Ukusabela

I-meningitis iwukutheleleka nokukhuphuka, okubizwa ngokuthi ukutheleleka, kwezinto ezinamandla kanye nememrane ezizungezile ubuchopho kanye nomgogodla. Lezi membrane zibizwa ngokuthi yi-meninges.

Ukutheleleka okuvela ku-meningitis kuvame ukubangela izimpawu ezinjengokukhathazeka, ukuqina komzimba nokuqina kwentamo.

Ukutheleleka yi-viral kuyimbangela evamile kakhulu ye-meningitis e-United States. I-bacteria, izinambuzane kanye ne-fungi nayo ingayibangela. Ngezinye izikhathi i-meningitis iphulukana amasonto ambalwa ngaphandle kokwelashwa. Kodwa-ke i-meningitis nayo ingabangela ukufa. Ivamise ukudinga ukwelashwa okusheshayo ngama-antibiotic.

Funa ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha ngokushesha uma ucabanga ukuthi wena noma umuntu omndenini wakho une-meningitis. Ngokuqondene ne-meningitis ebangelwa yi-bacteria, ukwelashwa kwasekuqaleni kungavimbela izinkinga ezingathi sína.

Izimpawu zokuqala ze-meningitis zingafana nezomgogodla. Izimpawu zingase ziqale emahoreni ambalwa noma ezinsukwini ezimbalwa. Okulandelayo kungaba izimpawu ze-meningitis kubantu abadala kuno-2 ubudala: Ukuqanduleka kwebanga lokushisa. Intamo eqinile. Ihlombe elibuhlungu kakhulu. Ukupukelela noma ukugabha. Ukuphazamiseka noma ukuhluleka ukugxila. Ukuhlinzwa. Ukulala noma ukuhluleka ukuvuka. Ukuzwela ekukhanyeni. Ukungathandi ukudla noma ukuphuza. Isibazi esikhunini ngezinye izikhathi, njengoba kunjalo e-meningococcal meningitis. Okulandelayo kungaba izimpawu ze-meningitis kubantwana abasanda kuzalwa nabasanda kuzalwa: Ukushisa okuphezulu. Ukukhala okuqhubekayo. Ukulala kakhulu noma ukucasuka. Ukuhluleka ukuvuka ebuthongweni. Ukungasebenzi noma ukulala. Ukungavuki ukudla. Ukudla okubi. Ukugabha. Ukukhula endaweni ebushelelezi phezulu kwekhanda lomntwana. Ukuqina emzimbeni nase ntamo. Funani ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha ngokushesha uma wena noma umuntu womndeni wakho unezimpawu ze-meningitis ezifana nalezi: Ukushisa. Ihlombe elibuhlungu kakhulu elingapheli. Ukuphazamiseka. Ukugabha. Intamo eqinile. I-meningitis yebhaktheriya ingabulala ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphandle kokwelashwa ngokushesha kwe-antibiotic. Ukwelashwa okulile futhi kukhulisa ingozi yokulimala kwengqondo isikhathi eside. Khuluma nodokotela wakho uma uke ube eduze komuntu one-meningitis. Lokho kungaba yilungu lomndeni noma umuntu ohlala naye noma osebenza naye. Ungase udinga ukuthatha imithi ukuvimbela ukutheleleka.

Funani usizo lokwelapha ngokushesha uma wena noma umuntu emndenini wakho enezimpawu ze-meningitis ezinjengalezi:

• Ukuthuthumela.
• Ihlungu elikhulu lengqondo elingahambi.
• Ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo.
• Ukugabha.
• Intamo eqinile. I-meningitis yebhaktheriya ingabangela ukufa ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphandle kokwelashwa ngokushesha kwe-antibiotic. Ukwelashwa okulile futhi kukhulisa ingozi yomonakalo olude wengqondo. Khuluma nodokotela wakho uma uke waba eduze komuntu onayo i-meningitis. Lokho kungaba yilungu lomndeni noma umuntu ohlala naye noma osebenza naye. Ungase udinga ukuthatha imithi ukuvimbela ukutheleleka.

