Ukuqala kwe-Measles? Izimpawu, Izimbangela, & Ukwelashwa

I-Measles ukutheleleka okubangelwa yi-virus okudluliselwa kalula ngezicubu zomoya lapho umuntu othelelekile ekhwehlela noma ekhwehlela. Lesi sifo sobuntwana singathinta noma ubani ongaziqondisiwe noma ongake watheleleka ngaphambili, sibangela isikhumba esibomvu esiqinile nezinkinga ezifana ne-influenza.

Nakuba i-measles cishe yaphela emazweni amaningi ngenxa zemikhankaso yokugonywa, ukuqhuma kwayo kusaphumelela emasikweni anezinga eliphansi lokugonywa. Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi i-measles ingavinjelwa ngokuphelele ngokugonywa okuqondile, futhi abantu abaningi bayaphila ngokuphelele ngokunakekelwa okuhambisanayo.

Ziyini izimpawu ze-measles?

Izimpawu ze-measles zivame ukuvela ezinsukwini eziyi-10 kuya kweziyi-14 ngemuva kokubekwa yi-virus. Lesi sifo sivame ukuthuthuka ezigabeni ezimbili ezahlukene, okwenza kube lula ukuqaphela njengoba siqhubeka.

Isigaba sokuqala sizizwa kakhulu njengokubanda okubi noma i-influenza. Ungase uqaphele ukushisa, ukopha kwesifuba, ukukhwela okwomile, kanye namehlo abomvu, amanzi. Lezi zimpawu zingase zigcine izinsuku eziyi-2 kuya kwezi-3 ngaphambi kokuba kuvele isikhumba esiqinile.

Nawa izimpawu ezibalulekile okufanele uzibheke ekuqaleni kwesigaba:

• Ukushisa okuphezulu (ngokuvamile ngaphezulu kuka-104°F noma 40°C)
• Ukukhwela okwomile okuqhubekayo
• Ukopha kwesifuba ngokukhishwa okucacile
• Amehlo abomvu, amanzi, futhi azizwa
• Ukukhathala nokubukeka okubi
• Amabala amancane amhlophe anezinhlangothi ezibomvu ngaphakathi emlonyeni (okubizwa ngama-Koplik's spots)

Isigaba sesibili siletha isikhumba esiqinile se-measles. Lesi sikhumba esibomvu, esiqinile sivame ukuqala ebusweni nasemhlobeni, bese sisakazeka phansi ukuze sihlanganise intamo, umzimba, izandla, nezinyawo ezinsukwini eziningi.

Isikhutha sivame ukuvela ezinsukwini eziyi-3 kuya kwezi-5 ngemuva kokuba izimpawu zokuqala ziqale. Njengoba isikhumba sisakazeka, ukushisa kwakho kungase kukhuphuke nakakhulu, futhi ungase uzizwe ubuhlungu izinsuku ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukuzizwa kangcono kancane.

Yini ebangela i-measles?

I-Measles ibangelwa yi-virus ebizwa nge-measles virus, eyingxenye yomndeni we-paramyxovirus. Le virus inokuqala okukhulu futhi isakazeka kalula kusuka kumuntu kuya komunye ngezicubu ezincane emoyeni.

Lapho umuntu one-measles ekhwehlela, ekhwehlela, ekhuluma, noma uqeda ukuphefumula, ukhulula izicubu eziphethe i-virus emoyeni. Ungatheleleka yi-measles ngokuphefumula lezi zicubu noma ngokuthinta ubuso obuthintwe yi-virus bese uthinta umlomo wakho, khona, noma amehlo.

I-virus inokuqala okukhulu kangangokuthi uma umuntu oyedwa enama-measles, abantu abayi-9 kwabayi-10 abamzungezile bayothola uma bengavikelekile. I-virus ingaphila emoyeni nasezintweni isikhathi esingafika emahoreni ama-2 ngemuva kokuba umuntu othelelekile eshiye indawo.

Abantu abane-measles banokuqala okukhulu kusuka ezinsukwini eziyi-4 ngaphambi kokuba isikhumba siqale kuze kube izinsuku eziyi-4 ngemuva kokuba siqale. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ungasakaza i-virus ngisho nangaphambi kokuba wazi ukuthi ugula, yingakho i-measles ingasakazeka ngokushesha emasikweni.

