

Ukuqina kwegazi (Hyperglycemia) kwenzeka lapho amazinga eshukela egazini ekhuphuka ngaphezu kokujwayelekile, ngokuvamile ngaphezu kwama-180 mg/dL ngemva kokudla noma ama-126 mg/dL uma uyalala. Cabanga ngakho njengomzimba wakho oluhlupheka ukulawula ushukela egazini lakho, njengokuvaleleka kwezimoto lapho iimoto zingakwazi ukuhamba kahle emigwaqweni.

Lokhu okuvamile kuthinta abantu abane-diabetes, kodwa kungenzeka kunoma ubani ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Nakuba kungase kuzwakale kuyesabekayo, ukuqonda ukuqina kwegazi kuzokusiza ukuthi ubone izimpawu ngokushesha bese uthatha isinyathelo esifanele sokuvikela impilo yakho.

Ziyini izimpawu zokuqina kwegazi?

Izimpawu zokuqala zokuqina kwegazi zivame ukuvela kancane kancane, ngakho ungase ungaziboni ngokushesha. Umgqomo wakho uyakunika izexwayiso ezimnene ngaphambi kokuba izinto zibe nzima kakhulu.

Nazi izimpawu ezivamile ongazihlangabezana nazo:

• Ukoma okwandayo okungapheli
• Ukuphuma kwesisu njalo, ikakhulukazi ebusuku
• Ukukhathala okungavamile noma ukuzizwa ukhathele kakhulu kunokujwayelekile
• Ukubona okungacace kangako okuza nokuphela
• Izinhlungu zikhanda ezihluke kunezinto zakho ezivamile
• Ukuphulukiswa kancane kwezicucu noma izilonda
• Umlomo owomile naphezu kokuphuza izinto eziluhlaza

Njengoba amazinga eshukela egazini ekhuphuka phezulu, ungase ubone izimpawu ezinkulu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa isicanucanu, ukugabha, ubuhlungu besisu, noma iphunga leziqhamo emphefumulweni wakho. Uma uhlangabezana nalezi zimpawu ezinkulu, kubalulekile ukufuna usizo lwezokwelapha ngokushesha.

Yini ebangela ukuqina kwegazi?

Ukuqina kwegazi kwenzeka lapho umzimba wakho ungakwazi ukukhiqiza i-insulin eyanele noma ungakwazi ukuyisebenzisa kahle. I-insulin isebenza njengisitshi ukuvula amakhemikhali akho ukuze ushukela ungena futhi unikeze amandla.

Izinto eziningi zingabangela amazinga aphezulu eshukela egazini:

• Ukudla ama-carbohydrate amaningi kunalokho umzimba wakho ongakubamba
• Ukungathathi imithi eyanele ye-diabetes noma ukulahlekelwa yizilinganiso
• Ukuqina komzimba noma ingqondo
• Ukugula noma ukutheleleka
• Ukwehluleka kokusebenza komzimba
• Imithi ethile efana ne-steroids
• Ukuphelelwa amanzi

Ngezinye izikhathi ukuqina kwegazi kungenzeka kubantu abangenayo i-diabetes ngesikhathi sokugula okukhulu, ukuhlinzwa okukhulu, noma ukucindezeleka okukhulu. Umgqomo wakho ukhulula ama-hormone okuqina angaphambana nekhono le-insulin lokusebenza kahle.

Ngokungavamile, izimo ezingavamile njenge-Cushing's syndrome, izifo ze-pancreatic, noma izimo ezithile ze-genetic zingabangela ukuqina kwegazi okuqhubekayo. Lezi zimo zidinga ukuxilongwa kwezokwelapha nokwelashwa okukhethekile.

Nini okufanele ubona udokotela ngokuqina kwegazi?

Kufanele uxhumane nodokotela wakho uma ushukela wakho egazini ufunda njalo ngaphezu kwama-250 mg/dL noma uma uhlangabezana nezimpawu ezikukhathazayo. Ungalindi uma uzizwa ungaphili kahle, ngisho noma izimpawu zakho zibonakala zingenakukhathaza.