I-Meningitis kuyisifo nokuvuvukala nokucasuka, okubizwa ngokuthi ukutheleleka, kwezinto ezinwetshiwe neziciko ezintathu ezivikela ubuchopho nomgogodla. Lezi ziciko ezintathu zibizwa ngokuthi yi-meninges. I-membrane engaphandle eqinile ibizwa ngokuthi yi-dura mater, futhi i-layer yangaphakathi ebuthakathaka yi-pia mater.

Ukutheleleka kwe-viral kuyimbangela evamile kakhulu ye-meningitis e-United States, kulandela ukutheleleka kwe-bacterial, futhi, ngokungavamile, ukutheleleka kwe-fungal ne-parasitic. Ngenxa yokuthi ukutheleleka kwe-bacterial kungabangela ukufa, ukuthola imbangela kubalulekile.

Ama-germs angena egazini futhi ahambe ebuchopho nasemgogodleni abangela i-bacterial meningitis. Kodwa-ke i-bacterial meningitis ingenzeka futhi lapho ama-bacteria engeza ngqo e-meninges. Lokhu kungabangelwa ukutheleleka kwezindlebe noma i-sinus noma ukweqilega kwesigqoko. Ngokungavamile, ezinye izinqubo zokuthunga zingayibangela.

Izinhlobo eziningi zama-bacteria zingabangela i-bacterial meningitis. Ezivamile kakhulu yi:

• Streptococcus pneumoniae. Le germ iyimbangela evamile kakhulu ye-bacterial meningitis kubantwana, abantwana abancane nabantu abadala e-United States. Ivamise ukubangela i-pneumonia noma ukutheleleka kwezindlebe noma i-sinus. Isifo sokugoma singasiza ekuvinjeni lokhu kutheleleka.
• Neisseria meningitidis. Le germ ibangela i-bacterial meningitis ebizwa ngokuthi yi-meningococcal meningitis. Lezi germs zivame ukubangela ukutheleleka kwe-respiratory engaphezulu. Kodwa-ke zingabangela i-meningococcal meningitis lapho zingenela egazini.

Lokhu kuyisifo esilula ukusibamba esithinta ikakhulukazi intsha nabantu abadala abasebancane. Kungabangela ukuqhuma kwendawo emakolishi, ezikoleni zasebhodini nasezindaweni zempi.

Isifo sokugoma singasiza ekuvinjeni ukutheleleka. Ngisho noma ugomayo, noma ubani ohlangene eduze nomuntu onayo i-meningococcal meningitis kufanele athole i-antibiotic yomlomo. Lokhu kungasiza ekuvinjeni isifo.

• Haemophilus influenzae. Ama-bacteria e-Haemophilus influenzae type b, abizwa nangokuthi yi-Hib bacteria, kwakuyimbangela ehamba phambili ye-bacterial meningitis kubantwana. Kodwa-ke ama-vaccines amasha e-Hib ayesekwe kakhulu lolu hlobo lwe-meningitis.
• Listeria monocytogenes. Lezi bacteria zingatholakala e-cheese ezingagayiwe, ama-hot dog nama-lunch meats. Abantu abakhulelwe, abantwana abasanda kuzalwa, abantu abadala nabantu abanesistimu yokuvikela ebuthakathaka banamathuba amaningi okuthinteka. Phakathi kokukhulelwa, i-listeria ingawela i-placenta. Ukutheleleka ekupheleni kokukhulelwa kungaba yingozi kwingane.

Neisseria meningitidis. Le germ ibangela i-bacterial meningitis ebizwa ngokuthi yi-meningococcal meningitis. Lezi germs zivame ukubangela ukutheleleka kwe-respiratory engaphezulu. Kodwa-ke zingabangela i-meningococcal meningitis lapho zingenela egazini.