Nini okufanele ubheke udokotela nge-measles?

Kufanele uxhumane nodokotela wakho ngokushesha uma ucindezela i-measles, ikakhulukazi uma wena noma ingane yakho inokushisa okuphezulu kanye nokukhwela, ukopha kwesifuba, kanye namehlo abomvu. Ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha okuqondile kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala okuqondile nokuvimbela ukusakaza ukutheleleka kwabanye.

Shaya udokotela wakho ngokushesha uma uqaphela lezi zibonakaliso zezexwayiso:

• Ukushisa okuphezulu (ngaphezulu kuka-104°F noma 40°C) okungaphenduli ekupholiseni ukushisa
• Ubunzima bokuphumula noma ukukhwela okuqhubekayo
• Ubuhlungu obukhulu ekhanda noma ubunzima bentamo
• Ubuhlungu bezinye noma ukukhishwa kwezinye
• Izibonakaliso zokulahlekelwa amanzi njengokuomile okukhulu, umlomo owomile, noma ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwamanzi

Funani ukunakekelwa okusheshayo uma uhlangabezana nobunzima obukhulu bokuphumula, ubuhlungu esifubeni, ukuphazamiseka, noma ukubamba. Lezi zimpawu zingase zibonise izinkinga ezinzima ezidinga ukwelashwa kwezokwelapha ngokushesha.

Kubalulekile futhi ukubiza ngaphambi kokuya ehhovisi lodokotela wakho noma ekamelweni elijwayelekile. Lokhu kuvumela abasebenzi bezokwelapha ukulungiselela izinyathelo zokwahlukanisa nokuvikela abanye abaguli ekubonakalweni yi-virus.

Ziyini izinto ezingase zikubeke engozini ye-measles?

Ubungozi bakho bokuthola i-measles buxhomeke ikakhulukazi esimweni sakho sokugonywa nokubonakaliswa yi-virus. Abantu abangagonywanga noma abanasistimu yokuvimbela ebuthakathaka babhekene nengozi enkulu yokutheleleka.

Izinto eziyinhloko ezingase zikubeke engozini zihlanganisa:

• Ukuba ungagonywanga ngokumelene ne-measles
• Ukuba nesistimu yokuvimbela ebuthakathaka ngenxa yesifo noma imithi
• Ukuya ezindaweni lapho kuqhubeka khona ukuqhuma kwe-measles
• Ukuba uzalwe ngaphambi kuka-1957 (lapho ukugonywa kwakungelona isintu)
• Ukuphila emasikweni anezinga eliphansi lokugonywa
• Ukuba nokuntuleka kwe-vitamin A

Izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka emi-5 kanye nabantu abadala abangaphezulu kweminyaka engu-20 banesilinganiso esikhulu sokuhlangabezana nezinkinga ezinzima ezivela ku-measles. Abesifazane abakhulelwe abangavikelekile nabo babhekene nengozi enkulu, kuhlanganise nokuzalwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi kanye nezingane ezisindayo.

Abasebenzi bezempilo kanye nabahambi bamazwe ngamazwe kufanele banakekele kakhulu isimo sabo sokugonywa, njengoba banesilinganiso esikhulu sokuhlangabezana ne-virus emsebenzini wabo noma ezindaweni zabo zokuhamba.

Ziyini izinkinga ezingase zenzeke nge-measles?

Nakuba abantu abaningi bayaphila nge-measles ngaphandle kwezinkinga ezihlala njalo, izinkinga zingase zenzeke, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni ezincane kakhulu, kubantu abadala, kanye nabantu abanasistimu yokuvimbela ebuthakathaka. Ukuqonda lezi zinto ezingase zenzeke kusiza ukwazi nini okufanele ufunani ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha okwengeziwe.

