Malaria

I-malaria yisifo esibangelwa yi-parasite. I-parasite yasakazelwa kubantu ngokuluma kwezimpukane ezithathelwe yisifo. Abantu abane-malaria ngokuvamile bazizwa begulisiwe kakhulu ngomkhuhlane ophezulu nokuthuthumela.Ngesikhathi lesifo singavamile ezindaweni ezinomoya ophansi, i-malaria isavame emazweni ashisayo nasesiqhingini. Unyaka ngamunye cishe abantu abayizigidi ezingu-290 bathelelwa yi-malaria, futhi abantu abangaphezu kuka-400,000 bafa ngalesi sifo.Ukuze kuncishiswe ukutheleleka kwe-malaria, izinhlelo zezempilo zomhlaba ziyabelana ngemithi yokuvikela kanye nama-bed nets aphathwe yi-insecticide ukuvikela abantu ekulumeni kwezimpukane. I-World Health Organization iye yacebisa i-malaria vaccine yokusetshenziswa kubantwana abahlala emazweni anezinombolo eziphezulu zezimo ze-malaria.Izingubo zokuvikela, ama-bed nets kanye ne-insecticides zingakuvikela ngesikhathi sokuhamba. Ungaphinda uthathe imithi yokuvikela ngaphambi, phakathi nangemva kokuvakasha endaweni engozi enkulu. Izinhlobo eziningi ze-malaria parasites ziye zakhula ukuxhathazeka kwemithi evamile esetshenziswa ekwelapheni lesi sifo.

Izimpawu nezibonakaliso ze-malaria zingafaka:

• Ukuthuthumela
• Ukuqandwa
• Ukuzwelwa okungathandeki
• Ukuphefumula ngokushesha
• Ukushisa kwenhliziyo okusheshayo
• Ukukhohlela
• Isibindi
• Isicanucanu nokugabha
• Ukulunywa komzimba
• Ubuhlungu bemisipha noma ezinhlangothini
• Ukukhathala
• Ubuhlungu besisu

Abanye abantu abane-malaria bahlangabezana nezingqikithi 'zezehlakalo' ze-malaria. Izehlakalo ngokuvamile ziqala ngokuthuthumela nokuqandwa, kulandele ukushisa okuphezulu, kulandele ukubila nokubuyela ekushiseni okujwayelekile.

Izimpawu nezibonakaliso ze-malaria ngokuvamile ziqala emavikini ambalwa ngemuva kokulunywa yimpisi enesifo. Noma kunjalo, ezinye izinhlobo ze-parasites ze-malaria zingalala ephusheni emzimbeni wakho isikhathi esifike kulo nyaka.

Xoxa nodokotela wakho uma uba nokuqabuka kwemikhawulo uma uhlala noma ngemva kokuhamba endaweni engozi ye-malaria. Uma unezimpawu ezinzima, funa ukunakekelwa okusheshayo kwezokwelapha.

I-malaria ibangelwa yi-parasite eneselula eyodwa yesihlobo se-plasmodium. Le parasite idluliselwa kubantu ikakhulukazi ngokuluma kwezinyosi.

Ithuba elikhulu kakhulu lokubola yi-malaria ukuba uhlala noma uvakashela izindawo lapho le gciwane liqheleke kakhulu khona. Lezi zindawo zihlanganisa izindawo ezishisayo nezishisayo ze:

• INingizimu ye-Sahara e-Afrika
• INingizimu neNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia
• Iziqhingi zasePasifiki
• E-Central America naseNyakatho yeNingizimu Melika

Izinga lenhlekelele lixhomeke ekulweni ne-malaria endaweni, ezinguqukweni zesizini ezingeni le-malaria kanye nezinyathelo ozithathayo zokuvimbela ukulunywa yizimpukane.

I-malaria ingaba yingozi, ikakhulukazi uma ibangelwa uhlobo lwe-plasmodium oluvamile e-Afrika. I-World Health Organization ithi cishe u-94% wabo bonke abafa nge-malaria bafa e-Afrika - ikakhulukazi abantwana abaneminyaka engaphansi kwengu-5.

Ukufa kwe-malaria kuvame ukuxhumene nokulimala okukhulu okukodwa noma ngaphezulu, okuhlanganisa:

• I-malaria yengqondo. Uma amangqamuzana egazi agcwele ama-parasite evinja imithambo emincane yegazi eya ebuchosheni bakho (i-malaria yengqondo), ukuvuvukala kwengqondo noma ukonakala kwengqondo kungase kwenzeke. I-malaria yengqondo ingabangela ukubamba nokulahlekelwa ukwazi.
• Izinkinga zokuphefumula. Ukuqoqwa kwamanzi emaphashini akho (i-pulmonary edema) kungenza kube nzima ukuphefumula.
• Ukwehluleka komzimba. I-malaria ingalimaza izinkalankala noma isibindi noma ibe nomphumela wokubhebhetheka kwespleen. Noma yikuphi kula maqondana kungaba yingozi eyingozi.
• I-anemia. I-malaria ingabangela ukungabi namangqamuzana egazi abomvu anele ukunikeza umzimba wakho i-oksijini (i-anemia).
• I-shuga ephansi legazi. Izinhlobo ezinzima ze-malaria zingabangela i-shuga ephansi legazi (i-hypoglycemia), njengoba kungenzeka i-quinine - imithi evamile esetshenziswa ukulwa ne-malaria. I-shuga ephansi kakhulu legazi ingabangela ukulahlekelwa ukwazi noma ukufa.