Lokhu kuyisifo esilula ukusibamba esithinta ikakhulukazi intsha nabantu abadala abasebancane. Kungabangela ukuqhuma kwendawo emakolishi, ezikoleni zasebhodini nasezindaweni zempi.

Isifo sokugoma singasiza ekuvinjeni ukutheleleka. Ngisho noma ugomayo, noma ubani ohlangene eduze nomuntu onayo i-meningococcal meningitis kufanele athole i-antibiotic yomlomo. Lokhu kungasiza ekuvinjeni isifo.

I-viral meningitis ivame ukuba mncane futhi iphela yodwa. Iqembu lama-viruses aziwa ngokuthi yi-enteroviruses yimbangela evame kakhulu e-United States. Ama-enteroviruses avame kakhulu ekupheleni kwehlobo nasekuqaleni kokwehla. Ama-viruses afana ne-herpes simplex virus, i-HIV, i-mumps virus, i-West Nile virus nabanye nawo angabangela i-viral meningitis.

I-meningitis ecacile yi-meningitis ezinxeba zayo zihlala okungenani amasonto amane ngaphandle kokuphela. Kunezizathu eziningi ze-meningitis ecacile. Izinxeba zingafana nalezo ze-meningitis entsha. Kodwa-ke zivela kancane futhi zihlala isikhathi eside. Izinxeba zingafaka i-headache, i-fever, ukugabha ne-brain fog.

I-fungal meningitis ayivamile e-United States. Ingase isebenze njenge-bacterial meningitis. Kodwa-ke izinxa zingaqala kancane futhi zakhe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukuphefumula ama-spores e-fungal atholakala e-soil, e-wood ebolile nase-bird droppings kungaba yimbangela.

I-fungal meningitis ayisabalali komunye umuntu kuya komunye. I-Cryptococcal meningitis iyifomu le-fungal elivamile lesifo. Ithonya abantu abanesistimu yokuvikela ebuthakathaka, njengoba kuvela e-AIDS. Ingabangela ukufa uma ingaphathwa ngomuthi we-antifungal. Ngisho noma kunokwelashwa, i-fungal meningitis ingabuya.

Lolu hlobo lwe-meningitis luyinkinga encane ye-tuberculosis, ebizwa nangokuthi yi-TB. Kodwa-ke ingaba yingozi. Njenge-fungal meningitis, izinxa zayo zingaqala kancane futhi zakhe ngokuhamba kwemihla kuya emakhulwini. I-tuberculosis idlula kalula komunye umuntu kuya komunye. I-Tuberculous meningitis idinga ukwelashwa ngemithi ye-TB.

Ama-parasites angabangela uhlobo oluyimfihlo lwe-meningitis ebizwa ngokuthi yi-eosinophilic meningitis. Ukutheleleka kwe-tapeworm ebuchopho noma i-cerebral malaria nawo angabangela i-parasitic meningitis. I-Amoebic meningitis iyinhlobo encane evela ngezinye izikhathi ekugezeni emanzini amasha. Ingaba yingozi ngokushesha.

Ama-parasites aphambili abangela i-meningitis avame ukutheleleka izilwane. Abantu bangatheleleka ngokudla ukudla okunezi-parasites. I-Parasitic meningitis ayisabalali komunye umuntu kuya komunye.

Izimbangela ze-meningitis ezingezona ukutheleleka zihlanganisa izindlela zokusebenza ze-kemikali, imithi, i-allergies, ezinye izinhlobo zomdlavuza nezifo ezinjenge-sarcoidosis.