Izinkinga ezivamile ezingase zenzeke zihlanganisa:

• Ukutheleleka kwezinye okungase kube yimbangela yokulahlekelwa ukuzwa
• I-Pneumonia (ukutheleleka kwesisu)
• Ukukhishwa okukhulu kwesisu nokushisa amanzi
• Ukutheleleka okubangelwa ama-bacteria
• Izinkinga zokubona isikhashana

Izinkinga ezinzima kodwa ezingavamile zingathinta ubuchopho nesistimu yezinzwa. I-Encephalitis, okuyinto yokuqunjelwa kobuchopho, kwenzeka cishe ku-1 kwabayi-1,000 ababe ne-measles futhi ingase ibe yimbangela yokubamba, ukonakala kobuchopho, noma ngisho nokufa.

Inkinga engavamile kodwa eyonakalisa kakhulu ebizwa nge-subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) ingase ivela eminyakeni eminingi ngemuva kokutheleleka yi-measles. Lesi sifo sobuchopho esiqhubekayo sithinta cishe u-1 kwabayi-10,000 abantu ababenama-measles, ikakhulukazi labo abathelelekile ngaphambi kweminyaka engu-2.

Abesifazane abakhulelwe abathinta i-measles babhekene nengozi yokuzala kwangaphambi kwesikhathi, izingane ezisindayo, futhi ezimweni ezinzima, ukufa komzali. Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi ukugonywa okuqondile ngaphambi kokukhulelwa kuvimbela lezi zinkinga ngokuphelele.

I-Measles ingavikeleka kanjani?

I-Measles ingavinjelwa ngokuphelele ngokugonywa nge-MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine. Le vaccine ephephile futhi ephumelela kakhulu inikeza isivikelo eside ngokumelene ne-measles futhi iye yanciphise kakhulu izimo emhlabeni jikelele.

Uhlelo lokugonywa olujwayelekile luhlanganisa izilinganiso ezimbili ze-MMR vaccine. Izingane zivame ukuthola umthamo wokuqala phakathi nezinyanga eziyi-12-15 ubudala kanye nomthamo wesibili phakathi kweminyaka eyi-4-6. Lo mthamo wamabili unikeza isivikelo esingaba yi-97% ngokumelene ne-measles.

Abantu abadala abangaqiniseki ngesimo sabo sokugonywa kufanele bacabangele ukugonywa, ikakhulukazi uma behlela ukuya emazweni aphesheya noma ukusebenza ezindaweni zezempilo. Abantu abadala abaningi abazalwe ngaphambi kuka-1957 bacatshangwa njengabavikelekile ngoba cishe babe ne-measles besebancane.

Uma ukhombiswe yi-measles futhi ungavikelekile, udokotela wakho angase acebise ukugonywa ngemuva kokubonakaliswa noma ukudutshulwa kwe-immune globulin phakathi kwamahora angu-72 ngemuva kokubonakaliswa. Lezi zinyathelo zingase zivimbele ukutheleleka noma zinciphisa ubukhulu bawo.

I-Measles itholwa kanjani?

Odokotela bangase bakwazi ukuthola i-measles ngokusekelwe ezimpawu ezibonakalayo kanye nesibonakaliso sesikhumba, kodwa ukuhlolwa kwelebhu kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala nokulandelwa kokukhula. Udokotela wakho uzokuhlola ngokucophelela futhi akusize ngezimpawu zakho, umlando wokugonywa, kanye nokuhamba kwakho kwamuva.

Isikhutha esiqinile se-measles esihlala ebusweni futhi sisakazeka phansi, sihlangene nokushisa kanye nezimpawu zokuphefumula, kudala isithombe esiqinile. Udokotela wakho uzobheka futhi ama-Koplik's spots, okuyizinda ezincane ezimhlophe ngaphakathi emlonyeni wakho evela ngaphambi kwesikhumba.

Ukuhlolwa kwegazi kungase kuqinisekise i-measles ngokuthola ama-antibodies athile noma i-virus ngokwayo. Udokotela wakho angase athathe amasampula omhlathi noma amanzi omzimba ukuze athole i-virus ngokuqondile. Lezi zivivinyo zibalulekile ikakhulukazi ekulandelweni kwezempilo yeningi nokuphathwa kokukhula.