Funa usizo lwezokwelapha ngokushesha uma uhlangabezana nezimpawu ezinkulu njengokugabha okuqhubekayo, ukuphefumula okuthanda ukukhathaza, ukudideka, noma ukulala okukhulu. Lokhu kungabonisa inkinga enkulu ebizwa ngokuthi yi-diabetic ketoacidosis, edinga ukwelashwa okusheshayo.

Uma ungenayo i-diabetes kodwa uqaphela izimpawu njengokukoma okukhulu, ukuphuma kwesisu njalo, nokukhathala okungachazeki okuqhubeka izinsuku eziningi, cisha i-aphoyintimenti nodokotela wakho. Lokhu kungaba izimpawu zokuqala ze-diabetes ezidinga ukuxilongwa.

Ziyini izinto ezingaholela ekuqineni kwegazi?

Ukuqonda izinto ezingaholela ekuqineni kwegazi kuzokusiza ukuthi uthathe izinyathelo zokuvikela ushukela ophezulu egazini. Ezinye izinto ungazilawula, kanti ezinye ziyingxenye yemvelo yakho.

Izinto eziyinhloko ezingaholela ekuqineni kwegazi zihlanganisa:

• Ukuba ne-diabetes (uhlobo 1 noma uhlobo 2)
• Umlando womndeni we-diabetes
• Ukuba sisindayo noma ukukhulu
• Ukuphila impilo engasebenzi
• Iminyaka engaphezu kweminyaka engama-45
• Uxinzelelo lwegazi oluphezulu
• Umlando we-diabetes yesikhathi sokukhulelwa

Amaqembu ethu ethile, kuhlanganise ama-Afrika America, ama-Hispanic America, ama-Native America, nama-Asia America, anamazinga aphezulu okuthuthukisa i-diabetes nokuqina kwegazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abesifazane abane-polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) bahlangabezana nengozi ephakeme.

Izimo ezingavamile njenge-acromegaly, i-pheochromocytoma, noma iziphumo ze-pancreatic zingakhuphula ingozi yakho, nakuba lokhu kuthinta abantu abambalwa kakhulu. Udokotela wakho angakusiza ukuhlola iphrofayili yakho yengozi ngesikhathi sokuhlola okujwayelekile.

Ziyini izinkinga ezingase zenzeke ngokuqina kwegazi?

Uma ushukela egazini uhlala uphezulu isikhathi eside, ungalimaza izingxenye ezahlukene zomzimba wakho kancane kancane. Cabanga ngeshukela eliphezulu egazini njengoko iphepha lesihlangu liqeda kancane imithambo yegazi namalungu akho.

Izinkinga zesikhathi esifushane zingase zivele emahoreni noma ezinsukwini:

• I-Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) - isimo esibi lapho umzimba wakho uqhekeza amanoni ukuze uthole amandla
• Isimo se-hyperosmolar hyperglycemic (HHS) - ukuphelelwa amanzi okukhulu kakhulu kanye neshukela eliphezulu kakhulu egazini
• Ukuthuthukiswa okwandayo kokutheleleka
• Ukuphulukiswa kancane kwezicucu

Izinkinga zesikhathi eside zithuthuka ezinyangeni kuya eminyakeni yeshukela egazini elingalawulwa kahle. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukulimala kwamehlo akho (i-diabetic retinopathy), izinkulungwane (i-diabetic nephropathy), imithambo yezinzwa (i-diabetic neuropathy), kanye nengozi ephakeme yesifo senhliziyo nokushaya.

Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi ukugcina amazinga eshukela egazini aphilile kunciphisa kakhulu ingozi yalezi zinkinga. Abantu abaningi abane-diabetes baphila impilo egcwele, enempilo ngokuqondisa isimo sabo ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukuvimbela kanjani ukuqina kwegazi?