Izimbangela ezingobungozi ze-meningitis zifaka phakathi:

• Ukwedelela ukutshanywa kwezifo. Ubungozi buyakhuphuka kunoma ubani ongazuzanga zonke izigqoko zokuthuthukiswa kwabantwana noma kwabantu abadala.
• Ubudala. I-meningitis yebhayoloji iqala kakhulu kubantwana abaneminyaka engaphansi kwengu-5. I-meningitis yebhaktheriya ivame kakhulu kulabo abaneminyaka engaphansi kwengu-20.
• Ukuhlala emaqenjini. Abasesikoleni abaphezulu abahlala emakamelweni okuhlala, abantu ezikhundleni zempi, nabantwana ezikoleni zasebhodini nasezindaweni zokunakekelwa kwabantwana banengozi enkulu yokuthola i-meningitis yemeningococcal. Lokhu cishe kungenxa yokuthi i-germ yasakazeka ngokushesha ngamaqembu amakhulu.
• Ukukhulelwa. Ukukhulelwa kukhuphula ubungozi bokutheleleka okubangelwa yibhaktheriya ye-listeria, okungase futhi kubangele i-meningitis. Ukutheleleka kukhuphula ubungozi bokulahlekelwa umntwana, ukuzalwa kwengane efile nokubeletha kwangaphambi kwesikhathi.
• Isimo sokuvikela umzimba esibuthakathaka. I-AIDS, ukusebenzisa kabi utshwala, isifo sikashukela, imithi ephansi yokuvikela umzimba nezinye izinto eziphazamisa uhlelo lokuvikela umzimba zikhuphula ubungozi be-meningitis. Ukukhipha ispleen futhi kukhuphula ubungozi. Kubantu abangenayo ispleen, isifo sokuvikela umzimba singanciphisa ubungozi.

Izinkinga ze-meningitis zingaba nzima. Lapho umuntu ehlala isikhathi eside enalesifo ngaphandle kokwelashwa, izingozi zokubamba isihlungu kanye nokulimala kwesistimu yezinzwa isikhathi eside zikhulu. Ukulimala kungafaka:

• Ukwehluleka kokuzwa.
• Ukuphazamiseka kokubona.
• Izinkinga zememori.
• Ukuntuleka kokufunda.
• Ukulimala kwengqondo.
• Ukuphazamiseka ekuhambeni.
• Ukubamba isihlungu.
• Ukwehluleka kwesibindi.
• I-shock.
• Ukufa.

Ama-germ avamile angabangela ukutheleleka kwengqondo angasakazeka ngokukhokha, ukuphefumula noma ukusuka. Ama-germ angasakazeka futhi ngokwabelana ngezitsha zokudla, izibulali zamahlombe noma iziqhumane.Lezi zinyathelo zingasiza ekunqobeni ukutheleleka kwengqondo:

• Geza izandla zakho. Ukugeza izandla ngokucophelela kusiza ekunqobeni ukusabalala kwama-germ. Fundisa abantwana ukugeza izandla zabo njalo. Bafundise ukugeza izandla ngaphambi kokudla nangemva kokusebenzisa indawo yokuphumula, ukuchitha isikhathi endaweni yeningi yeningi, noma ukudlala izilwane. Babonise ukuthi bangageza kanjani futhi bahlambulule izandla zabo kahle.
• Sebenzisa ukuhlanzeka okuhle. Ungabelani ngeziphuzo, ukudla, izimbobo, izitsha zokudla, ama-lip balm noma izibulali zamahlombe nanoma ubani. Fundisa abantwana nabantu abadala ukugwema ukwabelana ngalezi zinto.
• Hlala uphilile. Gcina isimiso sakho sokuvikela simi ngokuthola ukuphumula okwanele, ukuzivocavoca njalo, nokudla ukudla okuhle okuqukethe izithelo ezintsha, imifino namanye ama-grain.
• Vala umlomo wakho. Uma udinga ukukhokha noma ukuphefumula, qiniseka ukuthi uvala umlomo wakho nekhala lakho. Kungcono nakakhulu, khokha noma uphefumule ehlombe lakho.
• Uma ukhulelwe, qaphela lokho okukudlayo. Nciphisa ingozi yokutheleleka kwe-listeria ngokupheka inyama, kufaka phakathi ama-hot dog nama-lunch meats, kuya kuma-degrees angu-165 Fahrenheit (ama-degrees angu-74 Celsius). Dlala kuphela ama-cheese enziwe ngobisi obuhlanzwe ukuze kubulawe ama-germ. Hlola imibhalo ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi ama-cheese enziwe ngobisi obuhlanzwe. Iziqhumane zingasiza ekunqobeni ezinye izinhlobo zokutheleleka kwengqondo okuyimikrofoni. Iziqhumane zihlanganisa:
• I-Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine. Le vaccine ibizwa ngokuthi yi-Hib ngokufushane. I-U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, ebizwa nangokuthi yi-CDC, isikisela le vaccine kubantwana abasebancane cishe ezinyangeni ezimbili ubudala. I-vaccine iphinde ibe yabantu abadala. Lokhu kuhlanganisa abantu abadala abane-sickle cell disease noma i-AIDS nalabo abangenayo i-spleen.
• I-Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Le vaccine ibizwa nangokuthi yi-PCV15 noma i-PCV20. I-CDC isikisela le vaccine kubantwana abaneminyaka engaphansi kweminyaka emibili. I-vaccine iphinde ibe yabantwana abaneminyaka engu-2 kuya ku-18 abanengozi enkulu yesifo se-pneumococcal.
• I-Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. Le vaccine ibizwa nangokuthi yi-PPSV23. Abantwana abadala nabantu abadala abadinga ukuvikelwa kuma-germ e-pneumococcal bangathola le vaccine. I-CDC isikisela i-PPSV23 vaccine kubo bonke abantu abadala abaneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-65. Iphinde ibe yabantu abadala abancane nabantwana abaneminyaka engu-2 nangaphezulu abanesistimu yokuvikela ebuthakathaka noma izifo eziqhubekayo njengokugula kwenhliziyo, isifo sikashukela noma i-sickle cell anemia. Futhi ibe yanoma ubani ongenayo i-spleen.
• I-Meningococcal conjugate vaccine. Le vaccine ibizwa nangokuthi yi-MenACWY. I-CDC isikisela ukunikeza umthamo owodwa we-MenACWY kubantwana abaneminyaka engu-11 kuya ku-12, nge-booster shot enikezwa eminyakeni engu-16. Abantwana abatholakala i-vaccine yokuqala phakathi kweminyaka engu-13 no-15 bangaba ne-booster phakathi kweminyaka engu-16 no-18. Labo abatholakala i-shot yokuqala eminyakeni engu-16 nangaphezulu abadingi i-booster. Abantwana abaneminyaka engu-2 kuya ku-10 abanengozi enkulu yokutheleleka kwengqondo okuyimikrofoni bangathola le vaccine. Ngakho-ke bangaba nabantwana kuleli zinga leminyaka abake baba eduze komuntu onesifo. Iphinde ibe yivaccine yabantu abangakaqhumiswa abaye bavulelwa ukutheleleka kwengqondo kodwa abaguli.
• I-Serogroup B meningococcal vaccine (MenB). I-CDC isikisela le vaccine kubantu abadala nabantwana abaneminyaka engu-10 nangaphezulu abanengozi enkulu yesifo se-meningococcal. Bahlanganisa abantu abadala nabantwana abane-sickle cell disease, labo abanesistimu eyonakele noma labo abasusiwe i-spleen yabo. Le vaccine iphinde ibe yabantu abanesifo esingavamile sokuvikela esibizwa ngokuthi yi-complement component deficiency noma labo abathinteka imithi ethile. Abantu abavulelwe ukusabalala kwesifo se-serogroup B meningococcal bangathola le vaccine.

Uchwepheshe wezempilo angakwazi ukuxilonga isifo se-meningitis ngokusekelwe emlandweni wezokwelapha, ukuhlolwa komzimba kanye nezivivinyo ezithile.

Izivivinyo ezivamile zokuxilonga isifo se-meningitis zihlanganisa:

• Amakhambi egazi. Isibonelo segazi siyaphinda kwisitsha esikhethekile ukubona ukuthi sikhula yini amagerm afana nebhaktheriya. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ukukhiqizwa kwegazi. Isibonelo singahlala futhi eslayidini elipinkiwe. Ucwaningo ngaphansi komkhiqizo lungabonisa ukuthi kukhona yini amagerm.
• Izithombe. I-CT noma i-MRI scans yekhanda zingabonisa ukukhula noma ukuvuvukala. I-X-rays noma i-CT scans yesifuba noma amasayinasi zingabonisa ukutheleleka okungahlobene ne-meningitis.