Ngenxa yokuthi i-measles iyisifo esibikwayo, udokotela wakho uzokwazisa iziphathimandla zempilo yendawo uma utholakala. Lokhu kusiza ukuvikela umphakathi wakho ngokuthola nokugonywa abantu abangase babe bekhombiswe yi-virus.

Ukuphathwa kwe-measles kuyini?

Awekho ukwelashwa okuqondile kwe-antiviral ye-measles, ngakho ukunakekelwa kugxile ekusizeni umzimba wakho ukulwa nokutheleleka ngenkathi uphatha izimpawu nokuvimbela izinkinga. Abantu abaningi bayaphila ngokuphelele ngokunakekelwa okuhambisanayo ekhaya.

Uhlelo lwakho lokwelashwa luzohlanganisa ukulala okuningi namanzi amaningi ukuze usize umzimba wakho uqhubeke. I-Acetaminophen noma i-ibuprofen ingasiza ekupholiseni ukushisa nokunciphisa ubuhlungu, kodwa ungalokothi unike i-aspirin ezinganeni ezinezifo ze-viral ngenxa yengozi ye-Reye's syndrome.

Izithasiselo ze-vitamin A zingase zicebiswe, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni, njengoba zingase zinciphisa ubukhulu be-measles futhi zinciphisa ubungozi bezinkinga. Udokotela wakho uzokunquma umthamo ofanele ngokusekelwe ebudaleni bakho nasesimweni sakho sonke.

Uma izinkinga zithuthuka, udokotela wakho angase abele imithi ye-antibiotics yokutheleleka okubangelwa ama-bacteria noma acebise ukungena esibhedlela ezimweni ezinzima. Abantu abanasistimu yokuvimbela ebuthakathaka bangase bathole imithi ye-antiviral noma ukwelashwa kwe-immune globulin.

Indlela yokuphatha i-measles ekhaya?

Ukunakekelwa ekhaya kugxile ekuhlaleni ukhululekile ngenkathi isistimu yakho yokuvimbela ilwa ne-virus. Ukulala kubalulekile, ngakho hlela ukuhlala ekhaya emsebenzini noma esikoleni kuze kube yilapho ungasakwazi ukutheleleka, okuvamise ukuba izinsuku eziyi-4 ngemuva kokuba isikhumba siqale.

Hlala unamanzi amaningi ngokuphuza amanzi amaningi, ama-broths acacile, noma izixazululo ze-electrolyte. Ukushisa kukhuphula isidingo sakho samanzi, ngakho phuza okungaphezulu kokujwayelekile ngisho noma ungazizwa ukoma. Gwema utshwala ne-caffeine, okuthinta ukushisa amanzi.

Nawa ama-comfort measures awusizo ongazama ekhaya:

• Sebenzisa i-humidifier enhle ukuze ukhulule ukukhwela nobuhlungu entanyeni
• Cima izibani uma amehlo akho ezizwa
• Thatha izimbadada ezishisayo ukuze ukhulule isikhumba esikhazimulayo
• Dla ukudla okumnandi, okunomsoco uma isisu sakho silima
• Hlola izinga lokushisa kwakho njalo

Ukuhlukaniswa kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukusakaza i-measles kwabanye. Hlala kude nabantu abangavikelekile, ikakhulukazi abesifazane abakhulelwe, izingane ezincane, kanye nabantu abanasistimu yokuvimbela ebuthakathaka, kuze kube yilapho udokotela wakho ethi kuphephile.

Kufanele ulungiselele kanjani i-appointment yakho yodokotela?

Ngaphambi kwe-appointment yakho, bhala izimpawu zakho, kuhlanganise nokuthi zaqala nini nokuthi ziye zathuthuka kanjani. Lolu lwazi lusiza udokotela wakho ukuqonda isikhathi sesifo sakho nokwenza ukutholakala okuqondile.

Butha amarekhodi akho wokugonywa noma zama ukukhumbula ukuthi uthole nini i-MMR vaccine. Uma ungakwazi ukuthola amarekhodi, ungakhathazeki – udokotela wakho angakusiza ukuthola isimo sakho sokuvikela nokukunikeza ukunakekelwa okuqondile.