Uma uhlala noma uhamba endaweni lapho i-malaria ivame khona, thatha izinyathelo zokugwema ukukhonjwa yizimpukane. Izimpukane zihlala zisebenza kakhulu phakathi kokushona kwelanga nokukhanya. Ukuzivikela ekukhonjweni yizimpukane, kufanele uwenze lokhu okulandelayo:

• Fihla isikhumba sakho. Gqoka amabhulukwe nehempe ezinde. Faka ihempe yakho, bese ufake imilenze yamabhulukwe esokisini.
• Sebenzisa i-repellent yezimpukane esikhumbeni. Sebenzisa i-repellent yezimpukane ebhalisiwe e-Environmental Protection Agency kunoma yisiphi isikhumba esivelile. Lokhu kuhlanganisa i-repellent eziqukethe i-DEET, i-picaridin, i-IR3535, i-oyili ye-lemon eucalyptus (OLE), i-para-menthane-3,8-diol (PMD) noma i-2-undecanone. Ungasebenzisi isikhanyiso ngqo ebusweni bakho. Ungasebenzisi imikhiqizo ene-oyili ye-lemon eucalyptus (OLE) noma i-p-Menthane-3,8-diol (PMD) kubantwana abaneminyaka engaphansi kwengu-3.
• Sebenzisa i-repellent ezingutsheni. Ukufaka i-permethrin kuphephile ukusebenzisa ezingutsheni.
• Lala phansi kwinethi. Ama-bed nets, ikakhulukazi alawulwa yi-insecticides, njenge-permethrin, asisiza ekugwemeni ukukhonjwa yizimpukane ngesikhathi ulele.

Ukuze athole ukuthi une-malaria yini, udokotela wakho cishe uzohlola umlando wakho wezokwelapha nokuhamba kwakho kwamuva, enze uvivinyo lomzimba, bese e-oda ukuhlolwa kwegazi. Ukuhlolwa kwegazi kungabonisa:

Ezinye izivivinyo zegazi zingathatha izinsuku ezimbalwa ukuze ziqedeke, kanti ezinye zingakhiqiza imiphumela ngaphansi kwemizuzu eyi-15. Kuye ngezimpawu zakho, udokotela wakho angase a-ode ezinye izivivinyo zokuxilonga ukuze ahlole izinhlanganisela ezingase zenzeke.

• Ukuba khona kombumbulu egazini, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi une-malaria
• Uhlobo luni lombumbulu we-malaria oluphazamisa izimpawu zakho
• Uma ukutheleleka kwakho kubangelwa yimbumbulu elwa nezinye izidakamizwa
• Uma isifo sibangela yini izinkinga ezinzima

I-malaria iphelelwa yimithi etholakala ngomthetho ukuze kubulawe i-parasite. Izinhlobo zemithi nobude besikhathi sokwelashwa kuzohluka, kuye ngokuthi:

Imithi evamile kakhulu yokulwa ne-malaria ihlanganisa:

Eminye imithi evamile yokulwa ne-malaria ihlanganisa:

• Uhlobo lwe-parasite ye-malaria olukhona kuwe

• Ukubaluleka kwezimpawu zakho

• Ubudala bakho

• Uma ukhulelwe

• Chloroquine phosphate. I-Chloroquine iyindlela yokwelapha ekhethwayo kunoma iyiphi i-parasite ezwela le mithi. Kodwa ezingxenyeni eziningi zezwe, i-parasites iyalumelana ne-chloroquine, futhi le mithi ayisasebenzi njengendlela yokwelapha.

• Izindlela zokwelapha ezihlanganisa i-artemisinin (ACTs). ukwelashwa okuhlanganisa i-artemisinin (ACT) kuyindlela yokwelapha ehlanganisa imithi emibili noma ngaphezulu esebenza ngezindlela ezahlukene ngokumelene ne-parasite ye-malaria. Lokhu kuvame ukuba yindlela yokwelapha ekhethwayo ye-malaria elwa ne-chloroquine. Isibonelo sihlanganisa i-artemether-lumefantrine (Coartem) ne-artesunate-mefloquine.

• Atovaquone-proguanil (Malarone)

• I-Quinine sulfate (Qualaquin) ne-doxycycline (Oracea, Vibramycin, nabanye)

• I-Primaquine phosphate