Ukuvimbela kugxile ekuqondiseni amazinga eshukela egazini aqinile ngokukhetha impilo enempilo nokuphathwa kwezokwelapha okufanele. Izinguquko ezincane, eziqhubekayo ngokuvamile zenza umehluko omkhulu.

Nazi izindlela zokuvikela eziphumelelayo:

• Dla ukudla okulinganiselayo ngezingxenye ezifanele zama-carbohydrate
• Sebenza umzimba njalo, ngisho noma nje imizuzu engama-30 yokugibela nsuku zonke
• Thatha imithi ngokuqondile njengoba kuqokiwe
• Hlola amazinga eshukela egazini njengoba kunconywe
• Hlala uthola amanzi usuku lonke
• Lawula ukucindezeleka ngezindlela zokupumula
• Thola ubuthongo obanele (amahora angu-7-9 ebusuku)

Uma une-diabetes, sebenzisana eduze neqembu lakho lokunakekelwa kwezokwelapha ukuze uthuthukise uhlelo lokuqondisa oluqondene nawe. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqonda ukuthi ukudla okuhlukene kuthinta kanjani ushukela wakho egazini nokwazi ukuthi nini kufanele ulungise imithi yakho.

Kwabantu abangenayo i-diabetes, ukugcina isisindo esinempilo, ukuhlala usebenza, nokudla ukudla okulinganiselayo kunciphisa kakhulu ingozi yokuthuthukisa ukuqina kwegazi ne-diabetes.

Ukuqina kwegazi kuqondwa kanjani?

Ukuqonda ukuqina kwegazi kuhilela ukuhlolwa okulula kwegazi okuqondisa inani leshukela egazini lakho. Udokotela wakho angase asebenzise ukuhlolwa okuhlukene ukuze athole umfanekiso ophelele.

Ukuhlolwa okuvamile kokuxilonga kuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa kwegazi lokudla (okuthathwe ngemva kokungadli isikhathi esingu-8-12), ukuhlolwa kwegazi lokudla okungahleliwe (okuthathwe noma nini), noma ukuhlolwa kokubekezelela kweshukela emlonyeni. Udokotela wakho angase futhi a-ode ukuhlolwa kwe-hemoglobin A1C, okubonisa ushukela wakho ophakathi egazini ezigabeni ezedlule ezingu-2-3.

Uma une-diabetes, ungase uqale uqondise ushukela wakho egazini ekhaya usebenzisa i-glucose meter. Lezi zinto zikunika ulwazi olukhulu ngezinga leshukela lakho egazini usuku lonke.

Ngezinye izikhathi udokotela wakho angase ancome ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwe-glucose, ikakhulu uma unezinguquko ezivamile zesukela egazini. Lokhu kuhilela ukugqoka isinye esincane esilandela amazinga akho e-glucose njalo.

Yikuphi ukwelashwa kokuqina kwegazi?

Ukwelashwa kokuqina kwegazi kuncike embangelweni oyinhloko nokuthi amazinga eshukela egazini aphezulu kangakanani. Umgomo ukuletha ushukela wakho egazini emuva esigabeni esinempilo ngokuphepha futhi uvikele izigameko zesikhathi esizayo.

Kwabantu abane-diabetes, ukwelashwa kuvame ukuhlanganisa:

• Ukulungisa i-insulin noma izilinganiso zemithi
• Ukwandisa umsebenzi womzimba (uma kuphephile ukwenza kanjalo)
• Ukuphuza amanzi amaningi ukuvimbela ukuphelelwa amanzi
• Ukulandela uhlelo lokudla oluhleliwe
• Ukuqapha ushukela egazini njalo

Ezimweni ezinkulu, ukungena esibhedlela kungase kudingeke, ikakhulu uma uthuthukisa i-diabetic ketoacidosis noma isimo se-hyperosmolar hyperglycemic. Ukwelashwa esibhedlela kuhlanganisa ukunisela nge-intravenous, ukwelashwa kwe-insulin, kanye nokuqapha okucophelelayo kwamazinga akho e-electrolyte.