Ukugaya umgogodla. Le nqubo iqoqa i-fluid ezungezile umgogodla. Kubantu abane-meningitis, i-fluid ivame ukubonisa amazinga aphansi kashukela kanye nokuphindaphinda okuphezulu kwe-white blood cell kanye neprotheni eyengeziwe.

Ucwaningo lwe-fluid lungasiza futhi ukubonisa ukuthi yiliphi igerm eliphakele isifo se-meningitis. Nge-viral meningitis, ungadinga ukuhlolwa okuqhutshwa yi-DNA okwaziwa ngokuthi i-polymerase chain reaction amplification. Ungaba nezinye izivivinyo.

Ukwelashwa kuxhomeke ekuhlolweni komkhuhlane. Ukukhuluphala kwe-Bacterial Ukukhuluphala okusha kwe-bacterial kudinga ukwelashwa ngokushesha ngama-antibiotics anikezwa nge-vein, okuthiwa yi-intravenous antibiotics. Ngezinye izikhathi ama-corticosteroids ayingxenye yokwelashwa. Lokhu kuzokusiza ukuthi uphulukiswe futhi kunciphisa ingozi yezinkinga, njengokukhuluphala kwengqondo kanye nokuhlupheka. I-antibiotic noma ukuxuba kwama-antibiotics kuxhomeke ekuhlolweni komkhuhlane obangela ukutheleleka. Kuze kube yilapho ochwepheshe bakho bezempilo bekwazi imbangela eqondile yomkhuhlane, ungathola i-antibiotic ebanzi ehlula uhlobo olukhulu lwezifo. Ochwepheshe bakho bezempilo bangabhalela ama-corticosteroids ukuze kunciphisa ukukhuluphala ebuchosheni kanye neyethu yokulawula ukuhlupheka. Uma i-herpes virus ibingumbangela womkhuhlane wakho, ungathola imithi ye-antiviral. Ukukhuluphala kwe-viral Ama-antibiotics awanawo amandla okuphulukisa ukukhuluphala kwe-viral. Ukukhuluphala kwe-viral kuvamise ukuphulukana emavikini ambalwa. Ukwelashwa kokukhuluphala okuncane kwe-viral kufaka phakathi: Ukulala embhedeni. Amanzi amaningi. Imithi yokunciphisa ubuhlungu ukuze unciphise ubushushu bomzimba futhi unciphise ubuhlungu bomzimba. Ezinye izinhlobo zokukhuluphala Uma imbangela yokukhuluphala kwakho ayaziwa, kungase kudingeke ulinde ukuqala ukwelashwa ngama-antibiotics kuze kube yilapho ochwepheshe bakho bezempilo bethola imbangela. Ukwelashwa kokukhuluphala okuqhubekayo, okuthiwa yi-chronic meningitis, kuxhomeke embangelweni. Imithi ye-antifungal iwelapha ukukhuluphala kwe-fungal. Ukuxuba kwama-antibiotics kungawelapha ukukhuluphala kwe-tuberculous. Kodwa-ke le miithi ingaba nemiphumela emibi. Ngakho-ke ungase ulinde ukwelashwa kuze kube yilapho i-lab iqinisekisa ukuthi imbangela yi-fungal noma yi-tuberculous. Ama-corticosteroids angawelapha ukukhuluphala ngenxa yesifo esibangelwa ukungezwani noma isifo sokuzimela komzimba. Ngezinye izikhathi, awudingi ukwelashwa ngoba isimo siyaphela ngokwalo. Ukukhuluphala okuhlobene nomdlavuza kudinga ukwelashwa komdlavuza. Cela i-aphoyintimenti