Yenza uhlu lwemithi oyithathayo, kuhlanganise nemithi yokuthengisa ngaphandle kwesikripthi kanye nezithasiselo. Phawula futhi noma yikuphi ukuhamba kwakamuva, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho kuqhuma khona i-measles, njengoba lolu lwazi lubalulekile ekubeni uthole.

Shaya ngaphambi kokwazisa ihhovisi ukuthi ucindezela i-measles. Lokhu libanika ithuba lokuhlela i-appointment yakho ngokufanele futhi bathathe izinyathelo zokuvikela abanye abaguli ekubonakalweni yi-virus.

Iyini into ebalulekile nge-measles?

I-Measles iyisifo esinzima kodwa esingavinjelwa ngokuphelele ngokugonywa. Nakuba abantu abaningi bayaphila ngokuphelele, izinkinga zingase zibe nzima, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni ezincane, kubantu abadala, kanye nabantu abanasistimu yokuvimbela ebuthakathaka.

I-MMR vaccine iphephile, iphumelela, futhi inikeza isivikelo eside ngokumelene ne-measles. Uma ungaqiniseki ngesimo sakho sokugonywa, xoxa nodokotela wakho mayelana nokugonywa, ikakhulukazi uma uhlela ukuhamba noma ukusebenza ezindaweni ezingozi.

Uma ucindezela i-measles, funani ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha ngokushesha futhi zihlukanise ukuvimbela ukusakaza i-virus kwabanye. Ngokunakekelwa okuhambisanayo okuqondile, abantu abaningi bayaphila ngokuphelele phakathi kweviki eli-1-2 ngaphandle kwezinkinga ezihlala njalo.

Imibuzo evamile ebuzwa nge-measles

Ungathola i-measles kabili?

Ukuthola i-measles kanye ngokuvamile kunikeza isivikelo sokuphila konke, ngakho ukutheleleka kwesibili kuncane kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, abantu abanasistimu yokuvimbela ebuthakathaka kakhulu bangase babe sengozini yokutheleleka kabusha. Uma uke waba ne-measles ngaphambili futhi uthola izimpawu ezifanayo, bheka udokotela wakho ukuze ukhulule ezinye izimo.

I-Measles ihlala isikhathi esingakanani?

I-Measles ngokuvamile ihlala izinsuku eziyi-7-10 kusukela ekuqaleni kwezimpawu. Isikhutha ngokuvamile sivela ezinsukwini eziyi-3-5 ngemuva kwezimpawu zokuqala futhi siyaphela ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-3-4. Ucatshangelwa njengomuntu othelelekayo kusuka ezinsukwini eziyi-4 ngaphambi kokuba isikhumba siqale kuze kube izinsuku eziyi-4 ngemuva kokuba siqale.

I-Measles vaccine iphephile yini ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa?

I-MMR vaccine iqukethe i-virus ephilayo futhi akufanele inikezwe ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa. Noma kunjalo, abesifazane abangavikelekile kufanele bagonywe ngaphambi kokukhulelwa. Uma ukhulelwe futhi ungavikelekile, gwema ukubonakaliswa yi-measles futhi xoxa nodokotela wakho ngezinyathelo zokuphepha.

Abantu abadala bangathola i-measles yini uma begonywe besebancane?

Abantu abadala abatholwe izilinganiso ezimbili ze-MMR vaccine banesilinganiso esingaba yi-97% sokuvikela ngokumelene ne-measles. Noma kunjalo, isivikelo singase siyeke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi abanye abantu bangase bangazange bathole izilinganiso ezimbili ezinconyiwe. Uma ungaqiniseki ngokuvikela kwakho, udokotela wakho angase ahlole isivikelo sakho.

Kufanele ngenze njani uma ingane yami ikhombiswe yi-measles?

Xhumana nodokotela wezingane zakho ngokushesha uma ingane yakho engaphansi kwezinyanga eziyi-12 ikhombiswe yi-measles. Izingane ezincane kakhulu ukuba zithole i-MMR vaccine futhi zibhekene nengozi enkulu yezinkinga. Udokotela wakho angase acebise ukudutshulwa kwe-immune globulin ukuze anikeze isivikelo esikhashana.