Kwabantu abangenayo i-diabetes abathuthukisa ukuqina kwegazi ngesikhathi sokugula noma ukucindezeleka, ukwelashwa kugxile ekulungiseni imbangela oyinhloko ngenkathi usekela ikhono lomzimba wakho lokulungisa ushukela egazini.

Indlela yokuphatha ukuqina kwegazi ekhaya?

Ukuphatha ukuqina kwegazi ekhaya kudinga ukuhlanganiswa kwezenzo eziqondile nezindlela zesikhathi eside. Ukuba neqophelo elicacile kuzokusiza ukuthi uphendule ngokuqiniseka lapho ushukela wakho egazini ekhuphuka.

Uma uqaphela ushukela ophezulu egazini, qala ngokuphuza amanzi ukuze usiza ukugeza ushukela ophezulu ngezinkulungwane zakho. Ukusebenza komzimba okulula, njengokuhamba imizuzu engu-10-15, kungasiza imisipha yakho ukusebenzisa ezinye zesukela elingaphezulu, kodwa gwema ukusebenza komzimba okukhulu uma ushukela wakho egazini uphezulu kakhulu.

Hlola ushukela wakho egazini njalo kunokujwayelekile futhi ugcine irekhodi lezinga. Uma uthatha i-insulin, ungase udinga ukuzithatha isilinganiso sokulungisa ngokuya ngemiyalelo yodokotela wakho.

Gwema ukudla okuphezulu kwama-carbohydrate kuze kube yilapho ushukela wakho egazini ebuyela esigabeni esijwayelekile. Namathela ezitshalweni ezincane zama-carb uma udinga ukudla, futhi ugcine ugxile ekutholeni amanzi ngamanzi noma iziphuzo ezingenashukela.

Xhumana nodokotela wakho uma ushukela wakho egazini uhlala uphezulu naphezu kwalezi zinyathelo, noma uma uthuthukisa izimpawu njengesicanucanu, ukugabha, noma ukuphefumula okuthanda ukukhathaza.

Kufanele ulungiselele kanjani i-aphoyintimenti yakho yodokotela?

Ukulungiselela i-aphoyintimenti yakho kuzokusiza uqinisekise ukuthi uthola ulwazi oluwusizo kakhulu nokuqondiswa yisikhungo sakho sezempilo. Cabanga ngakho njengokuqoqa ubufakazi ukuze usiza ukuxazulula iphazili ndawonye.

Letha i-log yakho yeshukela egazini uma uqapha ekhaya, kuhlanganise nezinqamuleli mayelana nokuthi ukuphakama kwenzeke nini nokuthi yini engase ikube yimbangela. Bhala yonke imithi oyithathayo, kuhlanganise nezinhlanganisela ezingaphezu kokuthengiswa, njengoba ezinye zingathinta ushukela egazini.

Yenza uhlu lwezimpawu zakho, lapho zaqala khona, nokuthi yini ezibenza zibe ngcono noma zibe zimbi. Faka imibuzo mayelana nesimo sakho, izinketho zokwelashwa, nokuthi yini okulindelekile ukuba iqhubeke.

Cabanga ukuletha ilungu lomndeni noma umngani ukuze uthole ukwesekwa, ikakhulu uma uzizwa ucindezelekile. Bangakusiza ukuba ukhumbule ulwazi olukhulu futhi banikeze ukwesekwa ngokomzwelo ngesikhathi sokuvakasha.

Yini eyinhloko mayelana nokuqina kwegazi?

Ukuqina kwegazi kuyisimo esilawuleka esiphendula kahle ekunakekelweni okufanele nokunakekelwa. Nakuba kudinga ukwaziswa okuqhubekayo kanye nezinguquko zendlela yokuphila ngezinye izikhathi, abantu abaningi bahlala begcina ushukela wabo egazini emazingeni aphilile futhi baphila impilo egcwele, esebenzayo.

Into ebaluleke kakhulu okumele uyikhumbule ukuthi ukuqaphela okusheshayo kanye nesenzo esifanele kwenza umehluko. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uqondisa i-diabetes noma uhlangabezana nokuqina kwegazi okokuqala, ukusebenza neqembu lakho lokunakekelwa kwezokwelapha kukunika ithuba elihle kakhulu lemiphumela yempilo enhle.

Khumbula ukuthi ukuqondisa ushukela egazini kuyinqubo yokufunda, futhi kuyinto evamile ukuba nezinguquko eziqhubekayo endleleni. Yiba nomonde ngawe njengoba uthuthukisa imikhuba emisha nezindlela ezisebenza endleleni yakho yokuphila.

Imibuzo evamile ebuzwa mayelana nokuqina kwegazi

Ingabe ukucindezeleka kungenza ushukela ophezulu egazini?

Yebo, kokubili ukucindezeleka komzimba nangqondo kungakhuphula amazinga eshukela egazini. Uma ucindezelekile, umzimba wakho ukhulula ama-hormone afana ne-cortisol ne-adrenaline athi isibindi sakho sikhiphe ushukela olugcineke ukuze uthole amandla. Lokhu okuvamile "ukulwa noma ukubaleka" kungakhuphula ushukela egazini ngaphezu kokujwayelekile, ikakhulu kubantu abane-diabetes.

Amazinga eshukela egazini ashintsha ngokushesha kangakanani?

Ushukela egazini ungakhuphuka ngaphakathi kwemizuzu engu-15-30 ngemva kokudla, kuye ngalokho okukudlayo. Noma kunjalo, kuvame ukuthatha amahora angu-2-4 ukubona umthelela ophelele wokudla. Izinto ezifana nokucindezeleka, ukugula, noma izinguquko zemithi zingabangela ukuguquguquka ngaphakathi kwamahora, kanti izinguquko zendlela yokuphila ngokuvamile zibonisa imiphumela ezinsukwini kuya emavikeni.

Ingabe kuyinto evamile ukuba ushukela ophezulu egazini ngezinye izikhathi?

Ushukela wabo bonke egazini uyakhuphuka ngemva kokudla, futhi lokhu kuyinto evamile. Noma kunjalo, kubantu abaphilile, ushukela egazini ubuyela esigabeni esijwayelekile ngaphakathi kwamahora angu-2-3. Ukuphakama okungavamile ngaphezu kokujwayelekile ngesikhathi sokugula noma ukucindezeleka okukhulu kungenzeka, kodwa ukuqina kwegazi okuvamile noma okuqhubekayo kudinga ukuxilongwa kwezokwelapha.

Ingabe ukuphelelwa amanzi kungabangela ukufunda okuphezulu kweshukela egazini?

Ukuphelelwa amanzi kungenza ushukela egazini ubonakale uphezulu ngoba kunemanzi ambalwa okuhlukanisa ushukela egazini lakho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma uphelelwe amanzi, umzimba wakho ungase uhlupheke ukuhlanza ushukela ophezulu ngezinkulungwane zakho ngokuphumelelayo. Ukugcina uthola amanzi kusiza umzimba wakho ukuqondisa ushukela egazini ngokuphumelelayo.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kokuqina kwegazi ne-diabetes?

Ukuqina kwegazi kuyisigameko noma isimo lapho ushukela egazini uphezulu kunokujwayelekile, kanti i-diabetes yisifo esiqhubekayo esivame ukubangela ukuqina kwegazi. Ungaba nokuqina kwegazi okwesikhashana ngaphandle kokuba ne-diabetes, njengangesikhathi sokugula noma ukucindezeleka. Noma kunjalo, ukuqina kwegazi okuqhubekayo ngokuvamile kuyisibonakaliso se-diabetes futhi kudinga ukuxilongwa kwezokwelapha nokuphathwa okuqhubekayo.